Profile Of Athletes Research Articles

Analysis of the physical condition profile of athletes in Tangerang City's Measurable Sports Branch as Part of the Porprov Banten 2022 Preparation: Descriptive study

The study was conducted from August to October 2022. The data collection was taken at the Tangerang City Fort Stadium. The research sample is Tangerang City Athletes who will be prepared in Porprov Banten 2022. The instruments of this study are (1) an Anthropometric Test consisting of height (cm) and Weight (kg), (2) a Biomotor Ability Test or Physical ability consisting of a Flexibility Test with cm units, an Explosive power test of limb muscles using Vertical Jump with centimeters (cm) assessment unit, Abdominal muscle strength test with Push-ups with the unit of assessment of the number of performed in 1 minute. Data analysis techniques in this study use Descriptive Analysis. The method used in this study is Descriptive Quantitative and is an approach to finding the answer to the problem through the formulation of the problem that has been formulated, namely the Profile of the Physical Condition of Tangerang City Athletes in the Context of Preparing for Porprov Banten 2022 which is seen from the physical profile that is tested and measured is Anthropometry, and Biomotor components.

Sex Differences in the Association between Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture and COL5A1 Polymorphisms in Elite Footballers.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in collagen genes are predisposing factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. Although these events are more frequent in females, the sex-specific risk of reported SNPs has not been evaluated. We aimed to assess the sex-specific risk of historic non-contact ACL rupture considering candidate SNPs in genes previously associated with muscle, tendon, ligament and ACL injury in elite footballers. This was a cohort genetic association study. Forty-six (twenty-four females) footballers playing for the first team of FC Barcelona (Spain) during the 2020-21 season were included in the study. We evaluated the association between a history of non-contact ACL rupture before July 2022 and 108 selected SNPs, stratified by sex. SNPs with nominally significant associations in one sex were then tested for their interactions with sex on ACL. Seven female (29%) and one male (4%) participants had experienced non-contact ACL rupture during their professional football career before the last date of observation. We found a significant association between the rs13946 C/C genotype and ACL injury in women footballers (p = 0.017). No significant associations were found in male footballers. The interaction between rs13946 and sex was significant (p = 0.027). We found that the C-allele of rs13946 was exclusive to one haplotype of five SNPs spanning COL5A1. The present study suggests the role of SNPs in genes encoding for collagens as female risk factors for ACL injury in football players. The genetic profiling of athletes at high risk of ACL rupture can contribute to sex-specific strategies for injury prevention in footballers.

Pilot Study of the Metabolomic Profile of an Athlete after Short-Term Physical Activity

A comprehensive analysis of indicators of the state of the body between training and recovery allows a comprehensive evaluation of various aspects of health, athletic performance, and recovery. In this pilot study, an assessment of the metabolomic profile of athletes was performed, and the immunological reaction of the athlete’s body to food before exercise and 48 h after exercise was studied. As a result, 15 amino acids and 3 hormones were identified, the plasma levels of which differed between the training and recovery states. In addition, immunological reactions or hyperreactivity to food allergens were assessed using an enzyme immunoassay. It is likely that for the athletes in the study sample, 48 h is not enough time for the complete recovery of the body.

Gene variants previously associated with reduced soft-tissue injury risk: Part 2 – Polygenic associations with elite status in Rugby

ABSTRACT Part 1 of this genetic association series highlighted several genetic variants independently associated with elite status in rugby. However, it is highly likely that the genetic influence on elite status is polygenic due to the interaction of multiple genes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether polygenic profiles of elite rugby athletes differed from non-athletes utilising 13 genetic polymorphisms previously associated with tendon/ligament injury. Total genotype score (TGS) was calculated and multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was used to calculate SNP-SNP epistasis interactions. Based on our elite rugby data from Part 1, mean TGS was significantly higher in elite rugby athletes (52.1 ± 10.7) than non-athletes (48.7 ± 10.8). There were more elite rugby athletes (54%) within the upper TGS quartile, and fewer (46%) within the lower quartile, compared to non-athletes (31% and 69%, respectively; P = 5·10−5), and the TGS was able to distinguish between elite rugby athletes and non-athletes (area under the curve = 0.59; 95% confidence interval 0.55-0.63; P = 9·10−7). Furthermore, MDR identified a three-SNP model of COL5A1 rs12722, COL5A1 rs3196378 and MIR608 rs4919510 that was best able to predict elite athlete status, with a greater frequency of the CC-CC-CC genotype combination in elite rugby athletes (9.8%) than non-athletes (5.3%). We propose that elite rugby athletes possess “preferable” musculoskeletal soft-tissue injury-associated polygenic profiles that have helped them achieve success in the high injury risk environment of rugby. These data may, in future, have implications for the individual management of musculoskeletal soft-tissue injury. Highlights Elite rugby athletes have preferable polygenic profiles to non-athletes in terms of genetic variants previously associated with musculoskeletal soft-tissue injury. The total genotype score was able to distinguish between elite rugby athletes and non-athletes. COL5A1 rs12722, COL5A1 rs3196378 and MIR608 rs4919510 produced the best model for predicting elite athlete status. We propose that elite rugby athletes may have an inherited advantage to achieving elite status due to an increased resistance to soft-tissue injury.

Hip Strength Profiling of Ice Hockey Athletes Across Various Joint-Specific Angles: Monitoring and Injury Implications.

Secomb, JL, Kelly, M, and Dascombe, BJ. Hip strength profiling of ice hockey athletes across various joint-specific angles: monitoring and injury implications. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): e422-e429, 2023-The purpose of this research was to compare the hip adduction and abduction relative strength, adduction-to-abduction strength ratio (ADD:ABD), and interlimb asymmetries of ice hockey athletes between the typically used bilateral position and 3 unilateral positions in joint-specific angles (0°, 25°, and 50° of hip abduction) relevant to an ice hockey stride. A secondary purpose was to explore any relationships between these measures and hip and groin noncontact injuries, and self-reported pain and disability. Twenty-five semiprofessional male ice hockey athletes (26.7 ± 6.7 years) were assessed for hip abduction range of motion (ROM), hip adduction and abduction relative strength, and completed the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) questionnaire. Within-subjects repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a significant effect for the assessment position for adduction ( F1,24 = 52.4, p < 0.01) and abduction relative strength ( F1,24 = 152.1, p < 0.01), ADD:ABD ( F1,24 = 38.9, p < 0.01), and the interlimb asymmetries for each of these variables ( F1,24 = 9.8-12.3; p < 0.01), with large strength differences observed between the bilateral assessment and all unilateral assessment positions for adduction and abduction relative strength. In addition, 4 athletes experienced a noncontact hip or groin injury within 1 month after testing, and when compared with the rest of the cohort ( n = 21) with Welch's t -tests, demonstrated significantly reduced hip abduction ROM (mean difference [MD] = -8.4 ± 2.5°; p < 0.01), sport subscale score for the HAGOS questionnaire (MD = -33.9 ± 7.1; p < 0.01), and a decline in hip adduction relative strength in the unilateral position of 50° compared with the position of 25° hip abduction (MD = -13.4 ± 3.8; p = 0.04). These results suggest that practitioners working with ice hockey athletes may benefit from profiling hip strength in these unilateral joint-specific angle positions because they provide an evidence base to determine the hip strength needs of ice hockey athletes in positions associated with skating performance and noncontact hip and groin injury mechanisms (between 25° and 50° of hip abduction).

Enduring stress: A quantitative analysis on coping profiles and sport well-being in amateur endurance athletes

Endurance athletes experience physical and psychological stress during training and competition that can inhibit performance and promote negative health implications (i.e., lower well-being) without proper coping mechanisms (McCormick et al., 2018; Sakar & Fletcher, 2014). Additionally, these athletes that train at an amateur level have received limited attention regarding coping with stress and how it impacts well-being (McCormick et al., 2018). The purpose of this study was threefold: to (a) determine common coping profiles of trained amateur endurance athletes, (b) explore the relationship between sport well-being and these coping profiles, and (c) examine the potential roles that appraisals might play in the coping-well-being relationship. The results yielded five distinct coping profiles: Mixed Adaptive Copers (MAC), Mixed Maladaptive Copers (MMC), Engaged Copers (EC), Avoidant Copers (AC), and Social Copers (SC). Coping profiles differed across various variables including sport well-being, appraisals, and demographic factors. Overall, MAC and EC had higher levels of sport well-being. MAC viewed stressors as a challenge (i.e., opportunity) compared to EC and AC. These findings suggest the complex nature of coping in sport and that athletes should develop an assortment of coping strategies that provide different strategies for various stressful situations.

Bio substrate microelement concentrations in young men — residents of the Far North — under increased physical exercises

BACKGROUND: High-level athletic competitions necessitate more strenuous physical activity and this upsets the bodys chemistry balance. Numerous mechanisms are in place during sports to adapt to regular physical activity, but as a result, the body is progressively stressed out as it experiences a high loss in the bio-elements associated with intense exercise.&#x0D; AIM: to thoroughly analyze the chemical profiles of athletes residing in the city of Magadan, who have achieved great sporting success, and to identify the unique features of microelement concentrations in subjective samples (hair, whole blood).&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted to analyze elemental pictures of high-level athletes in the city of Magadan who were between the ages of 19 and 25 (n=29). Age-matched men who showed usual levels of physical activity comprise the control group (n=22). Different biological substrates (hair and whole blood, among others) were examined to determine the most informative substrate for the identification of the most common types of chronic elemental imbalance. This was considered particularly important for further prevention of typical region-related disorders in the body chemistry by increasing functional reserves. Eighteen macro- and microelements were examined via atomic emission and mass spectrometric methods with inductively coupled argon plasma.&#x0D; RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The athletes examined in the present study exhibited higher levels of Ca, Co, Fe, Se, and Zn in their hair samples and showed higher median concentrations of blood Na and P, and an excess levels of blood Mn, when compared with the subjects who had moderate levels of physical activity and whose blood examination showed higher values of K, Mg, Co, Fe, Se, the deficiency of Co, Cu, Zn, and Fe, and excess of Mg and Se.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: However, data obtained in the present study did not enable us to explicitly draw inferences regarding sports-induced changes in the body microelement profile. In some cases, the elemental profile of athletes is similar to that of residents of Magadan and they show a typical northern type of deficiency in essential elements expressed in the hair. Notably, the frequency of hair deficits is frequently higher in young men who experience no increased exercise levels. Excessive toxic elements or heavy metals were not identified biological substrates examined in the present study. It was our understanding that long-term assessment of the athletes elemental imbalance which is formed under intense physical activity can be performed through spectral hair analysis. This is attributable to the fact that it is an accumulative bio substrate that shows no day-to-day fluctuations under changeable functional or psychoemotional states, as well as nutrition preferences.

Comparison of selected aspects of strength conditioning among junior boulderers and speed and lead climbers

Background: Comprehensive preparation of climbers for participation in multi-event competitions requires knowledge of the motor characteristics and fitness profiles of successful athletes competing in their individual events. Such knowledge can be used to prepare training programs to prepare for multi-event climbing competitions. The study aimed to compare the fitness profiles of young athletes specializing in different climbing disciplines: lead climbing, speed climbing, and bouldering. Methods: The study included 13 climbers participating in national and international speed climbing, bouldering, and lead climbing competitions. All athletes were members of the junior national team, aged 17.21.9 years. The measurements included: rope climbing power test of the upper limbs, upper limb power test on a campus board, the agonist-to-antagonist ratio of upper body strength, bent arm hang test, core strength test, simple and complex reaction time measurements, Margaria-Kalamen stair climb power test, vertical jump, pull-up shoulder endurance test. Results. There were no significant differences between the groups. However, for effect sizes, large values of Cohen’s d were reported in the campus board power in which speed climbers reached the highest results and in the pull-up test with stops in which boulderers scored highest. Small-to-medium effect sizes were observed also in the rope climb test and simple reaction time measurements in which speed climbers scored higher than lead climbers and boulderers, and in prone plank in which speed climbers scored lowest. Conclusions. Speed climbers generated higher power of the lower limbs and had shorter simple reaction times, while boulderers had greater strength in mixed dynamic-static conditions. However, in most strength and conditioning parameters, juniors specializing in different climbing disciplines did not differ significantly.

Sleep and nutritional profile of endurance and ultra-endurance running athletes.

Sleeping and eating before and during an ultramarathon can directly affect an athlete's performance, who may also have their physiological adaptations and recovery process hindered by sleeping problems. Endurance and ultra-endurance athletes may have different sleep and nutrition profiles. Thus, this study aimed to describe the sleep profile (during preparation) and nutritional profile (during competition) of endurance (10-20km) and ultra-endurance (50-100km) running athletes. For this, 16 healthy volunteers answered questionnaires related to sleep quality (Pittsburgh sleep quality index), chronotype (morningness-eveningness questionnaire), and sleepiness (excessive daytime sleepiness questionnaire). Immediately after a competition, a form prepared by the research team about nutritional variables and volunteers' food records during the competition was applied. According to test scoring criteria (Pittsburgh sleep quality index >5; sleepiness >10), endurance running athletes showed low sleep quality. In addition, all athletes showed consumption of carbohydrates and lipids below the recommended, but excessive consumption of proteins. A positive association between sleepiness and sodium intake in endurance runners was observed (r=0.862; p=0.027). Sleep efficiency and race time showed a negative correlation only for ultra-endurance athletes (r=-0.834; p=0.039). The data obtained show that endurance athletes presented more sleep pattern alterations, however, endurance and ultra-endurance athletes showed inadequate nutritional consumption during the competition.

Short-term Plyometric and Jump Rope Training Effect on Body Profile and Athletic Performance in Adolescent Basketball Players

Background: Recent research has focused on the effects of different types of strength training on the performance and body profile of adolescent athletes. However, the effects of short-term plyometric and jump rope training on body profile and athletic performance in adolescent basketball players are a matter of curiosity. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of short-term plyometric and jump rope training on body profile and athletic performance in adolescent basketball players. Methods: Twenty-two basketball players aged 13 - 15 were randomly divided into two groups as plyometric (n = 11) and jump rope training group (n = 11). All participants regularly completed to plyometric or jump rope training as 10 units for 4-weeks in addition to basketball training. Somatotype, body composition, push-up &amp; sit-up test, sprint, agility (Illinois &amp; hexagon), jump (vertical, squat, horizontal, plyometric) tests were measured before and end of the study. Results: The push-up (P = 0.049 vs &lt; 0.001), sit-up (P = 0.20 vs &lt; 0.001), squat jump (P = 0.010 vs 0.003) and horizontal jump (P = 0.028 vs 0.014) of the players were significantly increased after 4-weeks plyometric and jump rope training. In addition, plyometric jump (P = 0.007) and hexagon performance (P = 0.001) were significantly increased in jump rope training group. At the end of 4-weeks, body mass, endomorphy and ectomorphy scores of the lower limb plyometric training group, and body mass index, endomorphy &amp; mesomorphy scores and quadriceps circumference of the jump rope training group were significantly increased. Conclusions: Short-term plyometric and jump rope training affect the body profile and athletic performance of the adolescent basketball players, but jump rope training has a more significant effect on athletic performance than plyometric training. Therefore, jump rope training is recommended for coaches who want to gain more athletic performance in a short-term.

Riau Petanque Athlete Profile Judging from the Effectiveness of Time in Shooting

This study reviews the description of the Riau province's petanque athletes in shooting in terms of time effectiveness. This study aims to determine what factors can affect the effectiveness of time in shooting in the petanque sport. The subjects of this research are several related stakeholders (athletes, coaches, and arbitrators) of Riau province. The research method used is the descriptive method. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, documentation, and data triangulation. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively by 1) data reduction, 2) data presentation, and 3) drawing conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the average petanque athlete in Riau Province 1) was still in a hurry to shoot, 2) was inconsistent about the target, 3) lacked focus, 4) was nervous or lacked confidence in the circle, 5) the shooting rate was low. Not maximal. It can be concluded that the effectiveness of time in shooting is significant and affects the shooting results of Riau petanque athletes.

Comparison of microRNA expression profiles of athletes involved in endurance sports and non-athletic volunteers using a hypoxia signaling pathway panel

In recent years, interest in the search for new potential molecular biomarkers to assess the effectiveness of the training process in elite sports, various pathologies caused by overload, and abuse of prohibited substances has reached an unprecedented level. MicroRNAs that regulate the processes of metabolism, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of cells at the post-transcriptional level are the most valuable candidates for use in this regard. They are found in all biological fluids of the human body, are stable during long-term storage and resistant to changes in environmental conditions. It is known that changes in the miRNA expression profile are closely associated with physical activity, as well as with the administration of recombinant hormones, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and other substances and methods that improve sports performance, which are prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).Objective: In this study, plasma samples from athletes involved in endurance sports (race walking) and non-athletic volunteers were analyzed using a hypoxia signaling pathway panel to identify hypoxia candidate markers.Materials and methods: Expression profiles of plasma circulating miRNAs were assessed by reverse transcription followed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT Q-PCR). The obtained data were subjected to statistical processing using the CFX Manager Software v3.1 program.Results: Three potential microRNA markers were identified: hsa-miR-210-3p, hsa-miR-320a and hsa-miR-935 (increased in athletes by 61.6 times, 51.8 and 41.0 times, respectively) — of physiological response to the training, load, which may be associated with the emergence of hypoxia during endurance training.Conclusion: We have obtained preliminary data on differences in the expression profiles of circulating miRNAs in healthy non-athletic volunteers and professional athletes in the out-of-competition period. In the future, it is planned to expand the sample of studied blood plasma samples and compare the expression profiles of circulating microRNAs in athletes in competition and out-of-competition periods, as well as to compare the expression profiles of circulating microRNAs during aerobic and anaerobic loads. In addition, it is of interest to analyze changes in the expression levels of circulating miRNAs when using hypoxia mimetics applied to improve sports performance.

Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Interleukin 6 and C-Reactive Protein Profile in Athletes.

Vitamin D3 has a preventive, anti-inflammatory effect. However, there are still few studies linking the effects of athlete training to vitamin D3 supplementation and the immune response. The study evaluated the impact of vitamin D3 supplementation on interleukin 6 (IL-6) release during physical exercise in relation to C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in healthy male athletes. Twenty-five soccer players were divided into two groups-with (GS) and without (GN) vitamin D3 supplementation in a dose of 20,000 IU twice a week for 8 wk (about 6,000 IU/d). At the baseline (T1) and at the end (T2) of the training cycle serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], IL-6 and CRP were measured. In the GS group, we observed a significant increase in 25(OH)D concentration (p=0.004), and non-significantly increased levels (p>0.05) of IL-6 and CRP. At the baseline, CRP in the supplemented athletes who had suboptimal vitamin D3 concentration in T1 (GSO) was significantly higher than in those with an optimal baseline vitamin D3 level (GO) (p=0.028). However, in GO in T2, a non-significant trend of negative correlation (p=0.055) between 25(OH)D concentration and IL-6 level was found. In the total study group (TG), a statistically significant (p=0.021) negative correlation in T1 was observed between 25(OH)D and CRP. However, our results do not support the immune-modulatory effect of vitamin D3 supplementation in a dose of 6,000 IU/d in athletes, in relation to IL-6 production and its subsequent stimulatory effect on CRP releasing.

Differences in Anthropometric Characteristics and Body Composition of Athletes in Cyclic Endurance-Type Activities: A Case Study

Endurance-type disciplines (running, cycling, biathlon) define the cyclic structure of an athlete's movements, which, in addition to functional parameters, also includes an adequate morphological profile and body composition. Based on the detection, analysis and evaluation of these parameters, it is possible to define the body composition of the competitors as well as possible mutual differences even though it is endurance sports. The results are all the more relevant if the profile of top athletes with notable results is being evaluated. The current case study analyzes the morphological dimensions and body composition of competitors of three different disciplines (middle and long distances, cycling, biathlon) of top-level competitors, members of national teams. The study was conducted: Uroš Gutić (UG) - runner middle and long distances, member of AK "Sarajevo" and the BIH athletic national team; Milan Milivojević (MM) – cyclist, member of Cycling club "Borac" Čačak (Serbia), and the member Serbian national team; Stefan Lopatić (SL) – biathlete, member SK "Romanija" Pale, and BIH national team.

Differences in Anthropometric Characteristics and Body Composition of Athletes in Cyclic Endurance-Type Activities: A Case Study

Endurance-type disciplines (running, cycling, biathlon) define the cyclic structure of an athlete's movements, which, in addition to functional parameters, also includes an adequate morphological profile and body composition. Based on the detection, analysis and evaluation of these parameters, it is possible to define the body composition of the competitors as well as possible mutual differences even though it is endurance sports. The results are all the more relevant if the profile of top athletes with notable results is being evaluated. The current case study analyzes the morphological dimensions and body composition of competitors of three different disciplines (middle and long distances, cycling, biathlon) of top-level competitors, members of national teams. The study was conducted: Uroš Gutić (UG) - runner middle and long distances, member of AK "Sarajevo" and the BIH athletic national team; Milan Milivojević (MM) – cyclist, member of Cycling club "Borac" Čačak (Serbia), and the member Serbian national team; Stefan Lopatić (SL) – biathlete, member SK "Romanija" Pale, and BIH national team.

An innovative cardiac rehabilitation based on the power-force-velocity profile to further improve cardiorespiratory capacities in coronary artery disease patients

Abstract Background Several studies have shown the importance of the relationship between the power-force-velocity profile (PFVP) and sport performance in elite athletes through optimised exercise training [1]. Optimising the training programme is constantly sought in rehabilitation among patients always younger with coronary artery disease. To adapt the exercise training to each patient, we rely mainly on the results of the cardiopulmonary exercise test [2]. However, the nature of the training is the same for all patients. We hypothesized that the assessment of the PFVP at the beginning of the cardiac rehabilitation (CR) would allow to better adapt the CR training programme for each patient. Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two exercise training programmes: a traditional CR versus a new CR relied on patient's PFVP on cardiorespiratory system and functional capacities in coronary patients. Methods This prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted from May 2020 to July 2021. A total of 89 patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to test or control group. Before starting CR, participants performed two sprints of 8 s on a cycle ergometer to define the PFVP. The PFVP was analysed to determine whether the participant had a force or velocity deficit. Patients included in test group followed a specific cycling training programme based on their weak point (i.e., specific force training with high resistance and low pedalling frequency on the cycle if the PFVP was oriented in velocity and reversely). While control patients attended a conventional CR programme. The 3-week training intervention consisted of 40 min of cycling, 30 min of walking on treadmill and 20 min of strength training (4/week). Cardiopulmonary exercise test (VO2 at the first ventilatory threshold, SV1 and VO2 peak in ml/min/kg), functional assessments (distance of 6-min walk test, handgrip strength, 10 sit-to-stand repetitions, cholesterol levels, LDL-C and quality of life) were performed at the baseline and after CR. A two-way ANOVA with one repeated measure (pre vs. post) and one independent factor (test vs. control) was realized. Results The mean age was 61.0±9.6 years, 18% were women. A significant difference was observed in VO2 peak (test: +22.0±19.1% vs. control: +10.2±15.8%, p=0.003) and VO2 SV1 (test: +35.9±33.9% vs. control: +11.9±34.4%, p&amp;lt;0.001), LDL-C (p=0.016) and quality of life (p&amp;lt;0.001). No significant change between groups in other functional tests occurred after CR programme. Conclusion Cardiopulmonary activity, cholesterol and quality of life were improved after 3-week exercise programme. The novel CR depending on initial PFVP showed greater cardiorespiratory benefits than a conventional CR. Therefore, the PFVP can be used in CR to adapt specifically the content of training sessions. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): DRCI University Hospital Saint-Etienne

A Strategy to Inform Athlete Sleep Support From Questionnaire Data and Its Application in an Elite Athlete Cohort.

Information from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire (ASBQ) provide the ability to identify the sleep disturbances experienced by athletes and their associated athlete-specific challenges that cause these disturbances. However, determining the appropriate support strategy to optimize the sleep habits and characteristics of large groups of athletes can be time-consuming and resource-intensive. The purpose of this study was to characterize the sleep profiles of elite athletes to optimize sleep-support strategies and present a novel R package, AthSlpBehaviouR, to aid practitioners with athlete sleep monitoring and support efforts. PSQI and ASBQ data were collected from a cohort of 412 elite athletes across 27 sports through an electronic survey. A k-means cluster analysis was employed to characterize the unique sleep-characteristic typologies based on PSQI and ASBQ component scores. Three unique clusters were identified and qualitatively labeled based on the z scores of the PSQI components and ASBQ components: cluster 1, "high-priority; poor overall sleep characteristics + behavioral-focused support"; cluster 2, "medium-priority, sleep disturbances + routine/environment-focused support"; and cluster 3, "low-priority; acceptable sleep characteristics + general support." The findings of this study highlight the practical utility of an unsupervised learning approach to perform clustering on questionnaire data to inform athlete sleep-support recommendations. Practitioners can consider using the AthSlpBehaviouR package to adopt a similar approach in athlete sleep screening and support provision.

Epidemiological Analysis of Foot and Ankle Injuries in Athletes: Experience of a Single Specialized Center

Category: Sports; Ankle Introduction/Purpose: The number of professional and amateur athletes has increased, consequently leading to an increase in the incidence of sports injuries. Understanding the epidemiological profile of foot and ankle's injuries in athletes is relevant for the prevention and treatment its occurrence. As far as we know, there is a lack of studies that report the epidemiological profile of athletes with foot and ankle disorders considering different sports. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology of foot and ankle injuries in athletes treated at an outpatient clinic specializing in injuries resulting from sports practice. The primary hypothesis is that ankle instability is the most frequent injury in athletes in the foot and ankle specialty outpatient clinic. Methods: Observational, retrospective, descriptive and comparative level IV of evidence study. The sample consisted of patients treated at an outpatient clinic specializing in foot and ankle injuries in sport, between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2020. Three certified orthopedic physicians reviewed the charts and documented patient demographics, sport, diagnosis and lesion laterality. Age was analyzed according to age groups. The inclusion criteria were patients practicing amateurs or sports professionals of all age groups. We only count the first visits and the main modality and diagnosis of the patient. Exclusion criteria were insufficient data documented in chart, injuries that did not occur secondary to sports practice, and patients with conditions unrelated to the ankle and foot. Statistical analyzes were performed using software: SPSS V20, Minitab 16 and Excel Office 2010. We performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to verify the association of gender, age and laterality with the main injuries documented. Results: A total of 763 patients (387 men and 376 women) met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 35 years (SD= +-14.1; min=8.9; max=77). The most prevalent age group was young adults with 51.7% and the least prevalent was children with 1.4%. The most prevalent diseases were chronic lateral ankle instability (n=134, 17.6%), acute lateral ankle sprain (n=120, 15.7%) and plantar fasciitis (n=69, 9%). The multivariable analysis by logistic regression identified as a risk factor for lateral ankle instability the age group of young adults and females. In acute lateral ankle sprain, age was identified as a risk factor with statistical significance. In overuse injuries, only the female gender was evidenced as a risk factor. In non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy, bilaterality was associated as a risk factor with disease while in insertional Achilles tendinopathy, only the male gender was identified as a risk factor, as well as in Achilles tendon rupture. Conclusion: The literature specifically describing foot and ankle injuries during sport is limited, despite being highly prevalent injuries. Our work correlated several factors such as age, gender and laterality with specific sports through multivariate analysis, adding epidemiological data to the literature that help in the prevention and treatment of foot and ankle injuries in sports.

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN ACROBATIC GYMNASTICS: HOW IMPORTANT IS THE ATHLETIC PROFILE?

Emotional intelligence (EI) is considered to be an important parameter in the world of sports, as it affects the athletic performance and wellbeing of athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine EI in athletes of Acrobatic gymnastics (ACROGYM). Furthermore, potential differences in EI that may be associated with athletic profile (age, years of participation in ACROGYM, number of competitions, competition category) were investigated. In total, 95 acrobatic gymnasts, 9-18 years old (15.92 ± 3.17 years) participated voluntarily. The athletes’ EI was assessed with the Emotional Quotient Inventory-Youth Version (EQ-i: YV), culturally adapted for the Greek population. According to the results, the ACROGYM athletes presented high levels of EI. However, the correlation analyses revealed that the association between the athletes’ profile and scores on EI scales was not statistically significant (p &gt;.05). The t-tests and the MANOVAs applied showed no statistically significant differences in the EI subscales associated with gymnasts’ (a) participation in national competitions (p &gt; .05); (b) frequency of training sessions per week (p &gt; .05); (c) (not) being a member of a duet or a trio (p &gt; .05); (d) position in the group (base, middle, top). It can be concluded that Greek acrobatic gymnasts present high levels of EI regardless of their age, their sport's experience or their level of performance. Moreover, neither their participation in a group nor their role in it seem to differentiate the dimensions of EI. Nevertheless, further research is needed in order to shed more light into EI in gymnastics.

PROFIL HEART RATE RECOVERY SETELAH EXERCISE MAXIMAL ATLET PELAJAR SIDOARJO PADA CABANG OLAHRAGA DINAMIS

The main objective of this study was to determine the profile of Heart Rate Recovery (HRR) after conducting Exercise Maximal (EM) using speed tests, namely sprints, quantitative research methods while the research sample was 86 male student athletes consisting of 5 athletic athletes, 17 volleyball athletes, 22 hockey athletes, 15 roller skating athletes, 15 beach volleyball athletes and 3 court tennis athletes. the first data collection participants performed a sprint speed test of 30m. Furthermore, HRR is measured using the Polar type H10 tool using the Polar Team monitor system. Furthermore, HRR is recorded at minutes 1,2,3,4, and 5 shortly after doing maximum exercise. Furthermore, by using the paired t-test and friedman's test to see the significance of the difference in values every minute. Furthermore, to get a poor heart rate recovery profile, a calculation of ΔHRR with a maximum heart rate (HR) is carried out. the results showed a significant difference in HRR values of 1, 2, and 3 χ2F (2) = 170.02, p&lt;0.001 using friedman's test. significant differences were also found in hrr values 4 and 5 using paired sample t-test HRR 4 (Mean=104.07, SD=8.838) and HRR 5 (Mean=95.35, SD=7.232) under conditions; t(85)=15.618, p=0.000. furthermore, in order for the difference in HRR to be meaningful, further tests were carried out by looking for Δ HRR1,2,3,4, and 5 with HRmaximal and obtained the values of ΔHRR 1 19.18±6.6, then in order Δ HRR 2: 29.45±7.10, Δ HRR 3: 38.06±6.88, Δ HRR 4:43.72±5.54, and ΔHRR 5:48.44±4.67. In this study, it can be proven that the HRR profile in student athletes can be used as an indicator of athletes' readiness to receive and participate in training programs.