Profit-sharing Agreement Research Articles

Dispute Resolution Efforts for Sharia Banking Profit-Sharing Agreements

Islamic banking relies on profit-sharing agreements as one of its fundamental financial instruments, adhering to the principles of justice and partnership in sharia law. However, disputes often arise between banks and customers regarding the distribution of profits and losses. This study examines the dispute resolution mechanisms for profit-sharing agreements within Islamic banking, focusing on litigation in religious courts and non-litigation processes such as mediation and arbitration. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness and compliance of these mechanisms with Sharia principles while also proposing improvements to regulatory frameworks. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining normative juridical analysis and empirical research. The normative juridical method was used to review existing laws and regulations related to Islamic banking and dispute resolution. At the same time, the empirical data was gathered through interviews with key stakeholders such as banking practitioners, customers, and mediators involved in dispute resolution. The results indicate that non-litigation mechanisms, particularly mediation, are more efficient and cost-effective than litigation. However, there remains a need for greater public understanding and stronger institutional support to ensure the fairness and transparency of these processes. This research recommends enhancing dispute resolution systems in Islamic banking, aligning them more closely with legal and sharia standards.

Enhancing supply chain resilience through risk mitigation strategies: Evidence from smallholder red chili supply chains in East Java Indonesia

The cultivation of red chili in East Java, Indonesia, has significant economic and social impacts, necessitating proactive supply chain measures. This research aimed to identify priority risk agents, develop effective risk mitigation, and enhance supply chain resilience using the SCOR model, House of Risk, Interpretative Structural Modelling (ISM), and synthesis analysis. Examining 238 respondents—including farmers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, home-agroindustries, and experts—the findings highlight farmers’ critical role in supply chain resilience despite risks from crop failures, weather fluctuations, and pest infestations. Simultaneous planting led to market oversupply and price drops, but accurate pricing information facilitated quick market adaptation. Wholesalers influenced pricing dynamics and income levels, impacting farmers directly. To improve resilience, three main strategies were developed through ten key elements: proactive strategies (real-time SCM tracking, Weather Early Warning Systems, risk management team formation, and training), resistance strategies (partnerships, chili stock reserves, storage and drying technologies, GAP implementation, post-harvest management, agricultural insurance, and Fair Profit Sharing Agreements), and recovery and growth strategies (flexible distribution channels and customizable distribution centers). Furthermore, the study delves into the mediating and moderating effects between variables within the model. This research not only addresses a knowledge gap but also provides stakeholders with evidence to consider new strategies to enhance red chili supply resilience.

Empowering farmers and enhancing sustainability: Inaru’s impact on the Dominican cocoa industry

Learning outcomes After completion of the case study, the students will be able to understand the challenges faced by cocoa farmers in developing countries and their impact on the cocoa value chain, describe the need for a business to create a business model that offers social impact in small developing economies, explore innovative business models, such as vertical integration, for addressing transparency and fair compensation issues in agricultural supply chains, analyze the role that start-ups can play in disrupting the commodities supply chain and building a national competitive advantage and examine how a values-driven business can gain the trust of stakeholders and create a profitable ecosystem. Case overview/synopsis This case study describes the innovative business model of Inaru Corporation, a pioneering venture founded by two sisters, Janett Liriano and Erika, aimed at revolutionizing the cocoa industry in the Dominican Republic. This case study outlines the challenges faced by cocoa farmers in the country, including low productivity, exploitation by middlemen and lack of value addition. Inaru’s innovative business model aimed to disrupt the traditional supply chains by prioritizing fair compensation for farmers, investing in sustainable practices and vertically integrating cocoa production from farming to manufacturing. Through direct relationships with producers, profit-sharing agreements, and a commitment to ethical business practices, Inaru sought to empower cocoa farmers and cultivate a more equitable and sustainable cocoa industry. Inaru was a model for ethical and caring business practices where it shared the profits with its farmers. By operating a profit-sharing model and sharing its fortune with other women, Inaru was helping create gender equity in the cocoa sector. Inaru planned to scale its business model to other cocoa-producing countries and even transfer its business model strategy to other commodities beginning with the coffee segment in Dominican Republic. By exploring Inaru’s case study, students gain a deep understanding of how businesses can drive positive change, create value for stakeholders and contribute to sustainable development goals. Complexity academic level This case was written for use in teaching graduate and postgraduate management courses in entrepreneurship and economics, politics and business environment. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.

Perjanjian Bagi Hasil Ternak Babi Antara Kepala Desa dengan Masyarakat Menurut Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata di Desa Loborai Kecamatan Sabu Timur Kabapaten Sabu Raijua Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

The purpose of this study is to analyze the pig production sharing agreement between the Village Head and the community according to the Civil Code in Loborai Village, East Sabu District, Sabu Raijua Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. In the process of this research, the author uses empirical research methods with the aim of research to find out and describe various matters related to the implementation of the pig production sharing agreement in Loborai Village, East Sabu District which will provide benefits in the form of rational thinking in an effort to answer various problems related to the pig production sharing agreement in Loborai Village, East Sabu District. The results of the research show that the form of pig profit-sharing agreement carried out by the village head with the community is carried out in written and unwritten (oral) forms. The written agreement is carried out by the community in the form of an agreement in the division of profit sharing for pigs. Whereas in the oral form, the village head and the community make an agreement to raise pigs and the results of the livestock if they breed and have results from the pigs will be shared with the community to maintain the results of the pigs that have been given. If there is a problem in the pig profit-sharing agreement between the village head and the community in raising pigs, for example, in this case the community is negligent so that the pigs die, then the village head as the owner does not sue but is resolved properly. However, another thing that is absolute to note is that the agreement made and carried out must be in good faith.

Financial Management of Harvard University: A Common Size Analysis and Implications for Indonesian Higher Education Institutions

This study aims to (1) determine Harvard University’s financial management strategy using the common size analysis approach in Harvard University’s balance sheet report for the fiscal year 2020-2022; and (2) examine its implications for Indonesian higher education institutions. The analysis is described from 3 perspectives: the perspective of assets, liabilities, and net assets. The research design uses a descriptive quantitative approach. The primary data source is the Annual Financial Report for Years 2020-2022. The analysis technique used is the analysis of common size. The results of this study indicate that from an asset perspective, attention is paid to managing liquidity, investment, and fixed assets. The importance of debt management, deferred income management, and long-term debt monitoring is highlighted from a liability perspective. From a net asset perspective, the strategy includes allocating operational resources, an endowment fund, and project management of profit-sharing agreements. This analysis provides valuable insights for Indonesian higher education institutions in developing financial management strategies. The limitation of this research is the limited focus on the analysis of balance sheet reports from the perspective of assets, liabilities, and net assets of Harvard University. This study does not consider external factors or other variables that may affect the University’s financial management strategy more comprehensively.

Ganti Kerugian Akibat Wanprestasi Perjanjian Kerja Sama (Bagi Hasil) Kajian KUHPERDATA

The breach of contract in a cooperation agreement resulting in losses to the creditor as the capital provider constitutes a breach of contract. Thus, it is necessary to examine the legal relationship between the debtor and creditor, as well as the form of compensation for losses due to the breach of contract in the profit-sharing agreement. This research method is juridical-normative and is descriptive-analytical, utilizing an approach formulated within the results of literature research from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials analyzed and examined in a structured assessment. The research results indicate that the legal relationship between the debtor as the fund recipient and the creditor as the fund provider is governed by the cooperation agreement or profit-sharing, regulating the rights and obligations of both parties, including the legal relationship between the debtor and creditor referring to the relationship formed when the debtor takes a loan or receives credit from the capital provider (creditor). This relationship is governed by an agreement/contract that regulates the rights and obligations of both parties, covering various aspects such as the Agreement/Contract Relationship, financing, trust, and supervision relationships. In the event of a breach of promise by the debtor, the consequence in the form of compensation is the debtor's obligation to pay damages arising from the debtor's negligence as regulated in the Civil Code, consisting of three types: costs, losses, and interest. In connection with the above problem, even though the legal terms of lending have been agreed upon in the agreement/contract, the regulation of these legal relationships must also be included in the agreement to prevent future breaches that may cause losses to the capital provider (creditor).

PELAKSANAAN PERJANJIAN BAGI HASIL PERUMAHAN TITAN ARUM HOUSE ANTARA PEMILIK TANAH DENGAN PELAKSANA PEMBANGUNAN PT. RUBEK MEUPAYONG (Studi Penelitian di Kabupaten Aceh Barat Daya)

This study is intended to determine the implementation of the rights and obligations of the parties to the production-sharing contract and the obstacles and efforts to resolve defaults carried out by the executor of the Titan Arum House housing development. The problem of this study is the implementation of the rights and obligations of the parties in the profit-sharing agreement and obstacles as well as efforts to resolve defaults carried out by the executor of the housing development Titan Arum House. The study method is empirical juridical, with descriptive analysis, namely providing an overview and disclosure of the implementation of profit-sharing agreements for housing development in Southwest Aceh District. The agreement was caused by the agreement of the parties with the principle of freedom of contract. The agreement made by the parties is carried out by putting it in the form of a written agreement made before an authorized notary. The parties agreed to build 25 housing units on the land of the first party for 8 months. The second party carried out the construction for 11 months, so it was considered a default not in accordance with the specified time. The default was due to obstacles in the form of inaccuracy in analyzing time and Budget Details (RAB). The settlement efforts taken by both parties are by way of deliberation in order to obtain a mutually beneficial agreement. The two sides again made an addendum containing an additional three months of construction time.

Premilinary analysis of cross-shareholding in the green supply chain and recommendations for regulatory policy in the Philippines

Cross-shareholding is increasingly used in supply chains to improve strategic synergy between companies. However, regulations on cross-ownership within green supply chains are still in their early stages of development. Cross-ownership affects both the government’s pricing strategy and its carbon reduction policies. Additionally, the cross-shareholding structure impacts the profitability of the supply chain by introducing power dynamics between manufacturers and retailers. When cross-shareholding regulations and models are implemented, manufacturers and retailers within the supply chain exhibit more substantial reductions in their carbon footprint and experience increased profits, particularly in decentralized supply chains when cross ownership surpasses a specific threshold. The adoption of cross-shareholding profit-sharing agreements could enhance the performance of green supply chains. This article synthesizes the views of scholars on cross shareholding in the supply chain. It uses analytical methods to evaluate the role of the negotiation process, trade credit, and cross-shareholding in the supply chain. The article uses jurisprudence to recommend a cross shareholding policy in the Philippines to enhance supply chain efficiency. It uses the “Stackelberg Leadership Model” to analyze the impact of cross-shareholding on two levels of the supply chain, offering recommendations for future implementation to improve supply chain efficiency. The article recommends that the Philippines’ supply chain policy include mechanisms to encourage new companies to join the existing cross-ownership network, capitalize on the impact of cross-shareholding on supply chain assessment, and develop ways to use equity ratio and trade credit. These recommendations aim to refine policy and legislation in the Philippines to effectively utilize trade credit, equity ratios, and cross-shareholdings in supply chain management.

Analisis Yuridis Perjanjian bagi Hasil Perpecahan Lahan Pertanian di Desa Dengkol Kabupaten Malang

This scientific paper analyzes the juridical analysis of profit-sharing agreements on split land in Dengkol Village, Malang Regency. The legal issue to be analyzed is a land dispute case in Malang Regency. The purpose of this research is to reach an agreement on land disputes that benefit both parties, namely between the Air Force and the Community and to find out the problems that occur and result in land disputes. This study uses a normative legal research method based on a study of cases and laws and regulations. The land dispute that occurred in Malang Regency was proven to have occurred due to incitement carried out by the local village head who was assisted by irresponsible persons, in this case it was also resolved in a non-litigation manner which was carried out outside the court and carried out by mediation.

A four-echelon supply chain inventory model for growing items with imperfect quality and errors in quality inspection

To safeguard the livelihood of consumers, food producers are required, either by law or regulatory bodies, to inspect their products for quality before selling the products to consumers. This is because food processing, as is the case with most production systems, is not perfect and there is a possibility that some of the processed products do not meet the required quality standard. Likewise, the inspection process is seldom perfect, meaning that it is subject to errors and thus, some of the processed products might be incorrectly classified. In light of this, an inventory model for a four-echelon food processing supply chain is developed. The supply chain has a farming echelon where live items are grown with the possibility that some of them might not survive; a processing echelon where the live items are transformed into processed inventory; an inspection echelon where the processed inventory is classified into good and poorer quality classes under the assumption that the inspection process is subject to type I and type II errors; and a retail echelon where the processed inventory of good quality is sold to consumers. The supply chain is modelled as a profit maximisation problem and a solution procedure for solving the model is proposed. The problem is studied under both centralised and decentralised supply chain structures and from the analysis, the centralised supply chain with a profit-sharing agreement performs better in terms of profit maximisation.

PERAN KEPALA DESA TERHADAP PERLINDUNGAN BAGI PENGGARAP DALAM SISTEM BAGI HASIL PERTANIAN DI DESA

The regulation regarding production sharing agreements in Indonesia has been regulated based on Law Number 2 of 1960 concerning Revenue Sharing Agreements, the profit sharing agreements that occurred in the Nagrak Village Area, Cianjur District, Cianjur Regency, the arrangement still uses the arrangement of profit sharing agreements according to local customary law. The role of the Village Head in this case is very necessary so that there is no dispute between the two parties in the implementation of the agricultural land production sharing agreement. As for the identification of the problem in this research, namely, whether the production sharing system for agricultural land in Nagrak Village, Cianjur District, Cianjur Regency has complied with the provisions of Law Number 2 of 1960 concerning Production Sharing Agreements? in Nagrak Village, Cianjur District, Cianjur Regency?, and what steps did the Head of Nagrak Village, Cianjur District, Cianjur Regency take in resolving the obstacles faced by farmers and cultivators in the agreement for agricultural land yields?. This research uses a normative juridical approach, which examines juridical data on the application of agricultural land production sharing agreement regulations. It is concluded that the regulation regarding production sharing agreements for agricultural land in Indonesia is still using Law Number 2 of 1960 concerning Production Sharing Agreements. The form of the agreement is made in writing before the Village Head and ratified by the Camat, but in practice Law Number 2 of 1960 concerning Profit Sharing Agreements is still not effective this is due to the ignorance of the local community with the existence of Law Number 2 of 1960 concerning Agreements Profit sharing.Keywords: Profit Sharing Agreement, Role of Village Head, Agricultural Land.

Analisis Strategi Pelayanan dan Transparansi Bagi Hasil dalam Meningkatkan Minat Menabung Nasabah (Studi Kasus BMT NU Cabang Pragaan)

Islamic banks operate based on Islamic principles, which involve collecting and distributing funds without charging interest but through profit-sharing agreements. This study adopts a qualitative approach to provide descriptive narratives on observed issues. Data collection involves primary and secondary sources, utilizing methods such as observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis involves systematic organization and interpretation of observations and interviews to enhance the researcher's understanding and present findings to others. BMT NU Pragaan Branch employs a service strategy to enhance customer interest in saving, such as the savings shuttle service. Opening a savings account requires minimal documentation, including photocopies of identification cards, family cards, a passport-sized photo, and a contact number. Profit sharing at BMT NU Pragaan Branch depends on the agreed timeframe and the amount saved, adhering to mutually agreed terms between the bank and members.

Pelaksanaan Perjanjian Bagi Hasil Pohon Aren terhadap Petani dan Pemilik di Desa Juhar Ginting Sada Nioga

This study discusses the implementation of palm tree production sharing agreements; what are the legal consequences if one of the parties defaults on the palm tree profit sharing agreement and is there legal certainty for the implementation of the palm tree production sharing agreement in Juhar Ginting Sada Nioga Village based on "Customary Law" and "Law No. 6 of 1960” concerning Production Sharing Agreements. This research is descriptive analytical. The collected data were analyzed using empirical juridical methods. This study found (1) the implementation of production sharing agreements is carried out by means of unwritten or oral agreements, but the implementation is carried out according to the customs that exist in the community. The profit sharing that is carried out is not contrary to Law no. 2 of 1960, but in terms of the form and duration of the production sharing agreement it is not in accordance with the provisions stipulated in the law. (2) The legal consequences arising from defaults that occur in the implementation of the agreement for planting palm tree yields, usually only according to local customary law, namely compensation and cancellation of the production sharing agreement. (3) The principle of legal certainty regarding profit-sharing agreements has not been implemented, this is due to the lack of public knowledge about the law of production-sharing agreements so that the implementers of the agreement only make agreements based on local customs and habits.

Breach of Contract Settlement of Quasi Equity Agreement Between Investor With Indigenous People Soa Nacikit Migodo at Buru Island

Indigenous lands belonging to indigenous peoples are regulated by their respective customary laws. The land is seen as something very valuable and must be defended by the indigenous people. Customary land is land belonging to the customary law community unit. Under the system of land ownership according to customary law, indigenous people can gain ownership over a piece of land by clearing forests, inheriting land, receiving land as a gift, exchanging or granting land with or to another, or expiry/verjaring. This research is a sociological legal research, a legal research method that uses empirical facts taken from human behavior, both verbal behavior obtained from interviews and real behavior through direct observation. Empirical research is also used to observe the results of human behavior in the form of physical and archives. In the profit-sharing agreement between PT. Panbers Jaya and the Soa Nacikit indigenous people, PT. Panbers Jaya was in default because it did not carry out its obligations according to the agreement. After deliberation between the parties, the agreed-upon settlement is that PT. Panbers Jaya will give the agreed rights within the new timeframe.

Slot allocation and exchange for container shipping alliance under profit-sharing agreement and uncertain demand

Shipping alliance has become a prevalent cooperation form among major container shipping companies in recent decades. By forming an alliance, shipping companies can exchange their container slots to better satisfy the shipping demand and improve capacity utilization. This paper considers the slot allocation and exchange for a shipping alliance with consideration of profit-sharing agreement and uncertain demand. The profit-sharing agreement indicates the profit segmentation that should be kept by each alliance member among the total alliance profit. To tackle this problem, a two-stage stochastic programming model is subsequently developed to maximize the total profit of the alliance and minimize the deviation of the profit percentage of each member from the prescribed value indicated in the profit-sharing agreement. In the first stage, the number of slots allocated and exchanged within the alliance is determined. In the second stage, after the uncertain shipping demand is realized, each alliance member separately determines their container shipping plan to obtain profit. A tailored pattern-search-based solution algorithm is developed to solve the model. A series of numerical experiments demonstrate the applicability of the programming model and deliver several interesting managerial insights.

The impact of retailers’ loyalty programs in a supply chain context

This paper studies the impact of retailers’ loyalty programs (LPs) in a supply chain context. We consider a supply chain formed by one manufacturer selling its product through two competing retailers and focus on frequency loyalty programs that reward consumers with a free product after several purchases. Two different games are modeled: (1) a Stackelberg game, where the manufacturer is the leader and decides about the wholesale price, and the retailers are followers, and (2) a Nash game between the retailers, which decide about their price, whether to offer an LP and reward timing if they offer an LP. To do so, we formulate all players’ demand/profit using a multinomial logit choice model where consumers’ purchasing decisions depend on the utility they get from the different retailers’ products and rewards. To include different consumer mentalities, we consider two parameters: sensitivity to reward value and sensitivity to time distance. Using an iterative algorithm, we numerically solve the games for the market’s equilibrium prices and LP policies under serving consumers with different mentalities. We also study the market conditions under which retailers follow pre-set LP policies. Our main findings indicate that LPs can inflate prices at both levels of the supply chain, which can aggravate vertical externalities related to double marginalization. We show that supply chain managers should consider a profit-sharing agreement when retailers do not benefit from LPs. Further, we show that retailers should only offer LPs when consumers either have a low discount rate or/and they value rewards highly.

Urunwakaf.com : Gaya Baru Pengelolaan Wakaf Uang Guna Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Masyarakat dan UMKM di Masa Pandemi Covid 19

Money waqf is one of the instruments of Islamic philanthropy that plays a role in empowering the economy for the benefit of society. However, not many people have received education about cash waqf and its management. Especially the people in Central Java Province. Based on the results of a survey conducted by the STIE Bank BPD Central Java community service team randomly by conducting interviews with the community and MSMEs, it was found that there were still few people who understood waqf and its derivative types such as cash waqf. Even if they know, it is only limited to waqf for mosques, schools and graveyards. Therefore, STIE Bank BPD Central Java's internal community service was created with the aim of providing alternative solutions for community and MSME empowerment in Central Java province during the COVID-19 pandemic, by creating fintech for the management of cash waqf for community empowerment and MSMEs. The cash waqf management model is carried out by creating a crowdfunding platform-based organization with a waqf contract. The collected cash waqf funds are used for community empowerment andMSMEs in Central Java who have been affected by the COVID19 pandemic with a profit-sharing agreement. Profit sharing from the community and MSMEs is used for fintech operations, crowdfunding of waqf and equitable distribution of income to people in need. Meanwhile, the waqf funds returned from the profit-sharing contract are used for repeated empowerment of the community and MSMEs in rotation

Profit Sharing Agreement Between Eti Country and Petuanan Area In the context of Capacity Building

In Eti Village, which is located in the West Seram sub-district, West Seram Regency, there is still an agreement for marine and plantation products sharing between the Petuanan Region and the State Government of Eti Village as the parent country in the context of capacity building. This Profit Sharing Agreement is known as the ngase system and has been implemented from 1979 to 2021This study aims to identify and analyze the profit sharing agreement from the Petuanan Area to the Parent State in the context of capacity building, and also the legal consequences of the revenue sharing agreement from the Petuanan Area to the Parent State in the context of capacity building. In accordance with the problems and objectives of this research, the type of research used is sociolegal research, namely a combination research method between doctrinal law research methods and empirical legal research methods. Based on the author's study, the ngase system is a profit-sharing agreement in oral form which is applied in the Eti Country and applies as an agreement so that it has binding legal consequences.

Praktek Perjanjian Bagi Hasil Tanah Pertanian Antara Petani Pemilik Dengan Petani Penggarap Di Desa Gondosuli, Kecamatanpakuniran, Kabupaten Probolinggo

Basically, the State of Indonesia is an agrarian country, where the land can be planted with any crops, therefore the author takes the title "Practice of Agricultural Land Production Sharing Agreements Between Owner Farmers and Cultivators in Gondosuli Village, Pakuniran District, Probolinggo Regency" which is directly related to the agreement. profit sharing from agricultural land in Gebangan Village. In writing this thesis, the author raised three problems, namely: (1). What are the Procedures, Forms and Amounts of the Profit Sharing Coefficient of Agricultural Land in Gebangan Village. (2). How are the Efforts to Improve the Fate of the Farmers in relation to the Procedures, Forms and Coefficients for Sharing Agricultural Land Yields in Gebangan Village. (3). Who usually mediates when there is a problem between the Owner Farmer and the Cultivator in Gebangan Village.The purpose of this writing is
 
 Special Purpose.Specifically, the goal to be achieved is to know the practice of sharing agricultural land in Gebangan Village, Krejengan District, Probolinggo Regency, including wanting to know the Procedures, Forms and Profit Sharing Coefficients between Owner Farmers and Cultivators, so that in the future it will be known as well. the shortcomings that exist in the implementation of the agreement, so that in the end it will be possible to take steps to improve the future of the Farmers, especially Cultivators. Where the sharecroppers are always oppressed by landowners who have a lot of capital.
 General PurposeIt is to develop the level of institutional scientific knowledge, in this case Educational Institutions on Campus, including policy makers in the field of Agriculture, especially those relating to efforts to advance the future of Small Farmers in Indonesia, so that with this knowledge they can be used as a guide for updating provisions. there is, with the hope that the lives of the Farmers who are actually very useful for the Indonesian Nation are better and more advanced, so that our nation can be known again as an Agrarian Country.The method of this research is using the Juridical Empirical research method in which the legal sources used are from several valid references and through direct research in the field, where the resource persons have been directly involved in the practice of this profit-sharing agreement. The results of this study are the authors can provide a little knowledge to the people who live in Gebangan Village how the procedure for the correct agricultural land production sharing agreement for owners and cultivators, which is based on Law No. 2 of 1960, the correct agreement must be in writing, there is a witness or make an agreement in front of the local village head so that the legal basis is strong, if there is fraud from one of the parties who made the agreement then it can be brought to justice because they already have strong evidence to be brought to justice, but now there are still many farmers making agreements with just words without making a written agreement so that if there is a problem you can't do anything. Therefore, the government made a law for agricultural land production sharing agreements that occurred between the owner and the cultivator, so that the land owner could not arbitrarily treat the tenant farmers, after being given an understanding of the agreement regulated by Law Number 2 of 1960, in Gebangan Village. have already entered into a written agreement..
 
 Keyword: Constitution, Practice

A mathematical model of cooperative advertising support to the followers in a manufacturer-distributor-retailer supply chain

This work considers cooperative advertising in a decentralised channel which involves a manufacturer, a distributor and a retailer. It uses Stackelberg differential game theory to model the direct involvement of both the distributor and the retailer in advertising, with the manufacturer supporting their advertising efforts through subsidy. The work uses Sethi's sales-advertising dynamics to model the market awareness share dynamics. It considers four channel structures and obtains the players' strategies and payoffs for all-four channel structures, and observes that the manufacturer should not totally subsidise any of the players' advertising effort. It further shows the manufacturer should not simultaneously support both players advertising efforts. However, if he must support both players, then a profit-sharing agreement on the channel payoffs must to be reached by the members of the supply chain to ensure that the manufacturer is not short-changed.