Profound Climatic Changes Research Articles

Combined effects of crude oil exposure and warming on eggs and larvae of an arctic forage fish

Climate change, along with environmental pollution, can act synergistically on an organism to amplify adverse effects of exposure. The Arctic is undergoing profound climatic change and an increase in human activity, resulting in a heightened risk of accidental oil spills. Embryos and larvae of polar cod (Boreogadus saida), a key Arctic forage fish species, were exposed to low levels of crude oil concurrently with a 2.3 °C increase in water temperature. Here we show synergistic adverse effects of increased temperature and crude oil exposure on early life stages documented by an increased prevalence of malformations and mortality in exposed larvae. The combined effects of these stressors were most prevalent in the first feeding larval stages despite embryonic exposure, highlighting potential long-term consequences of exposure for survival, growth, and reproduction. Our findings suggest that a warmer Arctic with greater human activity will adversely impact early life stages of this circumpolar forage fish.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of urban climate during the wet-dry season transition in a tropical African city

The Urban Heat Island effect has been the focus of several studies concerned with the effects of urbanisation on human and ecosystem health. Humidity, however, remains much less studied, although it is useful for characterising human thermal comfort, the Urban Dryness Island effect and vegetation development. Furthermore, variability in microscale climate due to differences in land cover is increasingly crucial for understanding urbanisation effects on the health and wellbeing of living organisms. We used regression analysis to investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of temperature, humidity and heat index in the tropical African city of Kampala, Uganda. We gathered data during the wet to dry season transition from 22 locations that represent the wide range of urban morphological differences in Kampala. Our analysis showed that the advancement of the dry season increased variability of climate in Kampala and that the most built-up locations experienced the most profound seasonal changes in climate. This work stresses the need to account for water availability and humidity to improve our understanding of human and ecosystem health in cities.

Late Quaternary range shifts of marcescent oaks unveil the dynamics of a major biogeographic transition in southern Europe

Marcescent forests are ecotones distributed across southern Europe that host increased levels of biodiversity but their persistence is threatened by global change. Here we study the range dynamics of these forests in the Iberian Peninsula (IP) during the Late Quaternary, a period of profound climate and anthropic changes. We modeled and compared the distribution of eight oak taxa for the present and two paleoclimatic environments, the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~ 21 kya) and the Mid-Holocene (MH, ~ 6 kya). Presence records were combined with bioclimatic and topographic data in an ensemble modelling framework to obtain spatial projections for present and past conditions across taxa. Substantial distribution shifts were projected between the three studied periods, that were explained by precipitation, winter cold and terrain ruggedness. Results were congruent with paleoclimatic records of the IP and showed that range shifts of these contact zones concurred with range dynamics of both Submediterranean and Temperate oaks. Notably, the distribution ranges of hybrid oaks and marcescent forests matched throughout the late Quaternary. This study contributes to unveil the complex Late-Quaternary biogeography of the ecotone belt occupied by marcescent forests and, more broadly, of Mediterranean oaks. Improved knowledge of species’ responses to climate dynamics will allow us to anticipate and manage future range shifts driven by climate change.

Ecometrics and Neogene faunal turnover: the roles of cats and hindlimb morphology in the assembly of carnivoran communities in the New World

Cats possess some of the highest ankle gear ratios of any extant carnivorans, a feature that facilitates leaping and sprinting involved in ambush predation and scansorial lifestyles. In today's North American carnivoran communities, the high gear ratio of cats contributes to an overall high ecometric average for this trait and contributes strongly to measures of ecometric disparity at the community level. But cats were late additions to North American communities, arriving from Eurasia about 17 Ma at the end of the “cat gap”. This paper uses ecometric analysis to document changes in hindlimb functional diversity in North American carnivoran communities over the last 19 million years in order to better understand the roles of trait evolution, clade turnover, and environmental change in community assembly. To accomplish this, I look at the phylogenetic history of ankle gear ratios of cats and other carnivorans, and the history of their occupation of high gear ratio niches in North American communities. The primary focus is on the Great Plains, which experienced profound changes in vegetation and climate through this period. Across all Carnivoramorpha, including a variety of extinct clades, it was found that gear ratios range from 1.08 (with extant ursids and viverrids and extinct miacids and barbourofelids, one of the three cat groups considered in this paper, having the lowest values) to 1.46 (with extant felids, herpestids, and canids having the highest values). Using the fossil record combined with phylogenetic ancestor reconstruction, it is shown that stem carnivorans and early felids had gear ratios about halfway between these extremes, consistent with a semidigitigrade or mildly digitigrade stance that was not overly specialized for either leaping or sprinting. Barbourofelids and some machairodontines evolved lower gear ratios that emphasized mechanical efficiency over advantage. When cats first entered North American communities in the Miocene they did not occupy high gear ratio niches and, in fact, occupied some of the lowest gear ratio niches during the Barstovian, Clarendonian, and Hemphillian. A major restructuring of gear ratio distributions in North American carnivoran communities occurred during the Blancan that appears to have resulted from clade sorting processes involving the selective loss of low gear ratio groups, as well as the evolution of increased gear ratios in felids and canids.

New fossils of Mesopithecus from Hasnot, Pakistan

Here, we report on a new collection of mostly isolated molars of a colobine monkey from near Hasnot on the Potwar Plateau of Pakistan. The specimens are from three late Miocene localities, with ages constrained to between 7.9 and 7.1 Ma. Morphological and metrical comparisons of the new Hasnot molars with those of previously recognized Mesopithecus species and living Asian colobines lead to the conclusion that the Hasnot colobine is most probably Mesopithecus, but not Mesopithecus pentelicus. The most morphologically distinctive aspect of the Hasnot specimens is the lower third molars, which exhibit large and bulbous protoconids set off by deeply incised mesial buccal and median buccal clefts and large, broad distobuccally placed hypoconulids. Colobine specimens previously recovered from the Potwar Plateau have been assigned to Mesopithecus sivalensis, but because these specimens have not yet been fully described, a detailed comparison with the new Hasnot specimens is not yet possible. For these reasons, we assign the new Hasnot colobine fossils to cf. Mesopithecus sp. Mesopithecus was one of the most widespread and successful of late Miocene primates. As a colobine equipped with features of the molar teeth, limbs, and, presumably, gut enabling it to succeed in more highly seasonal woodland environments, Mesopithecus was able to rapidly disperse into and adapt to the conditions in South Asia brought about by profound climatic and concomitant environmental change during the latest Miocene.

Spring Season in Western Nepal Himalaya is not yet Warming: A 400-Year Temperature Reconstruction Based on Tree-Ring Widths of Himalayan Hemlock (Tsuga dumosa)

The Himalayan region has already witnessed profound climate changes detectable in the cryosphere and the hydrological cycle, already resulting in drastic socio-economic impacts. We developed a 619-yea-long tree-ring-width chronology from the central Nepal Himalaya, spanning the period 1399–2017 CE. However, due to low replication of the early part of the chronology, only the section after 1600 CE was used for climate reconstruction. Proxy climate relationships indicate that temperature conditions during spring (March–May) are the main forcing factor for tree growth of Tsuga dumosa at the study site. We developed a robust climate reconstruction model and reconstructed spring temperatures for the period 1600–2017 CE. Our reconstruction showed cooler conditions during 1658–1681 CE, 1705–1722 CE, 1753–1773 CE, 1796–1874 CE, 1900–1936 CE, and 1973 CE. Periods with comparably warmer conditions occurred in 1600–1625 CE, 1633–1657 CE, 1682–1704 CE, 1740–1752 CE, 1779–1795 CE, 1936–1945 CE, 1956–1972 CE, and at the beginning of the 21st century. Tropical volcanic eruptions showed only a sporadic impact on the reconstructed temperature. Also, no consistent temperature trend was evident since 1600 CE. Our temperature reconstruction showed positive teleconnections with March–May averaged gridded temperature data for far west Nepal and adjacent areas in Northwest India and on the Southwest Tibetan plateau. We found spectral periodicities of 2.75–4 and 40–65 years frequencies in our temperature reconstruction, indicating that past climate variability in central Nepal might have been influenced by large-scale climate modes, like the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation, the North Atlantic Oscillation, and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.

Are amphibians tracking their climatic niches in response to climate warming? A test with Iberian amphibians

Current climate warming has already contributed to local extinctions. Amphibians are one of the most sensitive animal groups to climate change, currently undergoing a global decline. Predictive models for Europe and Iberian Peninsula forecast that the future impact of climate change on amphibians will depend on their capacity to alter their distributions by tracking climate warming. In the present study, we explore the responses of Iberian amphibian species to recent climate change, by comparing amphibian distributions between two time periods (1901–1990 vs. 2000–2015). Our findings suggest that, although climatic conditions have changed between the two periods, Iberian amphibians have barely shifted their distribution ranges northwards, with the exception of the southernmost species (Alytes dickhilleni). However, most Iberian amphibians appear to have moved their elevational limits upwards in mountains. Approximately half of the species showed different occupied niches between the two time periods, suggesting that many Iberian amphibians have not been able to reach all the new location with optimal climatic conditions for them. Furthermore, disappearing cold climatic conditions (e.g. those found at mountain tops) limit the potential distribution of cold-adapted species, including European widespread species with their southern margin in the Iberian Peninsula, and endemic species. The combination of a limited ability to shift their ranges and profound climatic changes could pose a challenge to the long-term persistence of Iberian amphibian populations.

Characteristics of Transformational Adaptation in Climate-Land-Society Interactions

Countries across the world aspire towards climate resilient sustainable development. The interacting processes of climate change, land change, and unprecedented social and technological change pose significant obstacles to these aspirations. The pace, intensity, and scale of these sizeable risks and vulnerabilities affect the central issues in sustainable development: how and where people live and work, access to essential resources and ecosystem services needed to sustain people in given locations, and the social and economic means to improve human wellbeing in the face of disruptions. This paper addresses the question: What are the characteristics of transformational adaptation and development in the context of profound changes in land and climate? To explore this question, this paper contains four case studies: managing storm water runoff related to the conversion of rural land to urban land in Indonesia; using a basket of interventions to manage social impacts of flooding in Nepal; combining a national glacier protection law with water rights management in Argentina; and community-based relocation in response to permafrost thaw and coastal erosion in Alaska. These case studies contribute to understanding characteristics of adaptation which is commensurate to sizeable risks and vulnerabilities to society in changing climate and land systems. Transformational adaptation is often perceived as a major large-scale intervention. In practice, the case studies in this article reveal that transformational adaptation is more likely to involve a bundle of adaptation interventions that are aimed at flexibly adjusting to change rather than reinforcing the status quo in ways of doing things. As a global mosaic, transformational change at a grand scale will occur through an inestimable number of smaller steps to adjust the central elements of human systems proportionate to the changes in climate and land systems. Understanding the characteristics of transformational adaptation will be essential to design and implement adaptation that keeps society in step with reconfiguring climate and land systems as they depart from current states.

Observing System Simulation Experiments and Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis: Methods for Observational Programs in the Arctic Ocean

Over recent decades, the Arctic Ocean (AO) has experienced profound climate changes. To study these climate changes, several regional observational programs have been started. Because of complicated logistics and remoteness, in situ observations in the AO are extremely expensive. Therefore, an efficient ocean observational system in the AO is critical to understand environmental changes in the Arctic. Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) and Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis (ASA) are powerful tools that could be used in the optimization of existing and incoming observational programs in the AO. These optimal planning tools recommended by the Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH) implementation plan, and widely used in atmospheric research, are still rarely implemented in physical and biological oceanography. We provide several examples of how the OSSE and ASA can be used to optimize the locations of high frequency radars and biological tracer surveys and leveraged toward creating an inexpensive drifter observational program capable of providing sufficient information to reconstruct the circulation in the northern Bering, Chukchi, and southern Beaufort Seas.

Biostratigraphy, carbon isotopes and cyclostratigraphy of the Albian-Cenomanian transition and Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d in southern Tibet

During the Albian and Cenomanian, the Earth underwent profound climatic and oceanographic changes that were recorded in sedimentary successions on a global scale. Carbon isotope records spanning this time interval have been established in the western Tethys, eastern Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans, but not yet in the eastern Tethys Ocean. In this paper, we present biostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic and cyclostratigraphic characteristics of the uppermost Albian–lowermost Cenomanian in an eastern Tethyan section (Youxia, southern Tibet). Based on calcareous nannofossil biozones and the bulk rock δ13C curve, the Albian-Cenomanian boundary interval (ACBI) was identified and correlated to the western Tethys and Atlantic Oceans. In the Youxia section, δ13C values range from approximately 0‰ to +1.3‰ (−0.03‰ to +1.31‰). Four subevents (a, b, c and d) were distinguished in the ACBI carbon isotope curve via correlation with other sections. Based on a spectral analysis of the carbonate content, we recognized Milankovitch short eccentricity (~100 kyr) and precession (22.2 kyr) cycles, suggesting that orbital variations modulated depositional processes. The duration of the ACBI was estimated at ~311 kyr, while OAE 1d lasted for ~233 kyr in the eastern Tethys Ocean, consistent with the duration calculated from Atlantic Ocean records.

Climate change and national security: an agenda for geography

ABSTRACTOn 4 December 2017 the Australian Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee is due to report on its inquiry into the implications of climate change for Australia's national security. Public submissions to the inquiry closed on 4 August 2017 and, at the time of writing, some 59 submissions had been made by researchers, public-interest organisations and members of the public, including a number of geographers. A topic of profound significance, climate change and national security warrants deep and sustained public engagement such as that offered by the Senate Inquiry submission process. In this Thinking Space essay, I urge geographers, working in Australia and internationally, to make ongoing contributions to such engagements. The emerging debate about climate change and national security will likely amplify following the release of the Committee's report. Geographic data and analysis pertaining to various aspects of climate change and security are needed in order to shape policy directions and support evidence-based policy making. My contention here is that contributions ought to extend not just from those working at the coalface of climate change risk, for example in political geography, but from all quarters of the discipline.

Resilience or wipe out? Evaluating the convergent impacts of the 8.2 ka event and Storegga tsunami on the Mesolithic of northeast Britain

The potential impact of the abrupt 8.2ka cold event and the Storegga Slide tsunami on human demography, settlement patterns and culture in the North Sea Basin and its hinterlands has emerged as a key question and research theme. Following on from a paper that evaluated the impact of the 8.2ka event on the Mesolithic population of western Scotland that employed a Bayesian analysis of the radiocarbon record to identify ‘activity events’ as a proxy for the human population size (Wicks and Mithen, 2014), we have employed a similar approach to assess the impact on the northeast British population. We find evidence for a significant population decline similar to the results from western Scotland, especially in coastal locations, although there is evidence for subtle differences in the data. We interpret this as reflecting significant and rapid population reductions amongst both low density inland populations and higher density coastal populations. The geographical location and topography of the northeast British littoral in relation to the Storegga tsunami meant that populations living along this coastline were likely to be some of the most vulnerable to, and heavily affected by, the impacts of this catastrophic environmental event. In combination with the western Scotland study this research supports the probability that there was significant population collapse resulting from abrupt and profound climatic and vegetation change augmented by the Storegga megaslide tsunami.

Bioecological peculiarities of mid-ripening varieties of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) in the northern part of the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine

Purpose. Improvement of a range of strawberry varie­ties based on comprehensive study and introduction of new Ukrainian and West European cultivars. Methods. Cultivars and elite forms were studied using the methods of primary variety studying and state variety testing at three-year strawberry plantations of the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (the city of Kyiv) and its variety testing stations. Results. It was found that more frequent spring and summer droughts as well as black frosts in winter adversely affected the strawberry productivity. The best varieties were selected among new ones for the complex of traits, they included ‘Elegance’ from the Great Britain, ‘Gercules’ from Ukraine (both are dessert grapes), ‘Elsanta’ from Holland (for universal use), ‘Alba’ from Italia (as raw material). The highly adaptive and productive ‘Istochnik’ and ‘Festyvalna romashka’ varieties (as raw material) are recommended for the north regions. Conclusions. In the context of profound climatic change, high-profitable cultivation of mid-ripening varieties and a strawberry as such in the Northern Forest-Steppe zone is expedient under controlled conditions – in high film tunnels, in hot-houses and under perennial irrigation that already has become the European tendency.

Structurally preserved fungi from Antarctica: diversity and interactions in late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic polar forest ecosystems

AbstractChert and silicified wood from the Permian through Cretaceous of Antarctica contain abundant information on fungal diversity and plant–fungal interactions. The chert deposits represent a particularly interesting setting for the study of plant–fungal interactions because they preserve remains of distinctive high latitude forest ecosystems with polar light regimes that underwent a profound climate change from icehouse to greenhouse conditions. Moreover, some of the cherts and wood show the predominance of extinct groups of seed plants (e.g. Glossopteridales, Corystospermales). Over the past 30 years, documentation of fossil fungi from Antarctica has shifted from a by-product of plant descriptive studies to a focused research effort. This paper critically reviews the published record of fungi and fungal associations and interactions in the late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic cherts and silicified wood from Antarctica; certain fungal palynomorphs and fungal remains associated with adpression fossils and cuticles are also considered. Evidence of mutualistic (mycorrhizal), parasitic and saprotrophic fungi associated with plant roots, stems, leaves and reproductive organs is presented, together with fungi occurring within the peat matrix and animal–fungus interactions. Special attention is paid to the morphology of the fungi, their systematic position and features that can be used to infer fungal nutritional modes.

Paleoenvironmental and biogeographic implications of terminal Pleistocene large mammals from the Ziway–Shala Basin, Main Ethiopian Rift, Ethiopia

The terminal Pleistocene is a period of profound climatic and environmental change in Africa, with paleoenvironmental records documenting tremendous regional variation. Environmental records needed to understand these dynamics are currently lacking from the Horn of Africa. Here we provide a new paleoenvironmental record based of new faunal data from archeological sites along the Bulbula River (Ziway–Shala Basin, Main Ethiopian Rift) in Ethiopia. Research conducted in this area has uncovered archeological assemblages that document various phases of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Two sites dated to the terminal Pleistocene are considered here, B1s1 and B1s4. The former includes a very large assemblage of more than 20,000 skeletal remains. Both faunal assemblages are dominated by bovids of the tribes Alcelaphini and Antilopini and include Damaliscus hypsodon, a small extinct alcelaphine. The faunal remains from these sites, like those from the contemporary site of Lukenya Hill in south-central Kenya, are indicative of widespread arid grasslands. Several ungulates are found outside of their historic ranges, including Grant's gazelle (Nanger granti) and Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas). Their absence from the region today likely reflects a combination of paleoenvironmental change since the end of the Pleistocene coupled with more recent human impacts. The combination of archeological and faunal data suggests that B1s1 could have been a residential site with seasonal occupation to acquire raw material from local obsidian sources and to hunt bovids in the arid plain, including species that ultimately disappear or shift their range at the onset of the Holocene with the return of warmer and moister conditions.

To what extent could functional diversity be a useful tool in inferring ecosystem responses to past climate changes?

Functional diversity (the amount of inter-specific variation in functional traits in an ecological community) has been receiving increased attention in ecological studies because it does not treat all species identically, as taxonomical diversity does, but rather according to the role they have within a community. Therefore, functional diversity (FD) can provide information capable of revealing the processes that structured past faunal complexes (FCs) (seen as “spatio-temporal” meta-communities) and promoted their dynamic changes. Each FC gathers faunal assemblages from different territories. Thus, species composition of local faunas may differ from site to site, though the ecological structure may be substantially the same. In such cases, it is appropriate to classify species into functional groups and study the changes in their relative abundance over time. This allows to quantify the functional aspect of biodiversity and to establish its relationships with ecosystem functioning and environmental constraints through changes in the amount of resource partitioning among species. The research focused on the variation of the relative abundance of mammalian ecological groups in SW European FCs, examined in the light of Early to Middle Pleistocene profound climate changes known as Mid-Pleistocene Revolution. The population density (that is marginally affected by climatic and geographical factors) is here proposed as the best proxy for the abundance of individuals of a species in a FC. This approach has the advantage of avoiding the effects of time averaging on fossil data and other sampling issues that paleontologists routinely face (e.g. taphonomic biases). Results obtained indicate that the comparison of FD variation across a region and the analysis of its changes over time can provide interesting hints for scrutinizing in detail the dynamic effect of climatic shifts in restructuring past mammalian communities.

Black‐spotted pond frog (Pelophylax nigromaculatus) on the Chinese Loess Plateau represents a cryptic species: Evidence from molecular phylogeny and ecological niche modeling

AbstractThe black‐spotted pond frogPelophylax nigromaculatusis a typical temperate‐adapted amphibian species, largely endemic to East Asia. It occurs from central, east, and northeast China, to the Russian Far East, the Korean Peninsula, and part of Japan. So far, little is known about this frog from the Loess Plateau, a region that has experienced profound changes in climate and environment since the late Miocene. Particularly, between the Loess Plateau and the North China Plain, stand the Lüliang and Taihang mountain ranges, which form an important geographical divide in East China. Therefore, frogs from the Loess Plateau are indispensable for understanding the biogeography and evolution of this species. In this study, a total of 933 specimens ofP. nigromaculatuscollected range‐wide were sequenced for the mitochondrialCyt bgene, with 345 of them being genotyped at 10 nuclear microsatellite loci. Both mitochondrial and microsatellite data resolved four major frog clades: (i) Loess Plateau clade, containing only frogs from the Loess Plateau; (ii) East China clade, containing frogs from the rest of China except those from the Liaodong Peninsula; (iii) Peninsulas clade, comprising frogs from the Korean Peninsula and Liaodong Peninsula; and (iv) Japan clade. Frogs from the Loess Plateau have deeply diverged from frogs in the remaining regions, with 11.5%–13.1% sequence divergence, which is comparable to distances between congeneric ranid species. Ecological niche modeling analysis showed that the potential distribution ranges of the Loess Plateau frogs and the non‐Loess Plateau frogs are rather different; niche identity testing indicated that the environmental niches of frogs from the Loess Plateau and other regions are not equivalent. Our data thus suggest that the Loess Plateau frogs represent a cryptic species. The uplift of the Lüliang Mountains was the most plausible trigger of this cryptic diversification.

Complex patterns of environmental niche evolution in Iberian columbines (genusAquilegia, Ranunculaceae)

This study explores the patterns of niche differentiation in a group of seven closely related columbines (genus Aquilegia, Ranunculaceae) from the Iberian Peninsula. Populations of these columbines are subject to complex patterns of divergent selection across environments, which partly explain the taxonomic structure of the group. This suggests the hypothesis that niche divergence must have occurred along the process of diversification of the group. We used MaxEnt to build environmental niche models of seven subspecies belonging to the three species of Aquilegia present in the Iberian Peninsula. From these models, we compared the environmental niches through two different approaches: ENMtools and multivariate methods. MaxEnt distributions conformed closely to the actual distribution of the study taxa. ENMtools methods failed to uncover any clear patterns of niche differentiation or conservatism in Iberian columbines. Multivariate analyses indicate the existence of differentiation along altitudinal gradients and along a gradient of climatic conditions determined by the summer precipitation and temperatures. However, climatic conditions related to winter temperature and precipitation, as well as soil properties, were equally likely to show conservatism or divergence. The complex patterns of niche evolution we found suggest that Iberian Columbines have not been significantly constrained by forces of niche conservatism, so they could respond adaptively to the fast and profound climate changes in the Iberian Peninsula through the glacial cycles of the Pleistocene.

Macroevolutionary consequences of profound climate change on niche evolution in marine molluscs over the past three million years.

In order to predict the fate of biodiversity in a rapidly changing world, we must first understand how species adapt to new environmental conditions. The long-term evolutionary dynamics of species' physiological tolerances to differing climatic regimes remain obscure. Here, we unite palaeontological and neontological data to analyse whether species' environmental tolerances remain stable across 3 Myr of profound climatic changes using 10 phylogenetically, ecologically and developmentally diverse mollusc species from the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, USA. We additionally investigate whether these species' upper and lower thermal tolerances are constrained across this interval. We find that these species' environmental preferences are stable across the duration of their lifetimes, even when faced with significant environmental perturbations. The results suggest that species will respond to current and future warming either by altering distributions to track suitable habitat or, if the pace of change is too rapid, by going extinct. Our findings also support methods that project species' present-day environmental requirements to future climatic landscapes to assess conservation risks.

Volcanic ash in the air we breathe

Volcanic ash in the air we breathe