Profile Survey Research Articles

Avaliação de pré-escolares: um enfoque sobre os diagnósticos de enfermagem

Objetivo: avaliar o desenvolvimento infantil e levantar o perfil de diagnósticos de enfermagem segundo NANDA-I entre pré-escolares de um Centro de Educação Infantil. Método: estudo transversal, descritivo-exploratório com abordagem quantitativa, realizado de outubro de 2015 a abril de 2016, em um Centro de Educação Infantil localizado na área urbana do município de Redenção-Ce. Os dados foram compilados no software Excel e analisados no programa SPSS em sua versão 20.0. Resultado: foram avaliadas 110 crianças. Na avaliação motora fina 93,63% conseguiram realizar integralmente os testes, na motora grossa 96,36%, pessoal-social 90% e linguagem 86,36%, de acordo com cada faixa apresentada. Foram identificados 18 Diagnósticos de Enfermagem (média de 4,5 por criança), 20 Características Definidoras (média 3,4 por criança) e 40 Fatores Relacionados (média de 6,5 por criança). Os diagnósticos de enfermagem com maior proporção, acima do percentil 75, foram: Risco de queda (100%) e atividade de recreação deficiente (100%). Conclusão: o desenvolvimento dos pré-escolares mostrou-se satisfatório, visto que a maioria dos testes realizados obtiveram resultados positivos. Os principais diagnósticos apresentados pelos pré-escolares foram relacionados à segurança do ambiente da creche, problemas higiênicos relacionados a própria criança, condição socioeconômica e instrução das famílias das crianças.

Application of pseudo-3D Chirp sub-bottom profiler survey: a case study of ancient wooden shipwreck site, west coast of Korea

Chirp sub-bottom profilers (SBP) provide centi-to-decimetre resolution, seismic data with applications for various geophysical and geological purposes. To verify the field application of imaging of a buried target with a cost-effective and easy-to-apply pseudo-3D Chirp SBP survey, we explored the buried site of an ancient wooden shipwreck off the west coast of Korea before underwater excavations. The survey was conducted using a commercial 2D Chirp SBP system with a newly devised recording system that preserved the true polarity of the chirp signal. To produce high-resolution 3D Chirp SBP data from 2D Chirp SBP datasets recorded by the novel system, an optimal data processing sequence, consisting of a first phase of 2D data processing and a second phase of 3D data processing was designed. The first, 2D phase, included the estimation of a source sweep signature, cross-correlation, and deconvolution using an inverse filter. The resulting resolution of the 2D Chirp SBP data was better than that of the enveloped data provided by the commercial acquisition system. The second phase of 3D data processing included gathering 3D datasets, redistributing of ping positions, and static correction. To improve the consistency of the seismic events and reduce the repetitive corrections (swell, tidal, tie, and residual corrections), a static correction was based on multi-beam echo sounder data. The amplitude variation near the shipwreck was clearly apparent in the time slice from the final pseudo-3D Chirp SBP dataset with a bin size of 2.0 m (crossline) × 0.6 m (inline). Through 3D rendering, the buried ancient shipwreck with dimensions of 5 m (width) × 12 m (length) × 2 m (depth) was imaged successfully.

Impact of 2019 Tropical Storm (Pabuk) on Beach Morphology, Terengganu Coast (Malaysia)

Shariful, F.; Sedrati, M.; Ariffin, E.H.; Md Shubri, S., and Akhir, M.F., 2020. Impact of 2019 tropical storm (Pabuk) on beach morphology, Terengganu coast (Malaysia). In: Malvárez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 346-350. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Occurrences of tropical storms, including cyclone and typhoon, across the Southeast Asia region are uncommon despite being highly prone to monsoon storm. Nevertheless, Thailand was recently hit by a cyclone called Pabuk, which had affected several parts of Malaysia with a significant impact along the Terengganu coastal area, particularly its infrastructure erected along the coastal line. This Pabuk storm was associated with the direction of waves, along with intense current velocities and strong winds, in comparison to a normal monsoon storm. The Pabuk storm had struck the Terengganu coastal area precisely in January 2019, which was during the Northeast monsoon storm that commonly occurs between November and January with heavy rainfall and strong wind. Interestingly, in November and December 2018, the rainfall was minimal to only a few drops, while the weather was hot and dry. In order to comprehend the variances between seasonal monsoon and the Pabuk storm, beach profile surveys were conducted during monsoon seasons, including the Southwest monsoon (June 2018), the transition monsoon (October 2018), the Northeast monsoon (December 2018), and after the Pabuk storm. In particular, during the Northeast monsoon season, erosion was absent along the beach, except for some discovery in the anthropogenic area, while the beach volume decreased from the beach dune and foreshore areas after the Pabuk storm. This study revealed that the highest significant wave height from numerical model (MIKE-21) during the Pabuk storm inflicted a significant morphological change onto the beach dune. Since the recovery of beach dune varies depending on the availability of sediment source, the recovery process may take a longer period in the anthropogenic areas. Such findings are integral for coastal managers involved in repairing and rebuilding activities on the adversely affected coastal infrastructures along the coastal line at the event of tropical storm.

Water Supply Scheme System Design for Peri Urban Areas of Punjab using EPANET

Abstract Water is indispensable for human life and without water, life cannot exist on earth. Every person required 33 to 35-gallon water per day for drinking and demotic purpose. But due to lack of quality, inefficient water supply designs, intermixing of sewage water and unlined sewage water system, quality of water is deteriorated specially in recent decades and affecting a number of people. In present study, it was inevitable to design a water supply system for selected area to provide safe water supply design for a small community. For this purpose, a study area was selected named as chak.no. 253 RB, Samundri Road Faisalabad. The existing water supply system of the village was built 30 years ago with the problems of leaky pipes, mixing of sewerage water with drinking water was causing water-borne diseases like Diarrhea, Cholera, Giardiasis, Typhoid fever, Schistosomiasis. A computer software abbreviated as EPANET (Environment protection agency network) was used to design a water supply system of the area providing input parameters to the software. For this a profiling survey was conducted to determine the length of pipes and the elevation of each junction. The other input parameters such as the diameter of pipes, pipe network map, head losses were provided. Conclusively, EPANET gave a detailed water supply system plan for specific design period. By adopting this design provided by detailed surveys of the area and EPANET will help to control intermixing of sewage water which ultimately improves the quality of water. The new design is based on technology by using modern techniques (Software). It will provide save and continue supply of water to community. It will also reduce the cost of water billing, leakage, decrease the diseases rate and improve the life standard of people’s lives in that area.

Development of a Predictive Closure Depth Equation Using Field Data and Wave Refraction Modelling

In any beach nourishment project, the estimate of the closure depth is the most important aspect and it can be obtained from periodical beach profile survey data and an analytical approach. In this paper, beach profile survey data of four years 2003 (before nourishment), 2005-2007 (after nourishment) and 11 beach profile chainages were analyzed to measure the closure depth using the Fixed Depth Change (FDC) method for the case study at Teluk Cempedak, Kuantan. The results from the measured closure depth were then compared to that calculated from the Hallermeier equations. The Hs0.137% wave height was determined by a wave refraction model that was developed and analyzed against offshore wave heights to predict the onshore wave heights at a depth of 10 m using Delft3D model. In comparison, the predictive equation showed an underestimate of the average closure depth of approximately 5%. This underprediction could be due to the inclusion of closure depths that are captured at the mid-zone for the chainage profiles that are located near the southern headland. Neglecting these chainage profiles lead to an over-prediction of the closure depth. This is consistent with the concept of Hallermeiers that the predictive equation determines an upper limit value of the closure depth. The new closure depth for the studied area was established and can be equated to 0.8 times Hs0.137%.

Modeling the seismic response of individual hydraulic fracturing stages observed in a time-lapse distributed acoustic sensing vertical seismic profiling survey

In 2017, distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology was deployed in a horizontal well to conduct a vertical seismic profiling survey before and after each of 78 hydraulic fracturing stages. From two vibroseis source locations at the surface, time shifts of P- and S-waves were observed but decayed over days. Some stages also showed waves scattered off the stimulated rock volume. We have used 2D finite difference elastic wavefield modeling to understand these observations and connect them to underlying properties of the stimulated rock. We have developed an effective medium model of vertical fractures that close exponentially with time as fluid leaks off into the formation can match the distribution of P- and S-wave time shifts along the well. This has enabled estimates of the height, normal and tangential fracture compliance values, and decay time of the stimulated rock volume. Additionally, the kinematics of scattered waves observed in the data have been found to be consistent with PS conversion across the stimulated rock volume from an individual stage. With higher quality DAS data, stage-by-stage inversion for height, fracture compliance, and decay time attributes may be possible for characterizing variations in the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing.

Seismic P Wave Velocity Model From 3‐D Surface and Borehole Seismic Data at the Alpine Fault DFDP‐2 Drill Site (Whataroa, New Zealand)

AbstractThe New Zealand Alpine Fault is a major plate boundary that is expected to be close to rupture, allowing a unique study of fault properties prior to a future earthquake. Here we present 3‐D seismic data from the DFDP‐2 drill site in Whataroa to constrain valley structures that were obscured in previous 2‐D seismic data. The new data consist of a 3‐D extended vertical seismic profiling (VSP) survey using three‐component and fiber optic receivers in the DFDP‐2B borehole and a variety of receivers deployed at the surface. The data set enables us to derive a detailed 3‐D P wave velocity model by first‐arrival traveltime tomography. We identify a 100–460 m thick sediment layer (mean velocity 2,200 ± 400 m/s) above the basement (mean velocity 4,200 ± 500 m/s). Particularly on the western valley side, a region of high velocities rises steeply to the surface and mimics the topography. We interpret this to be the infilled flank of the glacial valley that has been eroded into the basement. In general, the 3‐D structures revealed by the velocity model on the hanging wall of the Alpine Fault correlate well with the surface topography and borehole findings. As a reliable velocity model is not only valuable in itself but also crucial for static corrections and migration algorithms, the Whataroa Valley P wave velocity model we have derived will be of great importance for ongoing seismic imaging. Our results highlight the importance of 3‐D seismic data for investigating glacial valley structures in general and the Alpine Fault and adjacent structures in particular.

The Use of Multimodal Data to Augment Shallow-Water Benthic Habitat Maps for Pleasant Bay, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Stratigraphic Data and Seafloor Maps

This paper discusses the utility of using seismic-reflection profiling and sediment cores in addition to bottom grab samples and acoustic data to develop shallow-water benthic habitat maps. Currently, the classification system used herein does not provide for the incorporation of stratigraphic data, but we believe that the utility of these maps would improve if such data were included. We conducted vessel-based seafloor-mapping surveys using a phase-measuring sidescan sonar in very shallow waters (mean depth = 3.2 m) covering an area >6.7 km2 in Pleasant Bay in 2014. We collected a total of 192 bottom grab samples to document macro-invertebrates and sediment characteristics. We conducted seismic-reflection profiling surveys to document stratigraphy and determine optimal locations for multiple sediment cores during the 2014 field season; we collected both Kullenberg and Livingstone cores. The seismic-reflection data, though conducted at the reconnaissance scale, proved useful to place the seafloor acoustic data in context. The acoustic and benthic habitat data and mapping products become more valuable when an understanding of the underlying stratigraphy is used as context for the benthic habitat maps. Sediment coring and analysis can provide insights into past and current basin evolution, which can further aid marine natural resource managers. However, we believe that stratigraphic data should be incorporated into standard benthic habitat mapping protocols. These multi-modal datasets provide a better understanding of these habitats for the multidisciplinary teams that typically produce and use these maps as well as coastal managers.

Empirical Evidence Demonstrating Injection Containment and Absence of Injection-Induced Fracturing, Wilmington Oil Field Case Study

Summary Waterfloods in California operate under the US Environmental Protection Agency's Class II underground injection control regulations, which are tasked with the protection of underground sources of drinking water (USDW) within the state. A key aspect of this regulatory framework is the operation of water injection wells under a maximum allowable surface pressure (MASP) to ensure that injected water does not induce and/or extend formation fractures that could create a potential conduit connecting the hydrocarbon zone with identified USDWs. Determination of the MASP for individual injection wells has typically been calculated using a step rate test (SRT), but this method has been shown to be inappropriate for multilayered, unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs (Ershaghi and Ershaghi 2018), which are prevalent in Wilmington Field. To avoid the potential for misinterpretation of SRTs to imply fracturing in this context, in this paper we summarize the evidence demonstrating both the effective geologic containment of injected fluid in the hydrocarbon-bearing zones and the absence of injection-induced fracturing. In addition, a series of field tests were conducted to assess the stress sensitivity of the Wilmington reservoirs and investigate in-situ changes in the reservoir at higher injection pressures by combining multirate injection tests with injection profile surveys. These results provide data supporting the noted challenges associated with MASP determination for multilayered, unconsolidated reservoirs. In this paper, we give operators and regulators working in these types of fields a framework for assessing both injection containment and injection-induced fracturing that account for the unique properties of these formations.

Overview of statewide geophysical surveys for ecosystem restoration in Louisiana

The System Wide Assessment and Monitoring Program (SWAMP) was implemented by the Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority (CPRA) to develop an Adaptive Management Implementation Plan (AMIP). SWAMP ensures that a comprehensive network of coastal data collection/monitoring activities is in place to support the development and implementation of Louisiana’s coastal protection and restoration program. Monitoring of physical terrain is an important parameter of SWAMP. For the first time a systematic approach was adopted to undertake a geophysical (bathymetric, side-scan sonar, sub-bottom profile, and magnetometer) survey along more than 5,000 nautical miles (nm) (excluding the 1,559 nm currently being surveyed from west of Terrebonne Bay to Sabine Lake) of track-line in almost all of the bays and lakes from Chandeleur Sound in the east to Terrebonne Bay in the west. This data collection effort complements the regional bathymetric survey undertaken under the Barrier Island Comprehensive Monitoring (BICM) Program in the adjacent offshore areas. This paper describes how a study of this magnitude was conceptualized, planned, and executed along the entire Louisiana coast. It is important to note that the initial intent was to collect bathymetric data only for numerical modelling for ecosystem restoration and storm surge prediction. Geophysical data were added for oyster identification and delineation. These first-order data also help comprehend the regional subsurface geology essential for sediment exploration to support Louisiana’s marsh and barrier island restoration projects.

MiR-27a is a master regulator of metabolic reprogramming and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer

BackgroundMetabolic reprogramming towards aerobic glycolysis in cancer supports unrestricted cell proliferation, survival and chemoresistance. The molecular bases of these processes are still undefined. Recent reports suggest crucial roles for microRNAs. Here, we provide new evidence of the implication of miR-27a in modulating colorectal cancer (CRC) metabolism and chemoresistance.MethodsA survey of miR-27a expression profile in TCGA-COAD dataset revealed that miR-27a-overexpressing CRCs are enriched in gene signatures of mitochondrial dysfunction, deregulated oxidative phosphorylation, mTOR activation and reduced chemosensitivity. The same pathways were analysed in cell lines in which we modified miR-27a levels. The response to chemotherapy was investigated in an independent cohort and cell lines.ResultsmiR-27a upregulation in vitro associated with impaired oxidative phosphorylation, overall mitochondrial activities and slight influence on glycolysis. miR-27a hampered AMPK, enhanced mTOR signalling and acted in concert with oncogenes and tumour cell metabolic regulators to force an aerobic glycolytic metabolism supporting biomass production, unrestricted growth and chemoresistance. This latter association was confirmed in our cohort of patients and cell lines.ConclusionsWe disclose an unprecedented role for miR-27a as a master regulator of cancer metabolism reprogramming that impinges on CRC response to chemotherapy, underscoring its theragnostic properties.

A Survey of the Floral Volatile Profiles of Daylily Species and Hybrids

For the past century, daylily (Hemerocallis) hybridization focused almost exclusively on enhancing the diversity of flower forms, colors, and color patterns. This focus on the visual characteristics of daylilies resulted in the development of thousands of hybrids that come in a fantastic array of colors and color patterns. However, these modern daylilies exhibit little to none of the floral fragrance possessed by some of the daylily progenitor species. Because little work has been done on daylily floral volatiles, the objective of this research was to evaluate the floral volatile profiles of a variety of daylily species and hybrids and assess the state of fragrance among modern hybrids. Using a field collection system and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GS-MS), this study evaluated the fragrance profiles of 147 daylily genotypes. Eighteen volatile organic compounds, primarily terpenoids, were identified and their variations among the genotypes were investigated. Results suggest that fragrance could be a trait pursued in a breeding program to enhance the sensory phenotypes of new daylily cultivars.

Off-the-grid vertical seismic profile data regularization by a compressive sensing method

Different from the surface survey, the vertical seismic profile (VSP) survey deploys sources on the surface and geophones in a well. VSP provides higher resolution information of subsurface structures. The faults that cannot be imaged with surface seismic data may be detected with VSP data, and detailed analysis of fracture zones can be achieved with multicomponent VSP. However, one of the main problems is that the sources seldom are acquired on a regular grid in realistic VSP surveys. The irregular samplings cause serious artifacts in migration or imaging, such that data regularization must be implemented first. We have developed a compressive sensing (CS)-based method to regularize nonstationary VSP data. Our method directly operates on irregularly gridded data sets, which is a key contribution compared to the existing CS-based reconstruction methods that work on regular grids. The CS framework consists of a sparsity constraint and a penalty term. We have used the curvelet transform for sparsity constraint of nonstationary events in the regularization term and the nonequispaced Fourier transform to regularize the VSP data in a penalty term. An alternative directional method of multipliers is used for solving the optimization problem. Our method is tested on synthetic, field 2D and 3D VSP data sets. Our method obtains improved reconstructions on continuities of the events and produces fewer artifacts compared to the well-known antileaking Fourier transform method.

Towards reducing the data gap in the conservation efforts for sea turtles in Bangladesh

Despite having 3 of the 11 most endangered Regional Management Units (RMUs) of sea turtles globally, the Bay of Bengal in the South of Bangladesh is undergoing construction of a regional marine road network and tourism infrastructure to boost connectivity and stimulate the economy. Policy makers in developing countries like Bangladesh often face difficulty in prioritizing conservation efforts due to lack of reliable data. In the case of the endangered sea turtles, there is a gap in sea turtle nesting and hatchling data inventory. Therefore, this study presents a comprehensive dataset of all recorded sea turtle nesting, hatchlings, death and habitats, derived by reviewing past literature of Bangladesh. This led to identifying the environmental features that influence turtle nesting behavior based on field surveys. Our results suggest that sea turtles prefer nesting on elevated, broader beaches which are closer to vegetation and away from anthropogenic structures. The beach profile survey shows that more than half of the beaches suffer from anthropogenic disturbances. Satellite image analysis of the study area over the past 30 years revealed a declining trend of beach area after 2008. The beach area has been reduced from 19.44 km2 (1989) to 14.92 km2 (2018) eventually leading to beach width depletion. The results derived from this study can contribute in identifying the most degraded beaches where ecosystem restoration is urgent, as well as, recommending coastal specific policies and guidelines for protecting endangered sea turtle populations.

Estimation of velocity and borehole receiver location via full waveform inversion of vertical seismic profile data

ABSTRACTBecause a vertical seismic profile (VSP) survey includes the installation of geophones into a borehole, the results of data processing are influenced by the deviation error of the borehole trajectory. In particular, when full waveform inversion (FWI) is applied to VSP data, receiver location errors distort the results of velocity inversion. Under this circumstance, we attempt to estimate the exact locations of receivers and resolve the distortion of the inverted velocity model by adding receiver locations to the inversion parameters. This makes the FWI process a multi-parametric inverse problem. In this case, it is desirable to invert each parameter group alternatively. Because receiver coordinates depend on borehole trajectory, the inverse problem is regularised by adding a term measuring the curvature of the borehole trajectory gradient to obtain a physically meaningful solution. In addition, we propose a grid search method to improve the estimation of receiver coordinates. In the case of VSP data, the inversion of receiver coordinates using the grid search method is more efficient and robust than using a local descent method. Through numerical examples, we verify that the proposed inversion algorithm can improve FWI results and mitigate velocity distortion. We also demonstrate that the convergence of FWI can be improved by applying the grid search method to the estimation of receiver coordinates.

Improving Girls’ Developmental Assets Using a Mentor-Led Approach in Atlantic Canada

Gender inequality and the hyper-sexualization of girls places them at risk of poor positive youth development. This is compounded by factors such as race, sexual orientation, and economic status. Rural settings contain unique systemic barriers such as isolation, and limited access to confidential and culturally appropriate services. Canadian data shows that adolescent girls’ self-esteem drops significantly through ages 12 to 15. This paper reports on the results of our research testing the effectiveness of an adolescent girls-specific positive youth development program called Amplify. This program was mentor-led within public schools in a province in rural Atlantic Canada. The Search Institute’s Developmental Assets Profile Survey was used to assess the developmental assets of the girls prior to, and after the program. Our results show that girl-specific mentor-led programs can support girls to maintain and build key developmental assets. Specifically, girls who scored as vulnerable on one or more assets at the start of the program saw gains in key assets, including positive identity, after the program.

Results of a walk‐above vertical seismic profiling survey acquired at the Thônex‐01 geothermal well (Switzerland) to delineate fractured carbonate formations for geothermal development

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with the design, acquisition and processing of vertical seismic profiling data collected in 2016 at the directional Thônex‐01 geothermal well, drilled in 1993 in the Geneva Canton (Switzerland). The aim of the study was to obtain additional information from existing‐abandoned well for downhole geophysical characterization of potential geothermal reservoirs in the Geneva area. The main results obtained by this study allowed an improved subsurface image by multi‐offset acquisitions near and around the deviated well. Specifically we were able to (1) improve the velocity model of the Geneva Basin, which, at present, is only constrained by one unique deep exploration well, located at the south‐west of the basin, far away from the study area; (2) image the transition between the Tertiary Molasse siliciclastic sediments and the Mesozoic carbonates; (3) define an acquisition strategy for future vertical seismic profiling surveys in support of the geothermal exploration campaigns in the area. This study has demonstrated the value of vertical seismic profiling method for the refinement of the subsurface geology at local scale, and its usefulness to assist the planning of second well associated with geothermal doublets.

Construction and validation of educational technology to prevent complications in intestinal ostomies / periestomy skin.

To build and validate an educational booklet for preventing complications in intestinal ostomy and peristomy skin. Methodological study developed in: 1. Survey of the clinical profile of patients; 2. Integrative review; 3. Construction of technology; 4. Validation of educational material. The Delphi technique was used, with 18 judges with expertise in the field of stomatherapy. For data treatment, the Collective Subject Discourse (CSD), descriptive analysis, Kappa Index (K), binomial test and Content Validity Index (CVI) were used. The agreement rate between judges was higher than 0.61, for K p> 0.05, a proportion of 80% for the binomial test and 80% for the CVI. . The booklet showed an excellent index for K, binomial test and global content validity, becoming validated. The booklet was validated in appearance and content, being an instrument that can favor communication between professionals and people with ostomies.

Carboniferous ore-controlling volcanic apparatus and metallogenic models for the large-scale iron deposits in the Western Tianshan, Xinjiang

新疆西天山阿吾拉勒成矿带发育一系列大型海相火山岩型铁矿床，是我国十大重要金属矿产资源接替基地之一，备受关注。该成矿带石炭纪火山活动强烈，前人已经识别出该成矿带东段的区域艾肯达坂破火山口，且查岗诺尔、智博、敦德、备战等大型铁矿床均赋存于下石炭统大哈拉军山组火山岩中，其形成受火山机构控制。然而，迄今为止，这些矿床尚未确立具体的火山机构，矿床与矿区发育的火山机构关系有待查明；此外，与查岗诺尔、智博、备战等矿床包含单一的铁元素不同，敦德矿床具有Fe-Zn-Au元素组合，其原因尚不清楚。在前人研究基础上，通过野外地质剖面观察和测量，结合室内研究和遥感解译工作，我们认为阿吾拉勒成矿带东段的4个大型铁矿床均独自发育石炭纪与成矿有关的火山机构，且不同矿床，其火山机构的特点及其演化各不相同。其中，查岗诺尔矿区发育圆形破火山口，面积约为10km²，矿床位于破火山口北缘，矿体赋存于破火山口环状断裂系中；智博矿区发育椭圆形破火山口，面积约为15km²，矿床位于破火山口西南部，矿体赋存于经多次塌陷的破火山口环状断裂系中；敦德矿区发育椭圆形破火山口，面积约为6km²，矿床位于破火山口的中部，矿体赋存于火山通道及其附近的环状和放射状断裂系中；备战矿区发育椭圆形火山口，面积约为4km²，矿床位于火山口北缘，矿体赋存于环状断裂系中。可见，只有敦德矿床的矿体赋存于火山通道断裂系中，其余矿床的矿体均赋存于火山机构环状断裂系中；高渗透性的火山机构断裂系为成矿流体迁移和金属沉淀提供了有利的空间，是铁矿体形成的关键控矿因素和赋矿部位。此外，这些铁矿床的成矿年龄（319~304Ma）滞后于容矿火山岩的年龄（328~319Ma），矿体与围岩界线多为渐变关系；成矿作用以热液作用为主，其中，敦德矿区发育单一的热液成矿作用，具有Fe-Zn-Au元素组合，其它矿床成矿作用复杂，包括热液成矿作用、沉积成矿作用和可能的岩浆熔体成矿作用，仅发育有Fe元素。基于此，可将阿吾拉勒成矿带东段的海相火山岩型铁矿床进一步划分为两个亚类，即火山通道型铁多金属矿床（敦德）和火山边缘型铁矿床（查岗诺尔、智博、备战）；成矿模式包括火山通道相热液富集铁多金属成矿模式和火山边缘相沉积-热液富集铁成矿模式。;Numerous large-scale submarine volcanic iron deposits occurred in the Awulale metallogenic belt in the Western Tianshan, Xinjiang, which is one of the ten most important alternative reserves in China, and it has attracted much attention. The Awulale belt is characterized by intensively Carboniferous submarine magmatic activities. Previous studies have recognized a huge Aikendaban oval caldera which occurs in the eastern Awulale belt, and several large-scale iron deposits, including Chagangnoer, Zhibo, Dunde and Beizhan, are found hosting in the volcanic rocks of the Lower Carboniferous Dahalajunshan Formation, which are controlled by this volcanic apparatus. However, so far, the volcanic apparatus within each iron deposit has not been recognized, the relationship between the deposit and the volcanic apparatus is not identified. In addition, unlike the Chagangnoer, Zhibo and Beizhan deposits which contain single Fe metal, the Dunde deposit is characterized by a Fe-Zn-Au assemblage, and its genetic reason is still unclear. On the basis of previous studies, through field geological profile observation and survey, combined with indoor research and remote sensing interpretation, we believe that some Carboniferous volcanic eruption cycles occurred in each iron deposit, forming itself volcanic apparatus which is closely related to iron mineralization. These volcanic apparatus have different characteristics and evolutionary processes for each other. A circular caldera, with an area of about 10km², occurs at Chagangnuoer, and it experienced the collapse of the cratering. The Chagangnuoer deposit is located in the north of this caldera, and the ore body occurs in the ring fault system of the caldera. An oval caldera, with an area of about 15km², occurs at Zhibo, and it also experienced collapsing; the Zhibo deposit is located in the southwest of the caldera, and the ore body occurs in the ring fault system. An oval caldera, with an area of about 6km², occurred at Dunde; the Dunde deposit is located in the central part of the caldera, and the ore body occurs in the volcanic channel and its surrounding ring and radial fault system. The half crater occurs at Beizhan and the whole crater has an area of about 4km²; the Beizhan deposit is located in the north of the crater, and the ore body occurs in the ring fault system. It is clear that the iron orebodies in all deposits are hosted in the ring fault systems of a caldera, except for the orebodies in the Dunde deposit which are hosted in the volcanic channel and adjacent fault system. The high permeability fault system of the volcanic apparatus acts as channels for the migration of the ore-forming fluids and deposition of iron oxides and is the key ore-controlled factor and important ore-hosted site for the iron orebody. In addition, the published geochronological data show that the ore-forming age of these deposits (319~304Ma) is slightly later than that of their host volcanic rocks (328~314Ma). The orebodies and the host rocks are gradual. The mineralization is characterized by predominant hydrothermal mineralization. The Dunde deposit is characterized by single hydrothermal mineralization with Fe-Zn-Au assemblage; whereas, the Chagangnoer, Zhibo and Beizhan deposits have complicated mineralization, including sedimentary, hydrothermal and possible magmatic melt mineralizations with single Fe metal. Thus, marine volcanic-hosted iron deposits in the Awulale belt can be divided into two sub-types: one is volcanic channel phase-hosted Fe multimetal deposit; and the other is volcanic margin phase-hosted Fe deposit. Based on these, two models are proposed: one is volcanic channel phase-hosted Fe multimetal model with single hydrothermal mineralization; and the other is volcanic margin phase-hosted Fe model with sedimentary-hydrothermal mineralization.

Precarização do mercado de trabalho de auxiliares e técnicos de Enfermagem no Ceará, Brasil

The article analyzes the labor market of nursing assistants and technicians in the State of Ceará, Brazil, from 2013 to 2017, concerning job insecurity aspects. Two data sources were employed. The cross-sectional Brazilian Nursing Team Profile Survey (PPEB) was used as the baseline, and the longitudinal Annual List of Social Information (RAIS) database, allowed the study of the trend of some of the variables related to job insecurity. Given the small number of similar studies for this professional category, we opted for an exploratory data approach that supported a critical discussion of the results. The job insecurity of nursing assistants and technicians is supported by empirical evidence in the four perspectives adopted by the International Labor Organization-ILO: time-related, economic, social, and organizational. While it is a market with a positive balance of admissions compared to layoffs, jobs have low salaries, poor work relationships, high turnover, lack of prospect of career advancement, and adverse working conditions such as exposure to violence, discrimination, and accidents. We can conclude that RAIS data corroborate the PPEB findings, and point out that there is no trend of improvement for this situation.