Profound Distinction Research Articles

The Alchemy of the Right to Life during the Conduct of Hostilities: A Normative Approach to Operationalizing the ‘Supreme Right’

Abstract The prevailing approach to the application of the right to life during the conduct of hostilities holds that the arbitrariness of loss of life in terms of international human rights law (IHRL) is determined by compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL). Through application of the interpretive principle of systemic integration, an alternative ‘normative approach’ is advanced. The normative approach is premised on a contextual consideration of the normative content and underlying values of the right to life rather than on the more mechanical approaches to its interpretation. The outcome reached that is based on this approach has two profound distinctions to that of the prevailing approach: (i) not all loss of life where IHL was not strictly complied with is ipso jure arbitrary and, conversely, (ii) at times, compelling factors necessitate a recalibration of arbitrariness along a spectrum between IHRL and IHL, with the result that loss of life may amount to arbitrary deprivation of life even when IHL is fully complied with. In the context of quintessential military operations, a two-pronged normative test is advanced to determine the circumstances in which non-compliance with IHL will result in arbitrary deprivation of life.

Think piece: ethics for the virtual researcher

ABSTRACT In ethics, there are profound distinctions between conducting research online and traditional face-to-face research methods. Some of the differences often appear overwhelming for individuals in the early stages of their research career due to the introduction of new technical terminology related to the online environment. Whilst ethics in the virtual world is complex due to complete confidentiality and anonymity becoming increasingly out of reach, there are ways to mitigate against these new challenges. When applying for ethical approval, I argue that students should consider how their online research challenges ethical norms for obtaining informed consent, determine what is public and private data, and define confidentiality and anonymity in the virtual world. The author is a former PhD candidate, and some of the themes discussed in this think-piece presented themselves in the data collection of online surveys. Furthermore, the author has sometimes observed an absence of thought to online ethics from dissertation students when applying online methodologies. Thus, this piece attempts to stimulate thinking in this area and is aimed at individuals involved in the submission of ethics for dissertation projects.

Born or Grown: Enablers and Barriers to Circular Business in Europe

Circular economy goals have made their way towards the very heart of EU policy, promising the delivery of both economic and environmental goals, but key to their achievement is the active involvement and participation of businesses. Scholarly literature has made considerable headway in describing the diverse CE business model archetypes and the enablers and barriers that can nurture the transition toward them. However, little work has been done to assess a more profound distinction—that between enterprises that are born circular in contrast with incumbent businesses that grow into circularity. We review 18 case studies of businesses in Europe, which shed light on this distinction. A systematic analysis of their internal, contextual, and policy issues results in the identification of ten key enablers (including business targets, cost reduction potential, loyal customers, demographic aspects, growing waste flows, environmentalism, EU policy, circular policy, and dis/incentives as well as sectoral considerations) and ten key barriers (including bottom line concerns, problematic consumer preferences, lack of infrastructure, technological barriers, poor access to finance, competition, lack of EU harmonisation, uncertainty and lack of internalisation of externalities, and the presence of obstructive policy). We observe that businesses which are born circular seem to face fewer barriers than those seeking to grow into circularity, a finding which offers hope for the transition to a circular economy. Our analysis also suggests that while some enablers and barriers cut across different types of businesses, others tend to be more prevalent among enterprises of a certain size or sector.

La educación como arte en el pensamiento de Francisco Ruiz Sánchez

espanolEl presente trabajo pretende ser un estudio de indole teorico-hermeneuticodocumental en el que se expone la concepcion de arte educativo en Francisco RuizSanchez (1929-1982). En este sentido, el objetivo constituye, a saber, la recuperaciony el analisis del concepto de arte educativo, como asi tambien su clasificacion e inter-pretacion en las distintas obras. Luego de una introduccion donde se presenta al autorargentino y el metodo de estudio efectuado, se expone una delimitacion del arte educa-tivo en terminos generales, la tipologia del arte educativo segun Ruiz Sanchez y susmodos de comprension de los diferentes aspectos y algunas conclusiones que se de-ducen de lo trabajado. Se arriba, en terminos generales, a que los aspectos en los quepuede concebirse la educacion como arte en Francisco Ruiz Sanchez aportan distincio-nes precisas y profundas que permiten argumentar en que sentido es consideradoeste de un modo novedoso y original. EnglishThe following work aims to be a theoretical-hermeneutical documentarystudy in which the conception of educational art is exposed in Francisco Ruiz Sanchez(1929-1982). In this sense, the objective constitutes both the recovery and analysisof the concept of educational art, as well as its classification and interpretation indifferent works. After an introduction presenting the Argentine author and his methodof study, educational art is delimited in general terms, as well as the typology ofeducational art according to Ruiz Sanchez, the ways of understanding its differentaspects and, finally, some conclusions drawn from the analysis. It is concluded that, ingeneral terms, the aspects of conceiving education as art in Francisco Ruiz Sanchezprovide precise and profound distinctions that allow us to argue about how this isconsidered in a novel and original way.

A meta-analysis of in vitro exposures to weak radiofrequency radiation exposure from mobile phones (1990–2015)

To function, mobile phone systems require transmitters that emit and receive radiofrequency signals over an extended geographical area exposing humans in all stages of development ranging from in-utero, early childhood, adolescents and adults. This study evaluates the question of the impact of radiofrequency radiation on living organisms in vitro studies. In this study, we abstract data from 300 peer-reviewed scientific publications (1990–2015) describing 1127 experimental observations in cell-based in vitro models. Our first analysis of these data found that out of 746 human cell experiments, 45.3% indicated cell changes, whereas 54.7% indicated no changes (p = 0.001). Realizing that there are profound distinctions between cell types in terms of age, rate of proliferation and apoptosis, and other characteristics and that RF signals can be characterized in terms of polarity, information content, frequency, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and power, we further refined our analysis to determine if there were some distinct properties of negative and positive findings associated with these specific characteristics. We further analyzed the data taking into account the cumulative effect (SAR × exposure time) to acquire the cumulative energy absorption of experiments due to radiofrequency exposure, which we believe, has not been fully considered previously. When the frequency of signals, length and type of exposure, and maturity, rate of growth (doubling time), apoptosis and other properties of individual cell types are considered, our results identify a number of potential non-thermal effects of radiofrequency fields that are restricted to a subset of specific faster-growing less differentiated cell types such as human spermatozoa (based on 19 reported experiments, p-value = 0.002) and human epithelial cells (based on 89 reported experiments, p-value < 0.0001). In contrast, for mature, differentiated adult cells of Glia (p = 0.001) and Glioblastoma (p < 0.0001) and adult human blood lymphocytes (p < 0.0001) there are no statistically significant differences for these more slowly reproducing cell lines. Thus, we show that RF induces significant changes in human cells (45.3%), and in faster-growing rat/mouse cell dataset (47.3%). In parallel with this finding, further analysis of faster-growing cells from other species (chicken, rabbit, pig, frog, snail) indicates that most undergo significant changes (74.4%) when exposed to RF. This study confirms observations from the REFLEX project, Belyaev and others that cellular response varies with signal properties. We concur that differentiation of cell type thus constitutes a critical piece of information and should be useful as a reference for many researchers planning additional studies. Sponsorship bias is also a factor that we did not take into account in this analysis.

A Formulation of Spin Dynamics Using Schr&amp;amp;ouml;dinger Equation

In quantum mechanics, there is a profound distinction between orbital angular momentum and spin angular momentum in which the former can be associated with the motion of a physical object in space but the latter cannot. The difference leads to a radical deviation in the formulation of their corresponding dynamics in which an orbital angular momentum can be described by using a coordinate system but a spin angular momentum cannot. In this work, we show that it is possible to treat spin angular momentum in the same manner as orbital angular momentum by formulating spin dynamics using Schrodinger equation in an intrinsic coordinate system. As an illustration, we apply the formulation to the dynamics of a hydrogen atom and show that the intrinsic spin angular momentum of the electron can take half-integral values and, in particular, the intrinsic mass of the electron can take negative values. We also consider a further extension by generalising the formulation so that it can be used to describe other intrinsic dynamics that may associate with a quantum particle, for example, when a hydrogen atom radiates a photon, the photon associated with the electron may also possess an intrinsic dynamics that can be described by an intrinsic wave equation that has a similar form to that for the electron.

Doctor Faustusand the Art of Dying Badly

<i>Doctor Faustus</i>and the Art of Dying Badly

RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis of porcine cloned and in vitro fertilized blastocysts

Somatic nuclear transfer technology has become increasingly promising in biomedicine and agriculture. Whereas the approach remains inefficient and underlying mechanisms remain ambiguous. Although cloned embryos have similar in vitro developmental capacity as in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos before implantation, they appeared to have much lower full-term developmental efficiency in pig and cattle, and thus it would be reasonable to postulate that profound distinction at the molecular level should exist between them. Herein, RNA sequencing technique was used to screen differentially expressed genes in cloned and IVF blastocysts, and in total 628 differentially expressed transcripts were obtained, among which, 280 transcripts are up-regulated and 348 transcripts are down-regulated in cloned blastocysts. Moreover, one statistically significant pathway associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein processing was enriched, and some ER-stress markers such as ATF4, ATF6, PDIA3, HSPA1B, HSP40 and HSP90 between cloned and IVF blastocysts were suggested. Additionally, some developmentally important genes such as lipid metabolism related genes (MGLL, DDHD2 and FADS2) and epigenetic modification genes (DNMT1, KDM5C and MBD3L5) were found differentially expressed between cloned and IVF embryos.

Computational and data sciences for health-GIS

Computational and data sciences are transforming the entire science enterprise. In the arena of GIS, this is represented by the emergence of cyberGIS. We provide an overview of applying the cyberGIS approach to spatial analysis for health studies. We emphasize that cyberGIS is not just a service to traditional spatial analyses, but itself is an alternative approach to problem solving. Some fundamental and profound distinctions of cyberGIS approaches in health-GIS include the following: (1) they may greatly reduce the reliance on models or assumptions, and instead seek actual empirical evidence through mining a large amount of data or virtual empirical evidence generated through computation; (2) they tend to be non-parametric and tend to generate local solution; (3) they are scalable to high-resolution and less aggregated data; (4) they tend to be stochastic rather than deterministic; and (5) with these approaches, the large amount of data may not be only from input data-sets, but also from analytical workflows. We described the kernel ratio estimation for local intensity estimation, the restricted and controlled Monte Carlo for data disaggregation, and unrestricted and controlled Monte Carlo for statistical significance evaluation as examples of the cyberGIS approaches in health-GIS.

Distinct Orai-Coupling Domains in Stim1 and Stim2 Define the Orai-Activating Site

The ER membrane-spanning STIM1 protein is a finely-tuned sensor of ER luminal Ca2+. Small changes in ER Ca2+ induce STIM1 to undergo an intricate self-triggering process, causing it to translocate into ER-PM junctions where it couples with and activates the highly Ca2+-selective family of Orai channels in the PM. The entering Ca2+ sustains Ca2+ oscillations, maintains Ca2+ homeostasis, and provides crucial long-term Ca2+ signals in many cell types which control gene expression and cellular growth. Similar in structure and also widely expressed among cells, the little-studied STIM2 protein is reported to differ subtly from STIM1 in its N-terminal domain, affecting luminal Ca2+-sensitivity and the rate of unfolding and self-activation. The STIM1 cytoplasmic C-terminus contains the STIM-Orai activating region (SOAR) which has been structurally resolved. While the corresponding SOAR sequence in STIM2 is highly conserved, we reveal it has a profoundly diminished interaction with and ability to gate Orai1 channels. We narrowed this distinction in Orai1 activation to a small sequence in SOAR, within which substitution of a single phenylalanine in STIM1 with leucine in STIM2 confers a severe decrease in Orai1 channel-gating efficacy. This residue is strategically positioned at the structural apex of the SOAR domain. Modification of this single residue within the intact STIM1 protein reveals its pivotal role in both interaction with and gating of the Orai1 channel. The results not only pinpoint a crucial locus of STIM-Orai coupling but also reveal a physiologically profound distinction between STIM1 and STIM2.

The Short N-terminal Domains of STIM1 and STIM2 Control the Activation Kinetics of Orai1 Channels

STIM1 and STIM2 are dynamic transmembrane endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) sensors, coupling directly to activate plasma membrane Orai Ca(2+) entry channels. Despite extensive sequence homology, the STIM proteins are functionally distinct. We reveal that the short variable N-terminal random coil sequences of STIM1 and STIM2 confer profoundly different activation properties. Using Orai1-expressing HEK293 cells, chimeric replacement of the 43-amino-acid STIM1 N terminus with that of STIM2 attenuates Orai1-mediated Ca(2+) entry and drastically slows store-induced Orai1 channel activation. Conversely, the 55-amino-acid STIM2 terminus substituted within STIM1 strikingly enhances both Orai1-mediated Ca(2+) entry and constitutive coupling to activate Orai1 channels. Hence, STIM N termini are powerful coupling modifiers, functioning in STIM2 to "brake" the otherwise constitutive activation of Orai1 channels afforded by its high sensitivity to luminal Ca(2+).

The Physician as Patient: A Clinical Handbook for Mental Health Professionalsby Michael F. Myers, M.D., and Glen O. Gabbard, M.D. Arlington, Va, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2008, 252 pp., $46.00.

The Physician as Patient: A Clinical Handbook for Mental Health Professionalsby Michael F. Myers, M.D., and Glen O. Gabbard, M.D. Arlington, Va, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2008, 252 pp., $46.00.

Psychological relativity

“Psychological relativity” means that “an observation is a relationship between the observer and the event observed.” It implies a profound distinction between “the internal first-person as opposed to the external third-person perspective.” That distinction, followed through, turns Lehar's discourse inside-out. This commentary elaborates the notion of “psychological relativity,” shows that whereas there is already a natural science of perceptual report, there cannot also be a science of perception per se, and draws out some implications for our understanding of phenomenal consciousness.

Molecular Distinction of Phosphatidylcholine Synthesis between the CDP-Choline Pathway and Phosphatidylethanolamine Methylation Pathway

In addition to the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis, the liver has a unique phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) methyltransferase activity for PC synthesis via three methylations of the ethanolamine moiety of PE. Previous studies indicate that the two pathways are functionally different and not interchangeable even though PC is the common product of both pathways. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that these two pathways produce different profiles of PC species. The PC species from these two pathways were labeled with specific stable isotope precursors, D9-choline and D4-ethanolamine, and analyzed by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Our studies revealed a profound distinction in PC profiles between the CDP-choline pathway and the PE methylation pathway. PC molecules produced from the CDP-choline pathway were mainly comprised of medium chain, saturated (e.g. 16:0/18:0) species. On the other hand, PC molecules from the PE methylation pathway were much more diverse and were comprised of significantly more long chain, polyunsaturated (e.g. 18:0/20:4) species. PC species from the methylation pathway contained a higher percentage of arachidonate and were more diverse than those from the CDP-choline pathway. This profound distinction of PC profiles may contribute to the different functions of these two pathways in the liver.

Beyond the Self-Regulating Market in Market Society: A Critique of Polanyi's Theory of the State

Introduction One of more profound distinctions separating orthodox from radical approaches to politics can be found in their theoretical conception of state as public regulator of private conflict. A full-fledged theory of state has been slow to emerge from mainstream paradigm precisely because, in liberal tradition, state has been perceived as a relatively minor actor regulating conflict through enforcement of socially sanctioned rules of law. Yet, rapid growth of government bureaucracy and intervention in private realm, particularly since 1940s, has challenged many of our traditional notions about nature of capitalist society. The state has been shown to have played a major role both in establishing and in regulating private market economy. Karl Polanyi in particular paved way for macro analysts such as Lindblom and Galbraith by showing that role of state in promoting a market economy while simultaneously serving as a conduit to regulate it -- so-called double movement thesis -- characterized state activity in liberal society from beginning. In addition, resulting structural separation of society into economic and political spheres would later condition particular policy responses required as market system unfolded. Perhaps more importantly, however, Polanyi's work may have unwittingly paved way towards a reformulation of a Marxist theory of state by linking development of positive or regulatory state to efforts to create and maintain a market on international level. Unlike Marx, who is often criticized for seeing market as operating above politics (see for example, Arrighi, 1990, p. 64), Polanyi exposed political origins of market's creation as a crucial step in development of industrial capitalism. Even during height of laissez-faire under Pax Britannia, politics dominated an international system based on fixed exchange rates, or gold standard. As market faltered, the interstate power struggle seriously hampered U.S. direct investment in Europe and its colonies (Arrighi, 1990, p. 76), eventually leading all capitalist states to adopt increasingly nationalistic and systemically destructive policy responses prior to World War II. This theme of state's having been deeply involved in historical development of self-regulating market economy guided Polanyi's institutionalist view of state. The nineteenth century utopian attempt to establish a self-regulating market based on commodification of land, labor, and money was largely a product of classical liberal ideology translated into economic policy. But this idealistic policy, demise of which marked end of British order, also produced a spontaneous countermovement on part of society to protect itself from socially invidious effects of such policy. In fact, Polanyi's most provocative thesis may be his claim that resulting countermoves carried out through state spanned class lines, creating coalition-type patterns of institutional development (1957/1944, p. 76). Regulation never arose on basis of opposing class interests or economic class division. Instead, political protection was immediate, spontaneous, and broad-based, a fact which lends theoretical meaning to Polanyi's thesis, that class division/conflict need not be decisive factor shaping policy alternatives in modern state. For Polanyi, social response against commodity myth, carried out at that time mainly through democratic state, implied not only end of self-regulating market, but coming end of market society as well. In terms of state's dual role, then, he believed protective function would become increasingly important as capitalist society moved beyond its dependence on a self-regulating market economy to embrace social democracy. …

Towards a Clearing: Humanist and Christian Values in Children's Literature

Towards a Clearing:Humanist and Christian Values in Children's Literature Hamida Bosmajian (bio) Milner, Joseph O'Beirne and Milner, Lucy Floyd Morcock . Webs and Wardrobes; Humanist and Religious World Views in Children's Literature. New York: University Press of America, 1987. The raison d'etre of Webs and Wardrobes originates with the American cultural value that if people discuss and converse intelligently, rationally and civilly with one another, they can overcome their differences. The polarities that divide our discourse about values, reading and education have been generated from the humanist and Christian cultural traditions, both traditions now being reductively and dangerously politicized in the invectives of the "New Christian Right" and the "secular humanists." The Milners are to be lauded for their "civil tolerance," but the inclusionary values of tolerance neglect to take into account that the "New Christian Right" subsumes tolerance under the context "truth." "A 'good Christian' is tolerant because he or she is following Biblical injunctions that describe the current way of life and belief" (Branham and Pearce). The voices in the essays included in Webs and Wardrobes are intelligent, rational, and civil, but they do not lead to public discourse or conversation. They are as yet incompatible in that one says "yes" and the other says "no" when answering questions such as: What does it mean to be human? What kind of community shall we have? What is our language of discourse? How do we cope with our fears and desires? The essays articulate intelligently but confirm the humanist-Christian dialectic. Many school board and library controversies as well as court cases about literature and other reading matters for children and young adults (Bosmajian, 1983, 1987) demonstrate the need for intelligent public discourse, but the question of reconcilability remains open. It is no accident that the editors title two of the main sections in their collection "The Humanist Case" and "The Religious View." Humanists relate their story in the context of the polis, the legal union framed by the humanist deists of the eighteenth century; Christians bring the view or vision revealed to the community by divine authority. So dichotomous has public debate become on these issues, visions and ways of discourse that one almost despairs of the "culture of argument" (White, 1985) needed for a civilization that constitutes itself through a discourse acceptant of differences based on shared values. The Milners' collection raises the level of the quality of speaking about humanist and Christian ways of being in the world, but a synthesis seems as yet impossible. The several essays that offer alternative visions, such as a sacralization of nature, would be tolerated and very likely romanticized by the secular humanist, but would not be part of the revealed truth of the New Christian Right. The editors' acute awareness of the chasm that divides the Christian and humanist views is evident in their choice of the two touchstone works that raise our consciousness to the problem: E. B. White's Charlotte's Web and C.S. Lewis's The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe, both read by the Milners with their children and their students. Thus the editors practised what they hoped for, namely, recognition of difference in the context of shared values as to what constitutes good children's literature. Their collection deepens our understanding of differences and enhances our appreciation of young readers' literature. Joseph O'Beirne Milner's introductory "When Worlds Collide: The Humanist-Religious Ethos in Children's Literature" defines that ethos dialectically: White perceives of "other worlds" as created by the human imagination; Lewis accepts the other world separate from humans who may or may not become part of it. White considers human natures a mixture of ambiguities, moral or otherwise, all engaged in the struggle of an intrinsically valued development and growth; Lewis defines characters as primarily good or evil. White rejoices in change; Lewis seeks permanence. The most profound distinction between the two, however, is in their sense of "death and transformation." Charlotte's death is mourned as a personally felt loss by Wilbur, but is ultimately understood as part of the eternal quality of Nature, the rhythm of life-death. Lewis, through Asian, shows how...

Organic synthesis and the unification of chemistry--a reappraisal.

Proclaiming Louis Pasteur as the “Founder of Stereochemistry”, the distinguished Scottish chemist, Crum Brown, addressing a late nineteenth-century audience of Edinburgh savants, drew attention—as Pasteur had incessantly done—to the intimate relationship between living organisms and the optical activity of compounds sustaining them. It seemed to Crum Brown “that we must go very much further down in the scale of animate existence than Buridan's ass, before we come to a being incapable of giving practical expression to a distinct preference for one of two objects differing only in being one to the right and the other to the left”. Crum Brown's lecture must have been entertaining, but it was also motivated by a serious desire to do justice to a particular assertion of Pasteur—an assertion which had, moreover, been misunderstood and dismissed by no less a chemical genius than Wilhelm Ostwald. Writing at a time when the majority of his colleagues were stressing the resemblances between inorganic and organic compounds, Pasteur had insisted that he “could not point out the existence of any more profound distinction between the products formed under the influence of life and all others” than that “artificial products have … no molecular asymmetry”. Pasteur was obliged to concede that the chemist might produce enantiomorphic pairs of isomers, but without resorting to a manual separation of crystals he was powerless to imitate Nature's performance, powerless to fabricate by chemical means a separate optical isomer, divorced from its partner. Now it was not only Crum Brown who felt that chemists had brushed aside this proposition of Pasteur. In his 1898 Presidential Address to the chemical section of the British Association, Professor F. R. Japp also complained that the possible vitalistic implications of Pasteur's distinction between natural and artificial products had been misapprehended or tacitly ignored.

Bilingualism and the National Interest*

T HIS TITLE, of course, is inspired by the late William Riley Parker, who thought most clearly, whether in writing, in public address, or in private conversation, about second language problems. As a generalist and administrator in this area he had developed a comprehensive perspective which reflected his own humanistic approach to these problems. Just as the National Defense Education Act became the assumed expression of national interest in foreign languages, so Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 as amended in 1967 expresses the illusion of a national interest in bilingualism through the establishment, in law, of Bilingual Education Programs. I draw this parallel and recall the memory of William Riley Parker to inspire brief reflection on the history of the National Defense Education Act and the constant warnings of Parker that law and federal subsidy alone do not lend stability to the solution of educational and hence social problems. I do this in the hope that we may not again find ourselves pursuing the identical cycle in bilingual education as well. I must confess that I have in the latter years become an ardent exponent of largely because, contrary to Descartes' dictum, it is not very commonly distributed among men and is actually rarely found among them today. I am, therefore, presenting my case as an analysis of common sense observations with common sense logic in order to try to understand at least to my own satisfaction what behavioral change bilingual education should produce. In January 1953 when I attended the Conference which was called to consider the McGrath recommendations for expanded foreign language study, especially in the elementary public schools, I discovered that there was much talk about bilingualism without any real definition or understanding of this term. Since then I have found continuing confusion of definition resulting largely from the social factors involved. To me the only valid definition of bilingualism is the behavioral of an individual in at least two interchangeable languages. It is necessary to stress total behavioral functioning in order to eliminate consideration of those who study a language but never integrate that language as an individual behavioral modification. This appears to be the profound distinction between my command of German and that of French. Though I can function very easily in the French milieu, I still feel foreign to it. On the other hand, though my proficiency in German may have declined, I feel that I am at ease in a German environment. Perhaps this leads us to the common assumption that children learn a second language more readily than adults. My own experience seems to indicate that in learning two languages simultaneously as a child, one absorbs the behavior pattern of any aspect of the language and not just the language itself. It is also evident that whenever bilingualism in the United States is considered one is concerned either with those who have first learned a second language concurrently with English, or with those reared in non-English language environments who have acquired proficiency in English as a second language. In either case, our concern then lies with those whose linguistic behavior is guided by social or environmental circumstances.

Differential games: Their scope, nature, and future

There is a profound distinction between classical mathematical analysis and game theory which comes into especial prominence with the advent of differential games. There is a hierarchy of theories of applied mathematics in which the classical theory is the bottom row. Thus, it is important in the inevitable pending developments of higher forms of game theory to be prepared for ideas and concepts which break with tradition. These general thoughts, not at present widely understood, are expounded here with some simple examples which already illustrate the novelties of future research.

X.—The Most Fundamental Differentia of Poetry and Prose

It is my purpose in this paper to consider the relations of the two great types of literary expression, poetry and prose, and, if possible, to determine the most vital, fundamental, and essential trait which discriminates one type from the other, more particularly in the primitive stages of their development.In this investigation certain postulates regarding the nature of literature and of art will be of service in clearing the ground. I shall make four such assumptions, as follows:First, the difference between these two literary types is a fundamental, not a superficial difference. In the words of Professor Earle, “the distinction between poetry and prose is one which is seated in the nature of things…. it is a profound and essential organic distinction.”