Fatty Acid Profile Research Articles

Antioxidant Activity and Fatty Acid Profile of Sous-Vide Beef Marinated with Kiwiberry Fruit Pulp: Effects of Level Addition and Refrigerated Storage.

The purpose of the study was to determine the antioxidant activity (AA) and fatty acid (FA) profile of sous-vide beef previously marinated in brine with a 10, 20 and 30% addition of kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta cv. 'Ananasnaya') fruit pulp, as well as changes in the parameters studied after 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks of refrigerated storage in a vacuum package. The FA profile, FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay), ABTS (2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-acid)), total polyphenols, chlorophylls and carotenoids were also determined in the fruit pulp. Lipid indices for meat were calculated based on the obtained FA profile. The values of FRAP and ABTS of experimental meat products were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than those of control samples but decreased with storage time. The proportion of unsaturated FA in the lipids of sous-vide meat was higher in samples with pulp than in control samples and insignificantly decreased with storage time. Meat marinated with kiwiberry pulp was characterized by a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher proportion of ALA (α-linolenic acid) and LA (linoleic acid), considerably affecting the more favorable value of polyunsaturated FA/saturated FA ratio. A troubling finding was the heightened level of palmitic acid (C16:0) in the lipids of beef subjected to 30% kiwiberry pulp, a factor recognized to play a significant role in the development of various diseases. Beef marinated with 20% kiwiberry pulp addition provides greater nutritional and health benefits than other sample variants because of optimal AA and FA profile changes during refrigerated storage.

Soybean molasses increases subcutaneous fat deposition while reducing lipid oxidation in the meat of castrated lambs.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of including soybean molasses (SM) on performance, blood parameters, carcass traits, meat quality, fatty acid and muscle (longissimus thoracis) transcriptomic profiles of castrated lambs. Twenty Dorper × Santa Inês lambs (20.06 ± 0.76kg BW) were assigned to a randomized block design, stratified by BW, with the following treatments: CON - 0g/kg of SM and SM20 - 200g/kg of SM on DM basis, allocated in individual pens. The diet consisted of 840g/kg concentrate and 160g/kg corn silage for 76 days, with the first 12 days as an adaptation period and the remaining 64 days on the finishing diet. The SM20 diet increased blood urea concentration (P = 0.03) while reduced glucose concentration (P = 0.04). Lambs fed SM showed higher subcutaneous fat deposition (P = 0.04) and higher subcutaneous adipocyte diameter (P < 0.01), in addition to reduced meat lipid oxidation (P < 0.01). Soybean molasses reduced the quantity of branched-chain fatty acids in longissimus thoracis (P = 0.05) and increased the quantity of saturated fatty acids (P = 0.01). In the transcriptomic analysis, 294 genes were identified as differentially expressed, which belong to pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation, citric acid cycle, and monosaccharide metabolic process. In conclusion, diet with SM increased carcass fat deposition, reduced lipid oxidation, and changed the energy metabolism, supporting its use in ruminant nutrition.

Innovative Applications of Tenebrio molitor Larvae in the Production of Sustainable Meat Sausages: Quality and Safety Aspects.

With the world's population continuing to grow, ensuring sustainable protein sources for everyone is becoming increasingly challenging. Despite meat being considered unsustainable, people find it challenging to abstain from consuming it. However, one solution to this dilemma could be the incorporation of mealworms into conventional meat products, i.e., sausages. The incorporation of mealworms into sausage formulations appears to shift the fatty acid profile towards higher levels of monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly omega-3s, potentially enhancing the nutritional value and offering health benefits. Therefore, our study aimed to improve the nutritional value and safety parameters of traditional sausages by enriching them with the flour of mealworm larvae. For this purpose, the larvae were reared on a sustainable substrate with brewery by-products, brewer's yeast, and carrots. They were used frozen and freeze-dried in sausage recipes, replacing pork in different proportions. The analysis of the product's chemical safety parameters (biogenic amines, nitrates and nitrites, volatile fatty acids (FA), and peroxide) and nutritional value (including collagen, cholesterol, amino acids, FA, and hydroxyproline) was carried out in an accredited laboratory. The results of our study have demonstrated that the incorporation of mealworms into sausages, particularly through freeze-drying, increased fat content and enhanced the profile of FA, including omega-3s while reducing protein and cholesterol levels, and altering collagen content, suggesting improved nutritional value and potential health benefits without compromising the safety of the product. Therefore, we are highlighting that the addition of mealworms influences the quality of amino acids positively and maintains biogenic amine levels within safe limits, alongside a negligible impact on nitrates and nitrites and a reduction in peroxide values. These findings indicate an overall improvement in sausage quality and safety without compromising safety.

Evaluation of the Metabolite Profile of Fish Oil Omega-3 Fatty Acids (n-3 FAs) in Micellar and Enteric-Coated Forms-A Randomized, Cross-Over Human Study.

This study evaluated the differences in the metabolite profile of three n-3 FA fish oil formulations in 12 healthy participants: (1) standard softgels (STD) providing 600 mg n-3 FA; (2) enteric-coated softgels (ENT) providing 600 mg n-3 FA; (3) a new micellar formulation (LMF) providing 374 mg n-3 FA. The pharmacokinetics (PKs), such as the area under the plot of plasma concentration (AUC), and the peak blood concentration (Cmax) of the different FA metabolites including HDHAs, HETEs, HEPEs, RvD1, RvD5, RvE1, and RvE2, were determined over a total period of 24 h. Blood concentrations of EPA (26,920.0 ± 10,021.0 ng/mL·h) were significantly higher with respect to AUC0-24 following LMF treatment vs STD and ENT; when measured incrementally, blood concentrations of total n-3 FAs (EPA/DHA/DPA3) up to 11 times higher were observed for LMF vs STD (iAUC 0-24: 16,150.0 ± 5454.0 vs 1498.9 ± 443.0; p ≤ 0.0001). Significant differences in n-3 metabolites including oxylipins were found between STD and LMF with respect to 12-HEPE, 9-HEPE, 12-HETE, and RvD1; 9-HEPE levels were significantly higher following the STD vs. ENT treatment. Furthermore, within the scope of this study, changes in blood lipid levels (i.e., cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL) were monitored in participants for up to 120 h post-treatment; a significant decrease in serum triglycerides was detected in participants (~20%) following the LMF treatment; no significant deviations from the baseline were detected for all the other lipid biomarkers in any of the treatment groups. Despite a lower administered dose, LMF provided higher blood concentrations of n-3 FAs and certain anti-inflammatory n-3 metabolites in human participants-potentially leading to better health outcomes.

Erythrocyte Phospholipid Fatty Acid Profile in High-Level Endurance Runners

Fatty acids (FAs) are the major structural component of erythrocyte membranes. Diet and physical exercise directly influence their incorporation and function. Endurance runners engage in high volumes of weekly aerobic training, alternating between low-intensity and high-intensity sessions. The aim of the study was to assess and compare the erythrocyte FA profile in a group of high-level male endurance runners (EG) with a control group of non-athlete subjects (CG). This observational study was conducted on 85 subjects, 63 high-level male endurance runners (23 ± 3 years; height: 1.76 ± 0.05) and 22 subjects who did not engage in regular physical exercise (21 ± 0.5 years; height: 1.68 ± 0.39). Runners had at least five years of training experience, and all of them were participants in national and international tournaments. FAs determination was performed using gas chromatography. Higher percentages of Palmitic Acid (PA), Stearic Acid (SA), Oleic Acid (OA), Calendic Acid (CA), Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA), and lower percentages of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) were found in the EG compared to the CG. High-level endurance runners exhibit altered erythrocyte FA profiles with low percentages of omega-3 index (ω-3 index) and DHA, which may affect erythrocyte membrane function as well as their performance.

The effect of supplementation with rubber seed kernel pellet on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and fatty acid profiles in swamp buffalo

BackgroundRubber seed kernel is a by-product derived from rubber tree plantations. It is rich in C18 unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and has the potential to be used as a protein source for ruminant diets. This investigation has been conducted to determine the influence of rubber seed kernel pellet (RUSKEP) supplementation on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and fatty acid profiles in swamp buffalo. Using a completely randomized design (CRD) and supplementation of RUSKEP at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% dry matter (DM) of substrate.ResultsThe supplementation with RUSKEP had no effect on gas kinetics, cumulative gas production, or degradability. Ruminal pH decreased linearly (P < 0.01) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration decreased quadratically (P < 0.01) by RUSKEP supplementation. The proportion of acetate (C2) decreased linearly (P < 0.01), but propionate (C3) and butyrate (C4) increased linearly (P < 0.01), resulting in a decrease in the acetate to propionate ratio (C2:C3) (P < 0.01) by RUSKEP supplementation. With an increasing level of dietary RUSKEP, there was a slight increase in UFA in the rumen by increasing the oleic acid (OA; C18:1 cis-9 + trans-9), linoleic acid (LA; C18:2 cis-9,12 + trans-9,12), and α-linolenic acid (ALA; C18:3 cis-9,12,15) concentrations (P < 0.01).ConclusionsAdding up to 10% of RUSKEP could improve in vitro rumen fermentation and C18 unsaturated fatty acids, especially ALA, in swamp buffalo.

Characteristics of mountain vs. lowland dairy products

SummaryBesides the clean environment, mountain pastures are important sources of bioactive compounds that contribute to the quality of dairy products resulting from animals grazing there. This review aimed to compare the main differences among mountain and lowland dairies in terms of chemical composition, physical and sensory properties and microflora. The most important factors influencing final product properties are the biodiversity of pastures and the abundance of plants in terpenes and fatty acids, farm practices, animal breeds and climatic conditions. Differences between dairies from lowland and mountain products were observed regarding the sensory profile, microflora and nutritional and functional value. The comparisons of the results presented in the literature concluded that some mountain dairies presented more than 50% higher content of terpenes compared to lowland products. Furthermore, the amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were more than 15% greater in mountain products compared to lowland ones, conjugated linoleic acids more than 35%, n−6 and n−3 PUFA more than 10%, while the saturated fatty acids content was reported to be more than 3% lower in mountain dairies. In conclusion, mountain dairy products can be distinguished from lowland ones, especially by their content of terpenes and fatty acid profile, along with the microflora which are influenced by livestock management.

Regulation of fadR on the ROS defense mechanism in Shewanalla oneidensis.

Protein FadR is known as a fatty acid metabolism global regulator that sustains cell envelope integrity by changing the profile of fatty acid. Here, we present its unique participation in the defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the bacterium. FadR contributes to defending extracellular ROS by maintaining the permeability of the cell membrane. It also facilitates the ROS detoxification process by increasing the expression of ROS neutralizers (KatB, KatG, and AhpCF). FadR also represses the leakage of ROS by alleviating the respiratory action conducted by terminal cytochrome cbb3-type heme-copper oxidases (ccoNOQP). These findings suggest that FadR plays a comprehensive role in modulating the bacterial oxidative stress response, instead of merely strengthening the cellular barrier against the environment. This study sheds light on the complex mechanisms of bacterial ROS defense and offers FadR as a novel target for ROS control research.

Gas Chromatography Based Analysis of Fatty Acid Profiles in Poultry Byproduct-Based Pet Foods: Implications for Nutritional Quality and Health Optimization

The nutritional quality of pet foods plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and well-being of companion animals. In this study, we investigated the fatty acid compositions of various pet foods, including chicken powder, poultry byproducts incorporated vegetables, byproducts incorporated with ragi, and boiled mash Potato, to assess their scientific significance and potential implications for pet nutrition. Our analysis revealed diverse fatty acid profiles across the different pet foods, with each food exhibiting unique compositions and proportions of fatty acids. Notable findings include the identification of common fatty acids shared among multiple pet foods, as well as variations in the abundance of specific fatty acids across different formulations. Additionally, certain pet foods are characterized by the presence of rare or unusual fatty acids, highlighting the importance of exploring their sources and potential health benefits. By correlating the fatty acid compositions of pet foods with metabolic pathways and health implications, we elucidated the nutritional significance of these dietary components for pets. Furthermore, we identified areas for further research, including the impact of processing methods on fatty acid profiles and the development of novel formulations optimized for pet nutrition and well-being. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights into the scientific understanding of pet nutrition and underscores the importance of considering fatty acid compositions in formulating balanced and nutritious diets for companion animals.

134 Does inclusion of high oleic soybeans in a swine finishing ration influence lipid oxidation and consumer taste panel preference?

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if a swine finishing ration that included soybeans with greater concentration of oleic acid will have an impact on lipid oxidation and palatability of pork. Crossbred pigs [n = 72; initial body weight (BW) = 78 ± 9 kg] were blocked by BW, sex, and distributed within 18 pens. Each pen was randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental diets: a control soybean-meal (CTRL), extruded conventional soybean (CONV), and extruded high oleic acid soybean (TRU). Six different harvest groups (n = 12/group) were created across treatments to ensure uniformity of final BW. Therefore, experimental diets were offered to animals for 34, 37, 41, 42, 48, or 50 d, until all pigs reached 118 ± 5 kg. Carcasses were harvested, and chilled (2°C) for 24 h, before fabricating one 2.5 cm chop from the 11th rib of the right carcass side. The chops were vacuum packaged, aged for 7 d at 2 oC, and frozen (-18 oC) for later sensory analysis. Pork chops were thawed and cooked to 71 oC peak internal temperature (AMSA sensory guidelines) and fed to 115 consumers that rated overall liking, flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and presence of off flavors using hedonic scales. Also, a 50 g sample was obtained from each loin at the 12th rib, aged for 7 d and frozen at -80 oC for evaluation of malondialdehyde (MDA) as indicator of lipid oxidation. Subcutaneous fat samples were obtained from the first thoracic vertebra, frozen, and saved for fatty acid analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS where diet was the main effect, while pen and breed were random effects. Repeated measures were used to analyze the consumer panel. Differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 with pen as experimental unit. There were no significant differences (P &amp;gt; 0.05) for consumer perception of overall like, pork flavor, and presence of off flavors. Experimental diets impacted the perception of juiciness and tenderness (P &amp;lt; 0.05), where CONV was perceived as juicier and more tender than CTRL and TRU. As expected, diet affected the fatty acid profile of subcutaneous fat (P &amp;lt; 0.0001), with TRU having the greatest percentage for oleic (43.9 %), CONV the greatest percentage for linoleic and linolenic (17.8 and 1.3 % respectively), and CTRL for saturated fatty acids (34.5 %). Surprisingly, the lipid oxidation was not affected by the diet (P &amp;gt; 0.05). These results indicate that feeding extruded high oleic soybeans during the finishing period can modify the fatty acid profile in pork by improving the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, so these soybeans can be considered as an alternative to improve nutritional value of pork without increasing the lipid oxidation or affecting the consumers acceptability.

Nutritional profiling and in silico analysis of pharmacological activities from local rice Pulu Mandoti fermented with Pleurotus spp.

Pulu Mandoti, a local red rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety popular among Sulawesi residents, has gained recognition for its perceived health benefits, especially as a preferred dietary option for individuals with diabetes or those seeking to prevent obesity. Given the increasing consumption of mushrooms, particularly Pleurotus species, renowned for their nutritional and medicinal attributes, this study delves into the transformative effects of Pleurotus spp. fermentation on Pulu Mandoti, the indigenous rice variety. Proximate analysis disclosed elevated dry matter (91.99 ± 0.61%), crude protein (8.55 ± 0.15%), and crude fat (1.34 ± 0.05%) in Pleurotus cystidiosus fermentation compared to Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus djamor. Concurrently, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were notably improved in all Pleurotus fermentations. Pulu Mandoti fermented with P. cystidiosus outperformed other treatments, aligning with molecular docking results pinpointing 11-Eicosenoic acid, methyl ester, and butylated hydroxytoluene as optimal interactors with antioxidant receptors 5O0x and 2CKJ. Butylated hydroxytoluene demonstrated interactions with the antidiabetic receptor 2QV4, along with 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester. These compounds, previously unreported in Pleurotus, displayed promising attributes as antioxidants and antidiabetic agents. Furthermore, the investigation delved into the fatty acid profiles, emphasizing the diverse range of potential bioactive compounds in fermented Pulu Mandoti. The findings of this research present a potential functional food rich in natural antioxidants and antidiabetic compounds, highlighting the yet undiscovered capabilities of Pleurotus spp. fermentation in augmenting the nutritional composition and bioactivity of indigenous rice varieties, specifically Pulu Mandoti.

254 Effect of feeding high oleic soybean oil to finishing pigs on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary fat source and feeding duration on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing pigs. Finishing pigs [n = 450; 21 wk of age; initial body weight (BW) = 113.7 ± 8 kg] were housed in 90 pens and assigned to one of five dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial design. Dietary treatments consisted of two fat sources (CWG: 4% inclusion of choice white grease and HOSO: 4% inclusion of high oleic soybean oil) each provided 2 or 4 wk before marketing. The “+1” diet was a corn-based diet without fat inclusion (CON). Observations included pig growth performance (on d 14 and d 28 of feeding), carcass characteristics (12 pigs per treatment at marketing), fatty acid profile in the loins and bellies, and a consumer sensory evaluation. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS considering dietary treatment as a main effect, feeding duration, and their interactions. Contrast tests were used to compare dietary treatments with control group. From d 14 to 28 and overall experimental period (d 0–28), pigs fed fat-supplemented diets had a greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) average daily gain and gain to feed ratio than CON fed pigs. There was no significant difference (P &amp;gt; 0.05) in growth performance when comparing fat sources or feeding periods. Pigs supplemented with either CWG or HOSO showed a tendency to have a greater (P &amp;lt; 0.1) belly weight and belly yield, and a lesser (P &amp;lt; 0.1) loin yield and loin muscle area when compared with CON pigs. Loins from the 2-wk period of fat supplementation had darker (Coloration l, P &amp;lt; 0.05) meat coloration when compared with 4 wk. The loin from pigs fed fat sources had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) concentration of oleic acid and eicosenoic acid when compared with CON. This improvement was mainly from HOSO. When CWG was compared with HOSO, pigs fed CWG had a greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) concentration of palmitic acid and stearic acid while the HOSO pigs had a greater concentration of oleic acid and linolenic acid in the loin. In the belly, CON had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) concentration of palmitic acid and stearic acid while pigs fed fat sources had a greater concentration of oleic acid and eicosenoic acid. Bellies from HOSO had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) concentration of oleic acid and α-linolenic acid methyl ester while CWG had greater concentration of g-linolenic acid. As for the sensory evaluation, the palatability and acceptability of pork were not affected (P &amp;gt; 0.05) by dietary treatments. In conclusion, supplementation with HOSO not only improved performance but tended to improve some carcass characteristics and increased the concentration of oleic acid and some other unsaturated FAs with a concomitant decrease in the concentration of some saturated FAs in pork.

168 Effects of feeding barley-based diets differing in fermentable starch and fiber on nutrient digestion and body composition in weaned pigs

Abstract Hulled and hull-less barley grains containing low insoluble fiber are alternative energy sources in weaning diets but are typically not part of weaned pig diets. The range in fermentable starch and fiber content among barley cultivars presents opportunities to investigate whether these fermentable carbohydrates of barley grain do influence nutrient digestion, gut short chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile and body composition. To explore, pigs [n = 40; body weight (BW) = 8.6 kg; 1-wk post-weaning] were housed individually and fed 1 of 4 diets containing 600 to 705 g of cereal grain/kg: 1) low-fermentable wheat (LFW); 2) high β-glucan, hull-less barley (HFBB); 3) high amylose, hull-less barley (HFAB); or 4) low-fermentable hulled barley (LFB). Diets provided 10.2 and 9.8 MJ NE/kg, and 1.32 and 1.21 g standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine/MJ NE for phase 1 (d 0–14) and phase 2 (d 15–28), respectively. At the end of the trial, feces were collected, and pigs were slaughtered to collect digesta and the carcass that was subsequently ground. Subsamples of feces, digesta, and carcasses were freeze-dried and analyzed. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE) did not differ among diets. The AID of β-glucan was 3 times greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for LFW than HFBB and HFAB, while AID of starch was 12% less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for HFAB than the other diets. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE and CP was 4.2 and 8.9% less (P &amp;lt; 0.05), respectively, for the 3 barley diets than the wheat diet. The apparent hindgut fermentation (AHF) of β-glucan was 2.6 times greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for HFAB and HFBB than LFW, while AHF of starch was 7.5 times greater for HFAB than LFW. The calculated NE value was greatest (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for LFW, intermediate for HFBB and HFAB, and least for LFB. Among diets, HFAB increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the concentration of butyrate (indicator of gut health) and propionate in cecal and colonic digesta, with butyrate up to 50% more (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than that of LFW. Carcass protein and lipid concentration did not differ among pigs fed the 4 diets. In conclusion, feeding barley instead of wheat grain to weaned pigs reduced diet nutrient digestibility but did not affect carcass protein and lipid concentration. Feeding high amylose barley increased gut SCFA concentration. Barley grain with increasing fermentable carbohydrates can thus be included as alternative ingredient in diets of young pigs.

PSI-20 Isobutyrate supplementation improved energy and nitrogen digestibility in prepubertal gilts fed a high insoluble, but not soluble, fiber diet

Abstract Isoacids are short, branched-chain volatile fatty acids produced by microbial degradation of branched-chain amino acids. While there is a lack of information on isoacids supplementation in monogastric animals, in ruminants, isoacids are growth factors for cellulolytic bacteria which leads to improved digestibility of fibrous ingredients. The objective was to determine if feeding isoacids to prepubertal gilts could improve digestibility of high fiber diets. Two groups of 45 prepubertal gilts (body weight = 139.10 ± 0.68 kg) were individually housed and allotted to 1 of 9 dietary treatments for a 28-d trial (n = 10 per treatment). Dietary treatments consisted of a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with factors of diet type [corn-soybean meal (CSBM), CSBM with 40% inclusion of distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS), or CSBM with 40% inclusion of sugar beet pulp (SBP)] and isoacids inclusion [no isoacid (NO), 0.50% inclusion of isobutyrate (IB), or 0.88% inclusion of an isoacid mixture (isobutyrate, 2-methylbutyrate, isovalerate; 1:1:1 ratio; MX). Isobutyrate inclusion was the same between IB and MX diets. Gilts were limit fed approximately 2.2 kg per day. Overall growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nitrogen (N), and fecal volatile fatty acids (VFA) profile (d 26) were determined. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) was reduced and gain:feed ratio (GF) was increased in gilts fed DDGS (2.14 ± 0.07 kg/d and 0.20 ± 0.02 kg/kg, respectively) or SBP (2.07 ± 0.07 kg/d and 0.19 ± 0.02 kg/kg, respectively) compared with gilts fed CSBM (2.30 ± 0.07 kg/d and 0.15 ± 0.02 kg/kg, respectively), regardless of isoacids inclusion (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Gilts fed DDGS-IB had increased energy (86.5 vs. 83.5 ± 0.42%) and N (84.7 vs. 81.3 ± 0.85%) ATTD compared with gilts fed DDGS-NO (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Gilts fed CSBM-MX had reduced energy (86.9 vs. 88.3 ± 0.50%) and N (75.4 vs. 78.7 ± 0.39%) ATTD compared with gilts fed CSBM-NO (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Moreover, gilts fed SBP-NO had increased energy (85.9 vs. 83.6 ± 0.44%) ATTD compared with the other groups and increased N (71.8 vs. 67.2 ± 0.51%) ATTD compared with SBP-IB (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Fecal content of isobutyrate was decreased in NO compared with the other groups (2.10 vs. 3.00 ± 0.31 mM/L), while fecal content of heptanoate was increased in MX compared with NO (0.06 vs. 0.03 ± 0.01 mM/L), regardless of diet type (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Gilts fed SBP-MX had increased fecal content of total VFA compared with gilts fed SBP-NO (108.90 vs. 67.60 ± 11.50 mM/L; P &amp;lt; 0.05). These results suggest that IB may positively impact the digestibility of diets with a high content of insoluble fiber.

PSIII-15 Effect of dietary fatty acids composition on growth performance, fecal consistency, and plasma fatty acid profile of weaned pigs

Abstract Dietary lipids are an important source of energy and fatty acids (FA), which have critical roles in mucosal immune responses, epithelial barrier functions, and overall intestinal development. Therefore, including fat in nursery pig diets can be used as a nutritional strategy to optimize pig growth performance and intestinal health after weaning. This study evaluated the effects of two different dietary fatty acid compositions derived from conventional soybean oil (CSO) and/or high oleic soybean oil (HOSO) supplementation on growth performance, fecal consistency, and plasma FA profile of weaned pigs. A total of 208 weaned pigs (body weights = 4.96 ± 0.8 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design and allotted to 16 pens of 13 pigs each. Experimental diets met NRC (2012) requirements and were provided in a 3-phase nursery feeding program: Phase 1 (d 0-d7), Phase 2 (d 8-d21), and Phase 3 (d 22-d42). Pens were assigned to one of two dietary treatments consisting of two dietary FA compositions derived from the supplementation of 3% of either CSO (20% Oleic acid; 50% Linoleic acid; 6% Linolenic acid) or HOSO (44% Oleic acid; 30% Linoleic acid; 3% Linolenic acid). Feed disappearance and body weight were measured at d 0, 21, and 42. Pen fecal score was assigned daily from d 0 to 21 and then 3 times per week until d 42. Blood samples were collected on d 21 (2 pigs/pen) for plasma FA profile analysis. Performance data were analyzed using T-TEST and fecal score using PROC FREQ procedures of SAS. From d 0 to 21, pigs fed CSO supplemented diets had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) body weight (8.6 vs. 7.4 kg) and daily gain (0.17 vs. 0.12 kg). In addition, daily feed intake and feed efficiency tended to be 23% and 16% greater in CSO-fed pigs, respectively. From d 21 to d 42, there were no differences between dietary treatments for growth performance. Overall nursery period, pigs fed CSO had greater (P ≤ 0.1) daily gain than HOSO pigs (0.34 vs. 0.30 kg). Pigs fed CSO had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) plasma concentration of palmitic, linoleic, and linolenic FA while pigs fed HOSO had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) plasma concentration of palmitoleic and oleic FA. There were no differences in fecal scores in wk 1 and 2. However, pigs fed CSO had less incidence of soft and watery feces (χ2 &amp;lt; 0.1) in wk 3 to 6. In conclusion, a greater dietary content of linoleic and linolenic FA promoted pig growth performance and reduced incidence of diarrhea after weaning compared with greater content of oleic FA.

Hemp Flour as a Functional Ingredient for the Partial Replacement of Nitrites in a Minced Meat Model: Effect on Nutrient Composition, Antioxidant Profile and Sensory Characteristics

Consumers are becoming increasingly concerned about synthetic preservatives like nitrites in meat, prompting the meat industry to explore alternatives in order to lower nitrite levels. This study investigated the effects of incorporating hemp flour on the chemical and shelf-life characteristics of minced meat products with reduced nitrite content. Three types of products were prepared: HF0 (control) (0% hemp flour, 30 mg/kg NaNO2), HF4 (4% hemp flour, 15 mg/kg NaNO2), and HF6 (6% hemp flour, 15 mg/kg NaNO2). Analyses were conducted on proximate composition, fatty acid composition, antioxidant properties, lipid oxidation, colour, texture, and sensory characteristics. The addition of hemp flour at 6% reduced moisture content and influenced ash and sodium chloride levels in minced meat products. Despite the favorable fatty acid profile of hemp flour, its inclusion did not significantly alter the composition of the products. However, it did lead to significantly lower levels of lipid oxidation and modified the antioxidant capacity. Colour attributes were affected, with a higher hemp flour content resulting in colour deterioration. Cooking loss increased with a higher hemp flour content, and the minced meat products were significantly harder. Visual and olfactory sensory evaluation indicated that there were no significant differences in most traits, suggesting consumer acceptance of hemp-flour-enriched minced meat products. Overall, this study highlights the potential of hemp as a functional ingredient in minced meat products, also exhibiting the ability to reduce lipid oxidation.

Nutritional compositions of native mudskipper (Apocryptes bato) fish influenced by sex: A first report on nutritional profiling of mudskipper in Bangladesh

Native mudskipper (Apocryptes bato) is a freshwater fish species found in the riverine coastal area of Bangladesh. However, nutritional compositions of this fish are still unknown. Thus, as pioneer report, the study aims to determine the chemical compositions, minerals content, amino acids and fatty acids profiles of male and female native mudskipper collected from the Payra River in Bangladesh. The results revealed that female mudskipper had significantly (p < 0.05) higher protein, lipid, ash and energy content in comparison to male mudskipper. The total essential amino acid (EAA) ratio in male (299.59 ± 3.90 mg/g) was observed to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in contrast to female (250.86 2.04 mg/g) that maintains the FAO/WHO minimum guidance about 40 % for both sexes. With respect to fatty acids content, female were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 8.54 %) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 4.89 %) than in male of EPA (6.31 %) and DHA (3.60 %), respectively. However, male had significantly (p < 0.05) higher atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic (TI) index in comparison to female. The lipid indices (p <0.05) HH, HPI, FLQ and ω-3/ω-6 ratio showed higher 1.14, 1.40, 15.04 and 3.76 for female that was little lower for the male 1.05, 1.21, 11.11 and 3.41, respectively. Female had significantly (p < 0.05) higher mineral levels than male. The study summarize that both male and female species are nutrient enriched including higher minerals, essential amino acids and lipid quality indices. Thus, it could be concluded that nutritionally both male and female mudskipper could be benefited for the human health.

Metabolic effects of phospholipids extracted from capelin (Mallotus villosus) roe on HepG2 cells

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of capelin roe phospholipid (CPL) on lipid accumulation, fatty acid profile, oxidative stress, and changes in target macromolecular structure in HepG2 cells using multidimensional hyperspectral technique. The results showed that CPL significantly inhibited oleic acid-induced accumulation of intracellular lipids and increased the activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GSH-Px, SOD). The control and CPL-treated groups promoted accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids and reduced deposition of saturated fatty acids. The therapeutic effects of CPL positively correlated with its concentration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation infrared analysis indicated that CPL decreased the relative contents of intracellular carbohydrate, nucleic acid, –CH2-, and ν(C=O)/νas (CH2+CH3), and maintained the order of intracellular protein structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy could be used for label-free cell sorting. This work provided a direction for the subsequent development of functional lipids in aquaculture.

Production of lignin monomeric alcohols and lipids from oil palm empty fruit bunch by a combination of alkaline nitrobenzene depolymerization and Lipomyces starkeyi bioconversion

The efficient valorization of lignocellulosic biomass into valuable chemicals represents a cornerstone for advancing sustainable bioeconomy practices. This study focuses on the innovative conversion of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) into lignin monomeric alcohols and lipids through a novel two-step process combining alkaline nitrobenzene depolymerization and bioconversion by Lipomyces starkeyi. Initially, OPEFB undergoes alkaline nitrobenzene depolymerization to break down complex lignin structures into monomeric aldehydes. The resulting derivates serve as substrates for the bioconversion by L. starkeyi, which is competent at metabolizing lignin-derived compounds into higher-value lignin monomeric alcohols (syringyl, vanillyl, and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol) and lipids, simultaneously. The strategy delineates the optimization of depolymerization conditions, sodium hydroxide concentration, nitrobenzene effect, and reaction time to maximize the yield of depolymerized lignin suitable for bioconversion. Subsequently, the bioconversion process toward cell growth, lipid production, and fatty acid profiles in various fermentations by L. starkeyi was explored. The highest syringaldehyde and vanillin obtained reached up to 4.81 mM and 0.64 mM, respectively. Then, it successfully produced 3.57 mM and 0.40 mM of syringyl alcohol and vanillyl alcohol, respectively, with 5.86 g L−1 of the lipid titer. The study demonstrates the potential of this integrated approach to convert OPEFB into valuable lignin-derived biochemicals and lipids, thereby contributing to the development of alternative strategies for biomass utilization efficiently.

Green biodiesel production from Nannochloropsis microalgae-derived oil using ZnAl-LDH catalyst: Process optimization and kinetic study

The green production of biodiesel using Nannochloropsis microalgae, a renewable and environmentally friendly source, was successfully conducted by application of a calcined ZnAl layered double hydroxides structure (LDH) catalyst. The ZnAl-LDO catalyst was prepared through the urea synthesis method, followed by calcination at 400 °C. XRD was used to investigate the crystallite characteristics, N2-BET to analyze surface properties and pore size, and CO2-TPD to identify the active basic sites strength. Bligh and Dyer’s method was utilized for oil extraction with a yield of 38 %. Upon analyzing the fatty acid profile of derived oil, a synthetic oil containing oleic and palmitic acids was utilized in this process. The experiments were designed using the response surface methodology (RSM) method and the optimized parameters were obtained at 149.59 °C, 118.92 min, 3.91 wt% catalyst loading, and 11.68:1 methanol to oil molar ratio for the biodiesel yield of > 98 %. The pseudo-first-order esterification reaction kinetic was investigated and the activation energy was determined to be 28.53 kJ.mol−1. Furthermore, the process can be applied to microalgae solid biomass as well. In-situ transesterification of microalgae with a yield of FAME over 90 % also has been carried out.