Prognosis In Heart Failure Patients Research Articles

Survival analysis in heart failure patient using the Kaplan Meier methods

Heart failure is one of the biggest health problems worldwide, causing increased mortality, morbidity, and financial problems, especially in elderly patients. Survival analysis is a collection of statistical methods used to answer questions relating to whether and when an event occurs. The Kaplan-Meier method is a nonparametric estimation method in survival functions that is commonly used to describe the survival of a population or compare the survival of two or more populations. This study aims to estimate the survival of a patient with heart failure. The data for this study was obtained from the BMC Chicco and Jurman Medical Informatics and Decision Making website in 2020. The data consisted of medical records of 299 patients diagnosed with heart failure during the follow-up period of the study. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the results of the calculation of the product limit estimator or Kaplan-Meier and the survival plot of Heart Failure patients who survived for 4 days had a greater chance of survival than Heart Failure patients who survived for 285 days. In addition, based on the analysis, heart failure patients with male gender have a higher estimated average survival than heart failure patients with female gender. This cannot escape the influence of various factors. Therefore, this study is expected to help develop more effective treatment strategies and provide more accurate predictions regarding the prognosis of Heart Failure patients.

The Usefulness of Soluble ST2 Concentration in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction to Predict Severe Impairment in Exercise Capacity Assessed in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing.

Background/Objectives: Heart failure (HF) constitutes a complex clinical syndrome that is highly prevalent worldwide, comprises a serious prognosis, and results in a reduced quality of life. Exercise capacity is one of the most significant parameters involved in the prognosis in HF patients. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between the selected cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) parameters and the concentration of novel biomarker sST2 in a group of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods: A group of 135 patients with HFrEF was enrolled in this prospective cohort study. Patients were in the stable phase of the disease in the prior 4 weeks and received optimal medical treatment. Clinical and biochemical parameters were investigated. All patients performed maximal CPET. Results: The mean (SD) concentration of sST2 was 45.5 ± 39.2 ng/mL. Based on the CPET results, the cut-off value (52.377 ng/mL) was established, optimal for the discrimination of relative peakVO2 < 12 mL/kg/min. Patients were divided into two groups according to sST2 cut-off values determined with an ROC curve (AUC 0.692, 95% CI: 0.567-0.816). The mean relative peakVO2 in patients with higher sST2 was 14.5 ± 4.6 mL/kg/min, while in the second group, it was 17.6 ± 5.2 (p = 0.002). In the sST2 ≥ 52.377 ng/mL group, 55.6% of patients achieved VO2 < 50%. Subjects with lower sST2 values obtained higher values of PETCO2 (p < 0.001) and higher values of pulse O2 (p = 0.01). VE/VCO2slope (p = 0.002) was higher in patients with increased sST2 concentration. Conclusions: The concentration of sST2 protein is substantially associated with the clinical severity of heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction assessed by functional capacity through CPET.

Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Left Ventricular Mechanics and Long-Term Outcome in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) intensifies the clinical symptoms of heart diseases and leads to a worse prognosis in heart failure patients. Although hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and DM rarely co-occur, particularly in older individuals, the impact of DM on cardiac function and outcomes in individuals with HCM remains insufficiently understood. A total of 421 HCM patients were included and followed up in a prospective cohort study (mean 68.7 months). In the diabetic HCM group (n = 47), patients had a mean age of 47 ± 17 years, and 31 (66%) were male, while the non-diabetic HCM group (n = 374) had a mean age of 44 ± 14 years, and 246 (65%) were male. At study entry, all patients underwent echocardiographic evaluation, encompassing left ventricular (LV) regional and global longitudinal strain (GLS), as well as strain rate (SR) analysis. In diabetic HCM, there was a greater prevalence of hypertension (p < 0.0001), while the ratio of septal to posterior wall thickness (PWT) (p < 0.003) and E' value were lower (p < 0.009) compared to non-diabetic HCM. No significant difference between groups in NYHA class or cardiac phenotype. Diabetic HCM exhibited notable reductions in GLS (p < 0.02), systolic SR (SRsys) (p < 0.04), and early diastolic SR (SRe) p < 0.006. Additionally, there was a significant inverse correlation between LVGLS and HbA1c levels (r = -0.58, p < 0.0001), and the duration of diabetes (r = -0.39, p < 0.006). Hospitalization rates were greater in the diabetic HCM than in the non-diabetic group (44.7%vs.19.5%, p < 0.001). Among all demographic characteristics, phenotypic data, conventional echocardiographic measurements, and LV mechanics, diabetes emerged as the sole determinant of hospitalization among HCM patients. The presence of diabetes nearly tripled the odds of hospitalization (odds ratio: 2.813 [1.448-5.465], p < 0.002). However, diabetes did not negatively affect long-term survival, and age remained the only independent predictor of all-cause mortality. In HCM, T2DM is linked to more deterioration of cardiac mechanics and contributes to unfavorable consequences by frequent hospitalization on its own, independent of age, comorbidities, or phenotype.

Effects of new hypoglycemic drugs on patients with heart failure: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Currently, there is no relevant study comparing sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), and dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor (DPP4i) head to head to evaluate their comprehensive impact on heart failure patients. We conducted a comprehensive literature search across multiple databases. Utilizing the risk of bias tool from the Cochrane Collaboration, the methodological quality of included studies was critically assessed and potential publication bias was examined via funnel plots. All results are presented as mean difference; 95% confidence interval (MD; 95% CI). The network meta-analysis indicated that in regards to left ventricular function, there is a big difference in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of Empagliflozin 25mg (13.64; 0.26, 27.01) compared to Canagliflozin 100mg; and significant differences in the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) of Dapagliflozin 10mg (-0.76; -1.27, -0.25 and -0.95; -1.86, -0.05), Vildagliptin 50mg (-1.05; -1.47, -0.63 and -1.12; -2.19, -0.05), and Sitagliptin 100mg (-1.34; -2.31, -0.38 and -1.89; -3.50, -0.27) compared to Empagliflozin 10mg. In terms of the quality of life, there are significant differences in the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and the Quality of life score of Sitagliptin 100mg (408.08; 213.59, 602.57 and 3.74; 1.57, 5.92) compared to Dapagliflozin 5mg. In terms of the cardiovascular outcome events, there is a significant difference in the heart failure rehospitalization rate of Dapagliflozin 10mg (0.45; 0.25, 0.82) and Empagliflozin 10mg (0.48; 0.28, 0.81) compared to Liraglutide 1.8mg. Further significant differences are found in the all-cause mortality of Dapagliflozin 10mg (0.81; 0.66, 0.98) compared to Vildagliptin 50mg; the cardiovascular death of Albiglutide 30mg (0.49; 0.28, 0.86) compared to Exenatide 2mg; and the arrhythmic events of Liraglutide 1.8mg (0.49; 0.26, 0.90) compared to Empagliflozin 10mg. The network meta-analysis of SGLT2i, GLP-1RA, and DPP4i as a class of drugs showed that GLP-1RA is superior to SGLT2i in improving LVEF and reducing myocardial infarction/acute coronary syndrome, whereas DPP4i is superior to SGLT2i in improving LVEDV and LVESV. GLP-1RA is superior to SGLT2i in improving LVEF and reducing myocardial infarction/acute coronary syndrome, whereas DPP4i is superior to SGLT2i in improving LVEDV and LVESV. Key message What is already known on this topic-It has been confirmed that three new hypoglycemic drugs have a protective effect on the cardiovascular system. Studies have shown that sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) can improve cardiovascular outcomes and enhance the quality of life of heart failure patients. Currently, SGLT2i is widely used in the clinical treatment of heart failure, and related studies have shown that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor (DPP4i) also play important roles in the treatment of heart failure. What this study adds-However, there is no relevant research on whether these drugs' clinical efficacy is dose-dependent. How this study might affect research, practice, or policy-This study included different doses of hypoglycemic drugs and used a network meta-analysis method to comprehensively evaluate the effects of three hypoglycemic drugs on heart function, quality of life, and prognosis in heart failure patients, providing a basis for clinical practice.

Horizontal QRS axis predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure patients with left bundle branch block

Electrocardiogram criteria for left bundle branch block (LBBB) inadequately predict left ventricular electrical dyssynchrony, complicating cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) candidate selection. This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of the horizontal QRS axis for CRT response in heart failure (HF) patients with LBBB patterns. The direction and magnitude of the horizontal QRS axis were calculated using the net amplitudes in leads V2 and V6. CRT response was defined as a ≥10% increase in left ventricular ejection fraction and at least 1 New York Heart Association class reduction 1 year after CRT implantation. The composite end point included HF hospitalization or all-cause mortality. Of 244 consecutive CRT recipients, 156 (63.9%) responded favorably; 88 (36.1%) were nonresponders. The horizontal QRS axis demonstrated significant backward deviation (-75.5° [-79.7° to -69.0°] vs -65.0° [-73.0° to -46.5°]; P < .001) and larger magnitude (35.5 ± 10.9 mm vs 25.5 ± 10.5 mm; P < .001) in CRT responders compared with nonresponders. The direction and magnitude independently predicted CRT response with an area under the curve of 0.778 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.717-0.839) and 0.749 (95% CI, 0.685-0.814), respectively. Combining both parameters increased the area under the curve to 0.814 (95% CI, 0.760-0.868). Moreover, the direction and magnitude of the horizontal QRS axis, or their combination, predicted the composite end point of HF hospitalization or all-cause mortality, with hazard ratios of 0.36 (95% CI, 0.22-0.60), 0.41 (95% CI, 0.25-0.67), and 0.25 (95% CI, 0.15-0.41), respectively. Horizontal QRS axis accurately predicts CRT response and prognosis in HF patients with LBBB.

Impact of discharge checklist on guideline-directed medical therapy and mid-term prognosis in heart failure.

Despite the proven benefit of the guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT), it remains underutilized in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure (HF). We aimed to evaluate the impact of the discharge checklist on GDMT installation and the prognosis of HF patients. This study was a single-center, observational study that included all patients admitted for HF from March 2021 to February 2023. The data were retrieved from electronic medical records and discharge checklists. A comparison was conducted between the checklist group and the non-checklist group. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or readmission for HF within 6 months. The checklist was completed for 537 patients (checklist group) and not for 187 patients (non-checklist group). The proportion of patients to whom two or more components of GDMT were prescribed was significantly higher in the checklist group than in the non-checklist group (59.6% vs 42.2%, p < 0.001). The checklist group exhibited a significantly lower primary outcome compared to the non-checklist group (27.4% vs. 36.4%, HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55-0.98, p = 0.036). The effect of the checklist was more prominent in HF with reduced ejection fraction (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.34-0.77, p = 0.001) than in HF with mildly-reduced and preserved ejection fraction (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.58-1.42, p = 0.676) (p for interaction = 0.06). The implementation of the discharge checklist was associated with an improvement in GDMT prescription and an improved prognosis in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction.

Early postoperative Fibrinogen-to-Albumin Ratio prognosticate 6-month procedural success in patients undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation

Abstract Background The Fibrinogen-to-Albumin ratio (FAR) has emerged as a novel biomarker, integrating liver function and inflammatory reaction with proven prognostic value in heart failure (HF) patients. This study aims to evaluate its significance in advanced HF patients treated with orthotopic heart transplantation (HTx). Methods Mean fibrinogen, albumin and FAR values were analyzed one week post-HTx. The primary endpoint of the study was 6-month all-cause mortality. Regression models incorporating parameters significantly different between survivor and deceased groups (troponin, potassium, asparagine aminotransferase [AST]) were developed to assess predictive value of FAR. Additionally, the Spearman's rank correlation between FAR and inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein [CRP], procalcitonin, white blood cells (WBC)] and liver enzymes [AST, alanine aminotransferase [ALT], gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase [GGTP]) were calculated. Results The analysis included 104 patients undergoing HTx with a median age of 53 years (44.5-62.5), 82% were male, 44% had ischaemic aetiology of HF. Within 6 months post-HTx 17 patients (16%) died. Mean fibrinogen in all patients was (3.18 ± 0.83), albumin (3.17 ± 0.35) and FAR (1.01 ± 0.28). Deceased patients exhibited lower 1 week post HTx mean fibrinogen (2.46 ± 1.13) compared to survivors (3.30 ± 0.70), lower albumin (2.93 ± 0.43) vs. (3.21 ± 0.32), and lower FAR median (0.73, 0.53-1.16) vs. (0.99, 0.88-1.18), all p&amp;lt;0.05. The post-HTx fibrinogen independently predicted death: (RR 0.37, p=0.003, 95% CI [0.19,0.71]), as did post-HTx albumin: (RR 0.21, p=0.05, 95% CI [0.04,1.0]). FAR was also an independent risk factor: (RR 0.08, p=0.009, 95% CI [0.01,0.54]). There were significant correlations between FAR and CRP (R=0.30, p=0.003), and GGTP (R=0.25, p=0.045). FAR was not significantly correlated with procalcitonin, WBC, AST and ALT. Conclusions Early post-HTx fibrinogen, albumin and FAR are independent predictors of an unfavorable prognosis in HF patients undergoing HTx. In contrast to chronic HF, early post-HTx FAR was inversely correlated with mortality. The calculated correlation between FAR, inflammatory markers and liver enzymes suggests limited association with inflammatory processes and liver function in this population.

A novel risk score incorporating frailty or congestion status predicted mortality in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Abstract Introduction In patients with heart failure (HF), frailty or congestion is strongly associated with clinical outcomes. However, existing risk prediction models for HF prognosis do not incorporate these important clinical factors. The estimated plasma volume status (ePVS) is an easy-to-calculate index to estimate plasma volume. which is associated with the prognosis in HF patients. Purpose This study intends to construct an inclusive risk prediction model for all-cause mortality in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), incorporating evaluations of frailty and congestion alongside traditional risk factors. Methods We analyzed data from 1212 patients (81±9 years, 55% female) registered in the PURSUIT-HFpEF (Prospective, Multicenter, Observational Study of Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction) study, a multicenter registry of patients hospitalized for acute decompensated HFpEF. We evaluated clinical factors including Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and blood test results collected before discharge. We calculated ePVS at discharge using the Duarte formula as ePVS (mL/g)=100×(1-hematocrit)/hemoglobin (g/dL). Patients were followed for median of 713 days (IQR 369-1088 days) to observe all-cause death. Patients were randomly assigned to the derivation and validation cohorts (2:1 ratio). Using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), a stepwise model selection was executed on 51 clinical parameters, including CFS and ePVS, to identify independent predictors of mortality. A risk model for mortality was constructed based on these predictors and their coefficients. The accuracy of the risk score was validated using time-dependent ROC curves both in the derivation cohort (n=801) and in the validation cohort (n=411). Results During the follow-up period, all-cause death was observed in 315 patients (25.9%). Age, sex, CFS, NT-proBNP and ePVS were selected as independent predictors of all-cause death. The score shown in the Table was applied to each factor, and the sum of the scores was calculated as the risk score. The AUC of the risk score for predicting 1-year mortality in the derivation cohort was 0.79 (95% CI 0.74, 0.85). The optimal cut-off value of 6 provided a sensitivity and specificity of 74.9% and 74.4%, respectively. The AUC for 1-year mortality in the validation cohort was 0.70 (95% CI 0.63, 0.77). Conclusions The novel risk prediction model incorporating CFS and ePVS effectively predicted mortality in HFpEF. This model could be a valuable tool for risk stratification.Table

Prognostic significance of right ventricular dysfunction in patients with TTR amyloidosis

Abstract Background Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is increasingly recognized as a cause of heart failure (HF) that now benefits from effective treatment. While the role of right ventricular (RV) systolic dysfunction has been widely accepted as an independent predictor of poor prognosis in HF patients, its implications in ATTR remain poorly understood. Right ventricular free wall strain (FWS) over pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PAsP) has been recently proposed as an accurate and sensitive tool to evaluate RV function and its coupling to the afterload. Purpose Our study sought to analyze whether indexing FWS to PASP should integrate the set of fundamental data we have to assess the prognosis of ATTR patients. Methods 191 consecutive patients diagnosed with ATTR were enrolled. A comprehensive echocardiographic examination was part of the systematic evaluation. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization caused by heart failure worsening. Results After a median follow-up of 24 months, among patients with ATTR [median age 82 (77, 85), 89.5% male], the primary composite outcome occured in 26%. Cardiovascular mortality rate was 7.3% and the hospital event rate was 18.8%. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), FWS, TAPSE/PAsP and PAsP were univariately significant risk factors for adverse outcome. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, after adjustment of confounding factors, FWS/PASP emerged as an independent predictor of the composite endpoint of cardiac death and rehospitalization (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.07-2.42, p=0.021). Based on receiver-operating characteristic analysis, the optimal FWS/PASP cut-off value for event prediction was 42.5% (area under the curve = 0.749, p = 0.001). Conclusion Right ventricular function assessed with speckle-tracking echocardiography is an independent prognostic marker for cardiac mortality and heart failure hospitalization in patients with ATTR. FWS/PAsP should be integrated into regular clinical practice for a better evaluation and follow-up of ATTR patients.

The association between anemia, hospitalization, and all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure managed in primary care: An analysis of the Swedish heart failure registry

BackgroundMany patients with heart failure (HF) are managed in primary care, and comorbidities are common. Anemia is one frequent comorbidity. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, comorbidities, and prognosis of HF patients in primary care who have anemia. MethodWe linked data on 9300 patients managed in primary care from the nationwide SwedeHF registry with other Swedish national register data. A multivariable logistic regression model with anemia as a dependent variable was performed. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to model the time to event. ResultsThe median age (IQR) was 81 (74–86) years, and 45 % of the patients were female. A total of 2852 (30.7 %) had anemia. Anemia was more common in men, in those ≥75 years, and in those with kidney dysfunction. A total of 695 (10.8 %) of patients without and 520 (18.2 %) with anemia had cancer. Cancer was independently associated with anemia (OR 1.5, 95 % CI 1.3–1.7). Other comorbidities significantly associated with anemia were peripheral artery disease (OR 1.39, 95 % CI 1.18–1.65), diabetes (OR 1.29, 95 % CI 1.16–1.44), and liver disease (OR 1.64, 95 % CI 1.09–2.46). If anemia was present, prognosis was worse. Risk of all-cause hospitalization was higher (adjusted HR 1.3, 95 % CI 1.2–1.4), as was risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 1.4, 95 % CI 1.3–1.5). ConclusionsAnemia is common in primary care patients with HF. It is associated with worse prognosis and comorbidities, most notably cancer.

The long-term impact of increased red blood cell distribution width detected during hospitalization for heart failure.

Aim: We determined the long-term role of increased RDW (red blood cell distribution width) detected during cardiac decompensation.Methods: We followed 3697 patients [mean age 71.4years (±SD 10.1), 59.1% males] hospitalized for acute heart failure (HF) and assessed the five-year all-cause mortality risk associated with tertiles of RDW.Results: Patients with RDW in the top tertile showed roughly twofold higher 5-year mortality risk than those in the bottom tertile. The association remained significant not only after adjustments for potential covariates but even if we excluded patients who deceased during the first year of follow-up [HRR 1.76 (95% CIs:1.42-2.18), p<0.0001].Conclusion: The high degree of anisocytosis represents an independent predictor of poor prognosis in HF patients, even long-term after an acute manifestation.

Abstract P124: Prognostic Significance of Free Triiodothyronine Levels in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis

Objective: This study aimed to identify key prognostic factors in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) presenting heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), with a special focus on the role of Free Triiodothyronine (FT3) levels. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, comprising HFpEF patients admitted to two medical centers from 2009 to 2019. Data collection included demographic and clinical parameters, particularly FT3 levels. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses, Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival curve analysis, and Restricted Cubic Spline (RCS) curve analysis were employed to identify prognostic factors and to assess the non-linear predictive value of FT3. Results: The analysis revealed that age, atrial fibrillation, and NT-proBNP levels significantly influenced prognosis in heart failure patients. Additionally, FT3 levels emerged as a significant independent predictor of both all-cause mortality and cardiac transplantation. Patients with lower FT3 levels exhibited poorer long-term prognoses, with 2.885 identified as the critical FT3 value. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of FT3 levels as a crucial prognostic factor in patients with heart failure, warranting consideration in patient outcomes assessments. Clinicians are recommended to monitor FT3 levels and contemplate interventions aimed at maintaining or enhancing thyroid function in these patients to improve outcomes.

Characteristics, Treatment, and Prognosis of Heart Failure Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Colombian Heart Failure Registry (RECOLFACA).

The impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on heart failure (HF) has yet to be well assessed in the Latin American population. This study aimed to analyze the impact of COPD on HF patients from the Colombian Heart Failure Registry (RECOLFACA). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. A Cox proportional-hazards regression model was used to assess the impact of COPD on mortality. From the total of 2528 patients in the registry, 2514 patients had information regarding COPD diagnosis. COPD diagnosis was associated with a worse functional class and higher use of diuretics than non-COPD patients (p < 0.001). Patients with this comorbidity had a significantly better ejection fraction (median ejection fraction 35% vs. 32% in non-COPD patients; p = 0.004), with a higher occurrence of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in the COPD group (p = 0.000). Finally, patients with COPD had a significantly higher risk of mortality in the multivariate regression model (HR 1.47; 95% CI 1.02, 2.11). COPD is a prevalent comorbidity among patients with HF in Colombia, showing a different clinical profile and a worse functional class than patients without this condition. Patients with COPD and HFpEF have a high mortality risk according to our results.

Association of COPD with adverse outcomes in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction.

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to detect the impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on the prognosis of heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We systematically screened eligible literature from three electronic databases, PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library, up to April 2023. Two researchers participated in data collection independently. Risk ratios (RRs) from included studies with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled in the Review Manager version 5.40 software using a random-effects model for analysis. A total of 11 studies (3 post hoc analyses of RCTs and 8 observational studies) with 18602 participants were included in this meta-analysis. After pooling all the data from eligible studies, our results indicated that COPD was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization (RR=1.66, 95% CI, 1.47-1.87, P<0.00001), mortality (RR=1.62, 95% CI, 1.34-1.95, P<0.00001), and the composition of hospitalization or mortality (RR=1.84, 95% CI, 1.35-2.51, P<0.001) in patients with HFpEF. In a subgroup analysis, the risks of cardiovascular-related mortality (RR=1.59, 95% CI, 1.30-1.93, P<0.00001) and post-discharge mortality risk (RR=2.57, 1.34-4.93, P<0.01) were increased in HFpEF patients comorbid with COPD, and these associations were also detected in HF-caused hospitalization (RR=1.64, 95% CI, 1.44-1.87, P<0.00001). Evidence from existing studies supported that COPD was an independent prognostic risk factor for patients with HFpEF. Developing rapid clinical diagnostic indicators and early use of novel drugs such as SGLT-2 and ARNI may improve the prognosis of this population, deserving further study.

Effect of low blood pressure on prognosis of acute heart failure

Low blood pressure (BP) is associated with poor outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF). We investigated the influence of initial BP on the prognosis of HF patients at admission, and prescribing patterns of HF medications, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), and beta-blockers (BB). Data were sourced from a multicentre cohort of patients admitted for acute HF. Patients were grouped into heart failure reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and HF mildly reduced/preserved ejection fraction (HFmrEF/HFpEF) groups. Initial systolic and diastolic BPs were categorized into specific ranges. Among 2778 patients, those with HFrEF were prescribed ACEi, ARB, or BB at discharge, regardless of their initial BP. However, medication use in HFmrEF/HFpEF patients tended to decrease as BP decreased. Lower initial BP in HFrEF patients correlated with an increased incidence of all-cause death and composite clinical events, including HF readmission or all-cause death. However, no significant differences in clinical outcomes were observed in HFmrEF/HFpEF patients according to BP. Initial systolic (< 120 mmHg) and diastolic (< 80 mmHg) BPs were independently associated with a 1.81-fold (odds ratio [OR] 1.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.349–2.417, p < 0.001) and 2.24-fold (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.645–3.053, p < 0.001) increased risk of long-term mortality in HFrEF patients, respectively. In conclusion, low initial BP in HFrEF patients correlated with adverse clinical outcomes, and BP < 120/80 mmHg independently increased mortality. However, this relationship was not observed in HFmrEF/HFpEF patients.

An Exercise Immune Fitness Test to Unravel Disease Mechanisms-A Proof-of-Concept Heart Failure Study.

Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness positively correlates with longevity and immune health. Regular exercise may provide health benefits by reducing systemic inflammation. In chronic disease conditions, such as chronic heart failure and chronic fatigue syndrome, mechanistic links have been postulated between inflammation, muscle weakness, frailty, catabolic/anabolic imbalance, and aberrant chronic activation of immunity with monocyte upregulation. We hypothesize that (1) temporal changes in transcriptome profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells during strenuous acute bouts of exercise using cardiopulmonary exercise testing are present in adult subjects, (2) these temporal dynamic changes are different between healthy persons and heart failure patients and correlate with clinical exercise-parameters and (3) they portend prognostic information. Methods: In total, 16 Heart Failure (HF) patients and 4 healthy volunteers (HV) were included in our proof-of-concept study. All participants underwent upright bicycle cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Blood samples were collected at three time points (TP) (TP1: 30 min before, TP2: peak exercise, TP3: 1 h after peak exercise). We divided 20 participants into 3 clinically relevant groups of cardiorespiratory fitness, defined by peak VO2: HV (n = 4, VO2 ≥ 22 mL/kg/min), mild HF (HF1) (n = 7, 14 < VO2 < 22 mL/kg/min), and severe HF (HF2) (n = 9, VO2 ≤ 14 mL/kg/min). Results: Based on the statistical analysis with 20-100% restriction, FDR correction (p-value 0.05) and 2.0-fold change across the three time points (TP1, TP2, TP3) criteria, we obtained 11 differentially expressed genes (DEG). Out of these 11 genes, the median Gene Expression Profile value decreased from TP1 to TP2 in 10 genes. The only gene that did not follow this pattern was CCDC181. By performing 1-way ANOVA, we identified 8/11 genes in each of the two groups (HV versus HF) while 5 of the genes (TTC34, TMEM119, C19orf33, ID1, TKTL2) overlapped between the two groups. We found 265 genes which are differentially expressed between those who survived and those who died. Conclusions: From our proof-of-concept heart failure study, we conclude that gene expression correlates with VO2 peak in both healthy individuals and HF patients, potentially by regulating various physiological processes involved in oxygen uptake and utilization during exercise. Multi-omics profiling may help identify novel biomarkers for assessing exercise capacity and prognosis in HF patients, as well as potential targets for therapeutic intervention to improve VO2 peak and quality of life. We anticipate that our results will provide a novel metric for classifying immune health.

HEART FAILURE PATIENTS WITH IMPROVED EJECTION FRACTION: INSIGHTS FROM THE MECKI SCORE DATABASE

Abstract Aims Improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction is a major goal of heart failure (HF) treatment. However, data on clinical characteristics, exercise performance and prognosis in HF patients who improved ejection fraction (HFimpEF) are scarce. The study aimed to determine whether HFimpEF patients have a distinct clinical phenotype, biology and prognosis than HF patients with persistently reduced ejection fraction (pHFrEF). Methods 7948 patients enrolled in the Metabolic Exercise Cardiac Kidney Indexes (MECKI) score database were evaluated (median follow–up of 1490 days). We analyzed clinical, laboratory, ECG, echocardiographic, exercise, and survival data from HFimpEF (n=1504) and pHFrEF (n=6017) patients. The primary endpoint of the study was the composite of cardiovascular death, left ventricular assist device implantation, and urgent heart transplantation. Results Main results are shown in Figure 1. HFimpEF patients had lower HF severity: LVEF 44.0[41.0–47.0] vs. 29.7[24.1–34.5]%, BNP 122[65–296] vs. 373[152–888] pg/mL, hemoglobin 13.5[12.2–14.6] vs. 13.7[12.5–14.7] g/dL, renal function by MDRD 72.0[56.7– 89.3] vs. 70.4[54.5–85.3] mL/min, peakVO2 62.2[50.7–74.1] vs. 52.6[41.8–64.3]%pred, VE/VCO2 slope 30.0[26.9–34.4] vs. 32.1[28.0–38.0] in HFimpEF and pHFrEF, respectively (p&amp;lt;0.001 for all). Cardiovascular mortality rates were 26.6 and 46.9 per 1000 person–years for HFimpEF and pHFrEF, respectively (p&amp;lt;0.001). Kaplan–Meier analysis (Fig.2) showed that HFimpEF had better a long–term prognosis compared with pHFrEF patients. After adjustment for variables differentiating HFimpEF from pHFrEF, except echocardiographic parameters, the Kaplan–Meier curves showed the same prognosis. Conclusions HFimpEF represents a peculiar group of HF patients whose clinical, laboratory, ECG, echocardiographic, and exercise characteristics parallel the recovery of systolic function. Nonetheless, these patients remain at risk for adverse outcome.

Role of Vascular Function in the Prognosis of Heart Failure Patients.

Background: Blood vessels have the Windkessel effect and are involved in blood circulation. The breakdown of this mechanism is also involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF); however, the relationship between vascular dysfunction and HF prognosis is not fully understood. Methods: We evaluated 214 patients hospitalized for HF at our institution who underwent a cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), which evaluates vascular function, between January 2012 and July 2018. To investigate factors (including CAVI) associated with major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during 1 year after patients with HF were discharged, we evaluated clinical profiles, blood tests, chest X-P, 12-lead electrocardiography, and transthoracic echocardiographic findings. MACE was defined as cardiovascular death or readmission for HF. Results: The severity of HF between the MACE and non-MACE was not significantly different. Previous HF and chronic kidney disease were significantly more common in the MACE group. CAVI and % mean atrial pressure in the MACE group were statistically higher than those in the non-MACE group. The cardiac shadow as shown by chest X-P and left ventricular size in the MACE group were significantly bigger, and HF preserved ejection fraction (EF) (EF > 50%) was significantly more common in the MACE group. In multivariate analysis, CAVI was an independent predictive factor for the occurrence of MACE (model 1; hazard ratio (HR): 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-1.68, p = 0.018; model 2; HR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.07-1.60, p = 0.009). Conclusions: Because high CAVI is associated with poor prognosis of HF, these patients require more careful treatment.

MiR-200b-3p relieved inflammation in patients with heart failure by regulating ZEB1 expression

BackgroundMicroRNA-200b-3p (miR-200b-3p) plays a pivotal role in inflammatory responses and is implicated in various inflammatory disorders. In this study, we aim to explore the role of miR-200b-3p in the inflammatory response in heart failure (HF).MethodsPatients diagnosed with heart failure and age-matched healthy controls were studied. Peripheral blood samples from participants were collected for RNA-seq analysis to explore the expression profile of miR-200b-3p. The predictive value of miR-200b-3p and ZEB1 in the prognosis of heart failure was evaluated by analyzing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Bioinformatics analysis and double luciferase reporter gene analysis were used to confirm the interaction between miR-200b-3p and ZEB1. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression levels of miR-200b-3p and ZEB1 in cardiopulmonary bypass. Additionally, the effects of miR-200b-3p on myocardial cell line (H9c2) injury were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsIn the extracardiac circulation of HF patients, miR-200b-3p expression was significantly reduced, while ZEB1 levels were notably elevated. Analysis of the ROC curve revealed that miR-200b-3p and ZEB1 have predictive value in the prognosis of HF patients. The double luciferase reporter experiment demonstrated that miR-200b-3p binds to ZEB1 and inhibits its expression. Overexpression of miR-200b-3p demonstrated a remarkable ability to alleviate inflammation and inhibit the damage to myocardial cells in vivo.ConclusionMiR-200b-3p can target and inhibit ZEB1, reducing the inflammatory reaction of myocardial cells. The miR-200b-3p/ZEB1 network may be helpful in preventing and treating HF.

The difference in core-surface temperature indicates the prognosis of heart failure patients.

Aim: To evaluate the difference between core temperature and surface temperature (ΔT) as an index for the prognosis of heart failure (HF). Patients & methods: Core temperature and surface temperature were measured in 253 patients with HF. The association of ΔT with prognostic indicators of HF was analyzed. Results: Patients with ΔT ≥2°C were more likely to have lower left ventricular ejection fraction and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, higher levels of troponin T, brain natriuretic peptide and procalcitonin, and high blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio. The risk of death increased by 32% for a 1°C increase in ΔT and was 4.36-times higher in the ΔT≥2°C group than in the ΔT<2°C group. Conclusion: ΔT may be used to predict the prognosis of patients with HF.