Terms Of Profitability Research Articles

PELATIHAN LITERASI KEUANGAN PRODUK DI KELURAHAN GUNUNG SULAH, KECAMATAN WAY HALIM, KOTA BANDAR LAMPUNG

The purpose of this service is to make Financial Literacy more attractive and can expand the product marketing reach for the people of Gunung Sulah Village. For the problems faced by the people of Mount Sulah, namely How to apply financial literacy in product activities. The long-term target to be achieved in this activity is closely related to the problem of developing financial literacy in the form of financial measurement which has a very wide reach, it is necessary to make efforts that lead to an increase in the amount of production and an increase in profits in terms of products seen from the physical quality, shape, taste. and colors, so that economic value can increase. The steps taken for this business are through fostering and increasing business development by choosing financial literacy to support businesses that can produce large amounts of production, short production time, increase production results and are of good quality. The output of this activity was a scientific article on Shinta 4 Lancang Kuning University, a video of the activity, and a profile of community service results published in a seminar on community service results from the University of Lampung. The method used is discussion, lecture and discussing interesting cases about financial literacy. By holding this training, it is hoped that it will make Financial Literacy more attractive and can expand the product marketing reach for the people of Gunung Sulah Village.

REGIONAL DIVERSIFICATION OF INVESTMENT OUTLAYS AND LABOUR PROFITABILITY IN AGRICULTURE IN POLAND

The main purpose of the study was to assess changes in labour profitability against changes in the level of investment outlays in Poland in a regional approach. Empirical material consists of statistical data from the Central Statistical Office for the years 2000-2017. The following diagnostic variables were used for the analysis: (1) characterizing the profitability of the labour factor – gross value added in agriculture per one agricultural employee; (2) characterizing the investment activity of farmers – the value of investment outlays in agriculture per one employee in agriculture, the value of investment outlays in agriculture per 1 ha of agricultural land, the value of investment outlays in agriculture in relation to the value of gross fixed assets in agriculture, the value of investment outlays in agriculture in relation to gross value added in agriculture. On the basis of a set of diagnostic features describing the investment activity of farmers, a classification of voivodships was carried out using cluster analysis using Ward’s method, and a statistical evaluation of the relationship between the investment activity of farmers and the profitability of labour was performed. There has been a significant diversification of farmers’ investment activity and labour profitability in terms of regions. It was found that the level of investment outlays is a crucial factor in the process of improving the efficiency of the use of the labour factor. A level of investments that is loo low does not allow for favourable structural changes and for modernization and restructuring of agriculture to take place.

ANALISIS PENGARUH CAR, NIM, NPL, DAN LDR TERHADAP ROA (Studi Kasus pada Bank Umum Persero BUMN Periode 2013-2018)

Banks must carry out their activities with the precautionary principle so as not to harm the wider community such as the banking crisis of 1998 and 2008, therefore Bank Indonesia issued regulation no. 13/1 / PBI / 2011 in 2012 as a guideline for banks to maintain banking health using the RGEC method. This research was conducted to determine the effect of the CAR, NIM, NPL, and LDR ratio to the ROA ratio. With all of the above ratios are from the Bank Indonesia RGEC assessment method, on BUMN banks consisting of BNI, Mandiri, BRI, and BTN. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS 21 application with a six-year observation period (2013-2018) from four state-owned banks with independent variables CAR (X1), NIM (X2), NPL (X3) and LDR (X4) and variables dependent on ROA (Y). The results of this study shows that simultaneously CAR, NIM, NPL, and LDR ratios have a significant effect on ROA, while partialy each of the ratio CAR has a significant and negative effect on ROA, NIM has a positive and significant effect on ROA, and NPL has a significant and negative effect on ROA while LDR ratio does not significantly influence ROA. So the researcher's suggestion is that the capital in CAR can be channeled back into the productive assets to increase bank profits both in terms of interest (NIM) and overall profit (ROA) while the NPL ratio can be improved risk management so as not reduce bank profits both NIM and ROA and for the LDR ratio so that Bank BTN adjusts its LDR ratio in accordance with Bank Indonesia regulations.

ANALISIS PENGARUH CAR, NIM, NPL, DAN LDR TERHADAP ROA (Studi Kasus pada Bank Umum Persero BUMN Periode 2013-2018)

Banks must carry out their activities with the precautionary principle so as not to harm the wider community such as the banking crisis of 1998 and 2008, therefore Bank Indonesia issued regulation no. 13/1 / PBI / 2011 in 2012 as a guideline for banks to maintain banking health using the RGEC method. This research was conducted to determine the effect of the CAR, NIM, NPL, and LDR ratio to the ROA ratio. With all of the above ratios are from the Bank Indonesia RGEC assessment method, on BUMN banks consisting of BNI, Mandiri, BRI, and BTN. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS 21 application with a six-year observation period (2013-2018) from four state-owned banks with independent variables CAR (X1), NIM (X2), NPL (X3) and LDR (X4) and variables dependent on ROA (Y). The results of this study shows that simultaneously CAR, NIM, NPL, and LDR ratios have a significant effect on ROA, while partialy each of the ratio CAR has a significant and negative effect on ROA, NIM has a positive and significant effect on ROA, and NPL has a significant and negative effect on ROA while LDR ratio does not significantly influence ROA. So the researcher's suggestion is that the capital in CAR can be channeled back into the productive assets to increase bank profits both in terms of interest (NIM) and overall profit (ROA) while the NPL ratio can be improved risk management so as not reduce bank profits both NIM and ROA and for the LDR ratio so that Bank BTN adjusts its LDR ratio in accordance with Bank Indonesia regulations.

Effect of phosphorus application technique on effectiveness indices of its use in maize cultivation

The study presents results of 4-year field trials; their purpose was to assess the effectiveness indices of phosphorus recovery in maize cultivation depending on the depth of two-component fertiliser (NP) placement in the soil layer, type of nitrogen fertiliser (ammonium nitrate and urea) and time point of the application. The hypothesis of the experiment assumed that different depth of NP fertiliser placement improved the indices of phosphorus application in maize cultivation. Row fertilisation with two-component NP fertiliser, regardless of the year, clearly affected phosphorus accumulation (uptake) with grain yield. The recovery metabolism index, i.e., the phosphorus recovery of a mineral fertiliser component was at a low level (on average < 12%). Row application, regardless of the depth of fertiliser placement, was more effective in relation to broadcast sowing. The index of agricultural efficiency of phosphorus confirms the significant impact of the depth of NP fertiliser placement at 5 cm in the soil as optimal for agricultural practice. The use of nitrogen in maize cultivation before sowing, compared to the application of this component at the BBCH 15/16 stage, significantly increases agricultural effectiveness of phosphorus applied as mineral fertiliser. The placement of NP fertiliser deep in the soil profile was more effective compared to traditional broadcast fertilisation. The method of fertiliser application in maize cultivation can thus be a tool increasing cultivation profitability in both economic and environmental terms.

Evaluating the Risk Exposure and Challenges of Credit Providers in Microfinance in Ghana (A Case Study: Accra Metropolis, Ghana)

In view of the clear deficiencies in the cited researchers’ findings, there is the need to conduct new research to assess risk exposure of credit providers in micro financing in Ghana using Accra Metropolis, Ghana as a case study. The principal approach used for this analysis was a questionnaire-based survey. 120 workers and managements of Microfinance institutions responded to questionnaires made up of 9 questions. The analysis of the responses from the survey conducted was done using descriptive statistics. The results from the study shows that there is significant relationship between bank performance in terms of profitability and credit risk management in terms of loan servicing performance. The results verify the hypothesis that better credit risk management results in better bank performance. Accra Metropolis, Ghana is a city with challenges in the likes of the springing up of new micro finance and micro finance facilities. The study found that the microfinance institutions surveyed are aware of the types of risk inherent in their business line and use risk management approaches in different ways to reduce losses and increase profitability. Therefore, a more comprehensive assessment of risk exposure of credit providers in micro finance within the Accra Metropolis, which when not done will lead to a further fall in their performance standards as financial service providers. Keywords: Risk Exposure, Credit Providers. Microfinance in Ghana DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/11-16-03 Publication date: August 31 st 2020

Análisis de rentabilidad e impacto económico del uso de clembuterol de productores de bovino en Morelos, México

In the present investigation, the evaluation carried out with different methods served to determine the level of production and the economic competitiveness of livestock projects. The evaluation of the project aims to identify the advantages and disadvantages associated with the investment, so the implemented analysis method is useful for making rational decisions regarding different alternatives, especially when a development program is involved in the project, such as This is the case of the "Reliable Supplier" Program in livestock farming. Methods used that served to provide more accurate information on the generation of income and the level of competitiveness of companies, is the financial analysis and evaluation. Only the monetary aspect of the project is considered, with the objective of determining its profitability in terms of money flow. The research starts from the study of the “Reliable Supplier” Program, which focuses on the eradication of the use of Clenbuterol in animal feed, making meat producers aware of the importance of developing procedures that reduce the potential of contaminants in food, that can damage the final product, and that generate a health problem for consumers.

Strangle to resuscitate: evidence from India

This study examines the performance of two strangle strategies at different legs to find the best strategy for consistent profit generation when trading on the Indian stock market index Nifty. These strategies have been analyzed on data ranging from 2007 to 2019 on a monthly basis. Both long and short strangle strategies have been used in this analysis. Using newly developed payoff formulas for both strangle strategies, the performance up to three different legs has been measured based on the monthly success rate, profitability (in terms of points earned or lost), risk and return. The results show that the success rate, profitability, risk and return of the short strangle is better than the long strangle at every leg. Further, the risk and return of the third leg of the short strangle have been compared with other legs of the short strangle, and the results show that the third leg of the short strangle has a lower risk and a higher return than the other two legs of the short strangle option strategy. The regression analysis verified these results. Due to its higher success rate and better profitability, the third leg of the short strangle should be preferred by any trader on the Nifty looking for maximum profit generation. The high success rate, better profitability and better return of the short strangle option strategy indicate that volatility in the Nifty is more bearish than bullish, and the Nifty has directionally range-bound characteristics, which increase as the leg increases.

Computational System to Classify Cyber Crime Offenses using Machine Learning

Particularly in the last decade, Internet usage has been growing rapidly. However, as the Internet becomes a part of the day to day activities, cybercrime is also on the rise. Cybercrime will cost nearly $6 trillion per annum by 2021 as per the cybersecurity ventures report in 2020. For illegal activities, cybercriminals utilize any network computing devices as a primary means of communication with a victims’ devices, so attackers get profit in terms of finance, publicity and others by exploiting the vulnerabilities over the system. Cybercrimes are steadily increasing daily. Evaluating cybercrime attacks and providing protective measures by manual methods using existing technical approaches and also investigations has often failed to control cybercrime attacks. Existing literature in the area of cybercrime offenses suffers from a lack of a computation methods to predict cybercrime, especially on unstructured data. Therefore, this study proposes a flexible computational tool using machine learning techniques to analyze cybercrimes rate at a state wise in a country that helps to classify cybercrimes. Security analytics with the association of data analytic approaches help us for analyzing and classifying offenses from India-based integrated data that may be either structured or unstructured. The main strength of this work is testing analysis reports, which classify the offenses accurately with 99 percent accuracy.

Profitability of Corporate Social Responsibility Activities from the Perspective of Corporate Social Managers

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to determine the intensity of CSR activities undertaken by enterprises in Poland and to assess their profitability in terms of stakeholder groups. Design/Methodology/Approach: Questionnaire surveys were conducted on a representative group (by size and sectors of the economy) of 722 large and medium-sized enterprises in Poland in 2019. Respondents were CSR managers, among which three groups of people were identified for whom managing CSR is the only responsibility, is one of the basic responsibilities, CSR activities are one of the many responsibilities. The research hypotheses set out in the article regarding the intensity and profitability of CSR activities directed at individual stakeholders, as well as the complementarity of these activities and the characteristics of the respondents that differentiate their responses, were verified using arithmetic means, Pearson correlation coefficients and Chi-squared test. Findings: Research results indicate that enterprises direct CSR activities to primary stakeholders in the first place. Also, the profitability of CSR activities is usually higher valued in the case of primary stakeholders, while activities directed to the local community and the natural environment received higher ratings than activities directed at public authorities and capital providers. Respondents treat CSR activities directed at all stakeholders as complementary. The respondents' strongest opinions about the orientation of CSR activities and their profitability differentiate the workplace next is sector of the economy and the size of the enterprise has the least difference in assessment. Practical Implications: The results obtained encourage corrections of strategic directions of CSR activities, in the form of an increase in the importance (intensity) of CSR activities directed to local communities and the natural environment. Originality/Value: The research presented is so innovative that CSR managers were selected as the group of respondents. Assuming that the directions (intensity) of CSR activities are adopted (imposed) at the strategic level, the profitability of these activities determined at the operational level verifies the correctness of their orientation.

Roles of Neurotransmitters in Decapod Reproduction

In decapods neurotransmitters govern a variety of physiological events including growth, moulting, reproduction, locomotor activity, behavior and sexual differentiation. The most important reproductive neurotransmitters in decapods are histamine (HA), dopamine (DA), 5-hydrtryptamine (5HT, serotonin), leucine enkephalin (Leu-ENK), octopamine (OA), epinephrine (EPI), methionine enkephalin (Met-ENK), and Red pigment-concentrating hormone (RPCH). In this study, the discovery and identification of reproductive neurotransmitters in decapods are reviewed. The role of neurotransmitters (i.e. 5-HT, DA, OA, RPCH, Leu-ENK and Met-ENK) on the reproduction and sexual maturation of decapods are remarkable. It can be concluded that understanding the roles and effects of neurotransmitters are useful for further basic studies in reproductive biology of decapodsas well as commercial profitability in terms of development of new techniques for assisted reproduction in aquaculture.

Анализ трудовых затрат при возделывании гороха на семенные цели

Для оперативного контроля за ходом любого производственного процесса, в частности, при возделывании гороха, необходимо анализировать трудовые затраты по каждому виду работ. Представлен анализ трудовых затрат возделывания гороха на семенные цели сортов Немчиновский 100, Флора 2 и Немчиновский 50 на основе технологических карт. Все расчеты приведены в разрезе по технологиям и сортам. Согласно результатам проведенного анализа доля ручного физического труда в структуре затрат труда на возделывание и уборку гороха сорта Немчиновский 100, возделываемого по интенсивной технологии, на 129,41 % выше, сортов Флора 2 и Немчиновский 50 — на 66,89 и 66,86 % соответственно, чем по базовой технологии. Производительность труда при возделывании и уборке гороха сорта Немчиновский 100 по интенсивной технологии выше на 97,56 %, сорта Флора 2 — на 33,82 %, сорта Немчиновский 50 — на 29,33 %, чем по базовой технологии. Трудоемкость произведенной продукции сорта Немчиновский 100 по интенсивной технологии ниже на 50,83 %, сорта Флора 2 — на 74,83 %, сорта Немчиновский 50 — на 77,44 % по сравнению с базовой. Уровень рентабельности персонала в разрезе по сортам и технологиям достаточно высокий: от 91,04 до 128,52 %. Представленный анализ трудовых затрат имеет возможность практического применения в условиях любого хозяйствующего субъекта калькуляцией трудовых затрат на производство продукции и использованием аналогичного расчета.

Automatic identification for field butterflies by convolutional neural networks

In today’s competitive conditions, producing fast, inexpensive and reliable solutions are an objective for engineers. Development of artificial intelligence and the introduction of this technology to almost all areas have created a need to minimize the human factor by using artificial intelligence in the field of image processing, as well as to make a profit in terms of time and labor. In this paper, we propose an automated butterfly species identification model using deep neural networks. We collected 44,659 images of 104 different butterfly species taken with different positions of butterflies, the shooting angle, butterfly distance, occlusion and background complexity in the field in Turkey. Since many species have a few image samples we constructed a field-based dataset of 17,769 butterflies with 10 species. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) were used for the identification of butterfly species. Comparison and evaluation of the experimental results obtained using three different network structures are conducted. Experimental results on 10 common butterfly species showed that our method successfully identified various butterfly species.

Determination of optimum cut-off grade of an open-pit metalliferous deposit under various limiting conditions using a linearly advancing algorithm derived from dynamic programming

In the process of planning an open-pit, the determination of optimum cut-off grade plays a vital role. The classical approach of Lane's algorithm yields infinitely many solutions when the metal price is very high and mining, milling and refining costs are low. This problem has been addressed through a new algorithm. This study deals with the optimization of cut-off grade of a real-life case study of an open-pit copper mine in India considering fixed annual production of mine, mill and refinery facilities. However, the optimization ignores uncertainty in input parameters. The optimization has been carried out with the objective of maximizing the discounted total profit in terms of Net Present Value (NPV). As the process of determination of optimum cut-off grade of the deposit is dependent on many parameters which can suitably be addressed using a linearly advancing algorithm derived from dynamic programming approach. Considering a precision of 0.01% in the grade interval, the optimum cut-off grades, the amount of metal produced per ton and the NPV have been evaluated. Accordingly, the optimum cut-off grade of the Malanjkhand copper deposit has been found to be 0.32% amounting to a maximum NPV of ₹ 12123 million. The calculation reveals that the life of mine is 37.5 years and the average mill head grade optimises to 1.12%. The results also reveal that the present value of net cash-flow increases in the initial years, reaches a maximum value at a certain mid-life time and then declines with the depletion of the reserve. The NPV finally reaches a zero value at the end of mine life corroborating the general trend as seen in other mining organisations.

Performance of strip option strategy on the Indian capital market

The aim of this study is to analyse the performance of two different strip option strategies are analysed on the Indian stock market index, Nifty. The strategies on the data ranges from 2007-2020 on monthly bases. Long and short strip option strategies have been used in this analysis. By using newly developed pay-off formulas for strip option strategies, the results have been analysed on the basis of monthly success rate and profitability (in terms of points earned or lost in Nifty). Results of the higher success rate and better profitability of short strip option strategy indicate that volatility of Nifty has less bullish than bearish behaviour and Nifty has range-bound characteristics. Because of the higher success rate and better profitability, short strip option strategy can be consistently applied by traders on the Nifty for profit generation. For any trader, these findings will be useful for trading in Nifty. The pay-off formulas of strip option strategies have never been reported in any literature, hence these pay-off formulas will also help the academicians to calculate and understand the profit/loss on any index.

ALUMINIUM ANALYSIS IN EYE SHADOW USING ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER

Industry is a human endeavor so that goods obtained from nature can be utilized as products that have a sale value and have a profitable profit in economic terms. Material from nature has chemicals that can be used for certain purposes, such as food, fuel, fuel, fertilizer, cosmetics, etc. so that human life becomes more comfortable. A chemical industry must pay attention to environmental sustainability and is expected to process materials that are safe for the environment, as well as products produced that are environmentally friendly. In the modern cosmetics industry, eyeshadow added pearly substances that have a shiny and radiant effect, in accordance with the current trend. Pearls derived from nature are Guanine, which comes from marine fish scales, are transparent and shiny crystals like pearls. Because Guanine is difficult to obtain, the producers replace it by adding synthetic pearls, including Aluminum metal powder. Aluminum is a metal used for basic materials of household appliances, but is contained in eyeshadow which functions as a pearling agent. Research on aluminum in eye shadow cosmetics has been carried out on the market. Quantitative analysis was carried out with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, the results obtained showed the presence of Aluminum with the results of all eyeshadow used as samples containing Aluminum, but the level was still below the permissible level of 10%. Aluminum content contained in the eyeshadow used as a sample is between 0.35 mg / gram-16.952 mg/gram or 0.35% -1.69%. The smallest one is in the Gold E color eyeshadow brand and the highest one in the Gold B brand eyeshadow

R&D performance assessment of industrial enterprises in China: A two-stage DEA approach

With the growing expenditure on the R&D activities of industrial enterprises above designated size (IEDSs) in China, it is important to evaluate the R&D efficiency of the Chinese IEDSs. However, few studies about R&D efficiency measurement of Chinese IEDSs have considered the internal structure of the R&D production process. To fill this gap, this paper investigates the R&D performance of IEDSs of 30 sample provinces on China's mainland from 2009 to 2014, based on a two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) model. The major findings from the empirical results are shown as follows: (i) serious imbalance exists in the R&D resources among Chinese IEDSs of 30 provinces; (ii) there is a decline in the average overall efficiencies after 2012; (iii) there are great differences regarding the performances of R&D activities among the Chinese IEDSs of 30 provinces; (iv) high attention to the R&D activities or strong scientific research atmosphere may promote the R&D efficiency of Chinese IEDSs; and (v) the IEDSs with the relatively high profitability or high government support in terms of R&D activities have relatively poor performance. Based on these findings, several policy suggestions are proposed for the R&D activities of Chinese IEDSs.

Otel mutfaklarının genel yapısının çalışan performansına etkisi

İşletmelerin rakiplerine karşı sahip oldukları tüm kaynakları kullanmaları gerekmektedir. Otel işletmelerinin sürekliliği, çalışanların performansı, hizmet kalitesi ve müşteri memnuniyetinin belirleyicisidir. Otel işletmeleri çalışanlarına işleri ile ilgili yetki ve sorumluluk vererek, bireysel ve kurumsal performansın artırılmasının otel işletmeleri açısından karlılığa etki sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Mutfak, otel işletmelerinde müşteri beklentilerine hizmet sunan, müşteri memnuniyetine önem veren bir bölümdür. Mutfak bölümü konukların gereksinimi olan yeme–içme üretim alanlarından oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, otel mutfaklarının genel yapısının iş performansına etkisini araştırmaktır. Yapılan literatür taramasında iş performansı ile ilgili bir çok çalışmaya ulaşılırken otel mutfaklarının genel yapısının çalışanların iş performansına etkisini araştıran bir çalışmaya ulaşılamaması sebebiyle büyük önem taşıyan özgün bir araştırmadır. Bu doğrultuda, nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan anket tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmada, 2019 yılı yaz ayında Antalya ilinin Aksu ve Serik ilçelerinde bulunan beş yıldızlı konaklama işletmelerinde çalışan 450 mutfak çalışanından toplanan veriler analiz edilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen faktör analizi sonucunda; “çalışan performansı” tek faktör ve mutfağın genel yapısı ise “mutfağın konumu”, “mutfağın atmosferi”, “mutfağın tasarımı” ve “mutfak çalışanları” olmak üzere toplam dört faktörden oluştuğu görülmüştür. Gerçekleştirilen regresyon analizleri sonucunda “mutfağın tasarımı” ve “mutfak çalışanları” faktörlerinin bağımlı değişken olan çalışan performansı faktörünü anlamlı bir şekilde etkilediği görülmüştür. Diğer yandan, “mutfağın konumu” ve “mutfağın atmosferi” faktörlerinin, bağımlı değişken olan çalışan performansı faktörünü anlamlı bir şekilde etkilemediği tespit edilmiştir.

Effect of private-led contract farming on rice growers’ yield, cost, selling price and return: evidence from Vietnam’s central Mekong Delta

This study attempts to examine the effects of contract farming on rice growers’ productivity and profitability in terms of yield, cost, selling price and return in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta using different propensity-score matching techniques. By using cross-sectional data collected from 166 rice farmers located in the central Delta, the findings reveal that participation in a contract scheme has a robust positive significant effect on rice farmers’ output price and return but has no impact on yield and variable cost. The results of this study suggest that contract farming led by export enterprise enables rice farmers to raise their output price and profitability, which may magnify their household income.

A study on atmospheric environmental resource accounting: A case of SO2 capacity resources in Chinese provinces

Ecological civilization construction in China is in its critical period and the natural resources assets are audited to the administration. However, the natural resources accounting is still in its infancy, especially the atmospheric environmental resources accounting, which refers to the ability of the atmospheric environment to accommodate and purify certain pollutants. This paper established a methodology to calculate the atmospheric resources assets with the index of SO2, a convenient method to calculate the physical accounts for atmospheric environmental resources based on the capacity of SO2 and an accessible way to estimate the monetary accounts with market-based price. Based on the methodology, a calculation was conducted on the assets and liabilities of SO2 capacity resources for 31 provinces of China in 2015. Empirical results showed that the physical accounts for SO2 capacity resources quantify the environmental pollution status in each region, and the monetary accounts reflect whether the industry and energy structures in one region are sound and sustainable. The findings provide specific profit or loss in terms of physical and monetary accounts for each region, which enable to quantify the government's occupancy and affordability of SO2 capacity resources, and contribute to the establishment of natural resource balance sheet and ecological compensation mechanism.