Professor Of Physiology Research Articles

Michael John Stock, Professor of Physiology, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London. Physiologist and expert on obesity and endurance. Died of cancer on March 26, 2001, aged 58 years.

Nutrition BulletinVolume 26, Issue 3 p. 261-261 Michael John Stock, Professor of Physiology, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London. Physiologist and expert on obesity and endurance. Died of cancer on March 26, 2001, aged 58 years. Dr Joyce Hughes, Dr Joyce Hughes Nutrition ConsultantSearch for more papers by this author Dr Joyce Hughes, Dr Joyce Hughes Nutrition ConsultantSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2008 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-3010.2001.00153.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume26, Issue3September 2001Pages 261-261 RelatedInformation

Animal experiments in the political arena

Conservative Party proposals on animal experiments would have disastrous consequences for academic research and the pharmaceutical industry in Britain, so warns Colin Blakemore, Professor of Physiology at Oxford University. In a policy document launched in February, the Party suggested that it would require the Animal Procedure's Committee to publish details about proposed animal experiments, and to invite and assess proposals from interested parties on suitable non-animal methods before a project licence could be issued. In a letter to the Conservative Party leadership, Blakemore points out that current legislation – the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 – already forbids the use of animals if alternative methods are available. He warns that distributing licence applications to all ‘interested parties’ would exacerbate delays in the licensing process, and could result in the leak of information to terrorist organizations. Furthermore, he argues that the Party's failure to safeguard the confidentiality of commercial plans would drive the pharmaceutical industry out of Britain. RC

Announcement

ANNOUNCEMENTAnnouncementPublished Online:01 Apr 2001https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2001.280.4.F737MoreSectionsPDF (127 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmail Download figureDownload PowerPointThe Renal Section of the American Physiological Society is pleased to announce that Dr. James A. Schafer has been selected as the 2001 Carl W. Gottschalk Distinguished Lecturer. Dr. Schaefer will present his Distinguished Lecture, entitled “Abnormal Regulation of ENaC in the Collecting Duct: Syndromes of Salt Wasting and Retention,” on Tuesday, April 3, 2001, at 3:15 PM during the Experimental Biology 2001 meeting in Orlando, FL. Dr. Schaefer will receive his Distinguished Lecturer Award during the Renal Dinner on Tuesday, April 3, 2001.Dr. Schafer received a B. S. in Biophysics in 1963 and Ph.D. in Physiology in 1968, both from the University of Michigan. He undertook two postdoctoral fellowships: the first at the Gustav-Embden Center for Biological Chemistry in Frankfurt, Germany, and the second at Duke University under the mentorship of Dr. Tom Andreoli. Dr. Schafer became an Assistant Professor of Physiology and Biophysics at the University of Alabama at Birmingham in 1970, becoming an Associate Professor in 1972, and being promoted to Professor in 1976. He has published over 80 peer-reviewed manuscripts, 7 books, and 57 reviews or book chapters. Dr. Schafer is internationally recognized for his pioneering work on sodium transport, as evidenced by the many honors that he has won, including the Homer Smith Award from the American Society of Nephrology in 1993.Dr. Schafer's research interests are focused on the regulation of salt and water reabsorption in the kidney, and abnormalities of these regulatory processes in salt-sensitive essential hypertension. Dr. Schafer uses a variety of techniques to address fundamental issues in sodium homeostasis, including isolated perfused tubules; intracellular electrophysiology; computer-assisted image analysis and fluorescent labeling; cell culture; and protein and RNA expression.The APS Renal Section's Distinguished Lecturer Committee, a subcommittee of the Renal Section Steering Committee, included Jeffrey Garvin (Renal Section Program Committee Chair); Steven Hebert (Editor, AJP: Renal), Gabriel Navar (APS Past-President); and Jeff Sands (Renal Section Chairman).This article has no references to display. Previous Back to Top FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation More from this issue > Volume 280Issue 4April 2001Pages F737-F737 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2001 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2001.280.4.F737History Published online 1 April 2001 Published in print 1 April 2001 Metrics Downloaded 43 times

Cardiovascular News

Cardiovascular News

Five Scientists at Johns Hopkins in the Modern Evolution of Neuroscience

Neuroscience’s evolution at Johns Hopkins, from neurophysiology to the new field of neurobiology, though unplanned, was rapid and important. Beginning in 1933 when Philip Bard became professor of physiology at Johns Hopkins, members of his department concentrated initially on neuroanatomical control of placing reactions and sexual activity. Vernon Mountcastle, extending available techniques, discovered vertical somato-sensory columns in the 1950's. Stephen Kuffler, who arrived at Hopkins in 1947, was a pioneer in single unit microelectrode recording techniques. He soon attracted scientists from all over the world to his laboratory. Among them, Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel discovered vertical neuronal columns in the visual cortex. During several decades at Johns Hopkins, these five scientists set extremely high scientific standards and established a climate of inquiry in which ideas were shared and young scientists encouraged. They contributed significantly to the emerging discipline of neuroscience.

Protease Inhibitors Stymie Glucose Transport

Scientists appear to have solved part of the mystery of how HIV protease inhibitor drugs cause a panoply of side effects, including insulin resistance and even Type II (adult onset) diabetes. Cell biology and physiology professor Mike M. Mueckler, researcher Paul W. Hruz, and graduate student Haruhiko Murata at Washington University, St. Louis, find compelling evidence that the drugs interfere with the ability of fat cells to store glucose ...

Liquid Ventilation: Current Status

1. Thomas H. Shaffer, PhD* 2. Marla R. Wolfson, PhD† 3. Jay S. Greenspan, MD‡ 1. 2. *Professor of Physiology and Pediatrics; Director, Respiratory Physiology Section, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA. 3. 4. †Associate Professor of Physiology and Pediatrics, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA. 5. ‡Professor of Pediatrics; Director, Section of Neonatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA. After reading this article, the reader should be able to: 1. List the potential medical applications of liquid-assisted ventilation (LAV). 2. Describe the properties of perfluorochemical liquids that are important for their use in liquid ventilation. 3. Describe the potential benefits of LAV in respiratory distress syndrome, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and aspiration syndromes. 4. Delineate specific nonrespiratory applications of LAV. With the advent of modern technology and the evolution of intensive care units, the ability to treat respiratory problems has improved remarkably. This accomplishment is particularly remarkable with respect to the 40,000 preterm infants born each year of whom thousands have severe respiratory problems. Fortunately, the number of smaller and more immature infants who are treated, survive respiratory distress, and recover uneventfully is increasing. However, the overall success of treating neonatal respiratory distress remains limited by the inherent problems of surfactant deficiency and structural immaturity of the lung. Consequently, infants delivered preterm who have respiratory insufficiency experience diminished lung distensibility that results in progressive atelectasis and respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Currently, many of these infants improve over time when their ventilation is supported mechanically and surfactant is introduced into their lungs. However, as many as 37% of these severely impaired infants are left with bronchopulmonary dysplasia related to damage of pulmonary tissues and structures from conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV). Of equal importance, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to trauma, aspiration, or infection strikes more than 100,000 adults in the United States annually. Despite aggressive therapeutic procedures, 60% to 70% of these patients die, and as in infants, many suffer complications associated with CMV. Although structural damage in adults or immaturity in infants cannot be altered acutely, current advances, such as exogenous surfactant replacement therapy to reduce alveolar interfacial surface tension and subsequent inflation pressures, have allowed clinical improvement …

DNA cryptograms seal secret messages

One day, it occurred to me that human DNA is so very complex that you could hide a message in it, says Carter Bancroft, a professor of physiology and biophysics at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, in New York City. Bancroft, postdoctoral fellow Catherine Taylor Clelland, and high-school student Viviana Risca from Port Washington, N.Y., now have accomplished just that, producing DNA cryptograms that bury secret messages among millions of fragments of denatured DNA [ Nature , 399, 533 (1999)]. The pinheadsized assembly, called a DNA microdot, can be pasted over a period for mailing by letter, reminiscent of a technique used by German spies during World War II to transmit microsized photographs of typewritten pages, Bancroft notes. In the cryptogram, letters, numbers, and punctuation are encoded by DNA triplets. The string of oligonucleotides that spell out a message is flanked on each end by primer sequences that enable it to be amplified via PCR (polymerase chain ...

Studies' Divergent Results

Studies' Divergent Results

Bringing both sides together.

It began in 1992, with two men walking out of a television studio. Colin Blakemore, Oxford Professor of Physiology, is a quiet-spoken, eloquent defender of the use of animals in medical research. Les Ward, Director of the Edinburgh-based Advocates for Animals, is a passionate opponent of animal use. Bringing them together in front of an invited audience with strong opinions on both sides would make the sparks fly and be good viewing. But Blakemore and Ward, retiring after yet another bout that neither side won, were dissatisfied. Both knew that media debates gave them a chance to highlight the flaws and evasions in the other side's arguments, and perhaps to recruit some new supporters to their own. But Ward realized that this was not enough to achieve the radical change he wanted: replacement of animals by other methods. And Blakemore disliked defending animal experiments against all comers. He too wanted to replace animals, albeit only when this could be done without forgoing the real benefits of research.

Recollections of Professor Henry Barcroft, F.R.S.

Professor Henry Barcroft, MD, FRS, Emeritus Professor of Physiology in St. Thomas' Hospital Medical School in London died on 11 January 1998, aged 93. He was born in Cambridge on 18 October 1904 where his father, Joseph Barcroft, a famous physiologist, worked with Foster and Langley and subsequently was appointed to the Chair of Physiology. Henry Barcroft followed in his father's footsteps. During his career as Professor of Physiology firstly at The Queen's University of Belfast and subsequently at St. Thomas's Hospital London, he made significant studies on the nervous and humoral control of human blood vessels. His success as a research scientist stemmed partly from his ability to simplify complex phenomena in a way that permitted them to be broken into component parts and tested and partly from his technical ingenuity that permitted simple, inexpensive measurements of difficult physiological variables. Perhaps the most important factor, however, was his ability to bring out and stimulate aptitudes and enthusiasms in others. Completely unselfish himself, he gave individuals every opportunity to develop their talents, and so make themselves known to a wide circle of interested medical scientists. In many ways, his life was a guidebook for young scientists on how to make the most of their opportunities.

Who is a visually impaired child?

Until the late 1700s, the eyes were thought to be the organs of sight while the visual function of the brain remained unclear. Just over a century ago a German professor of physiology, Hermann Munk, argued against scientific community scepticism that because blindness could be caused by damage to the occipital lobes, these anatomical areas must have an important function in vision1. During the Russo–Japanese war of 1904–5, Tatsuji Inouye, a Japanese physician and pioneer vision researcher, began to correlate the visual difficulties of soldiers with their head wounds, thereby increasing our understanding of the role of the brain in vision.

John C. Eccles (1903-1997).

O n 2 May 1997, the neuroscience community lost one of its most influential leaders. Eccles is best known for his work in which he demonstrated that synapses in the brain release chemicals that can excite or inhibit the postsynaptic cell. For this work, he shared the 1963 Nobel Prize with Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley. Eccles graduated from Melbourne University and attended Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, studying under Sir Charles Sherrington. In 1937, he returned to Australia as head of the Kanamatsu Institute of Pathology in Sydney. He moved to New Zealand in 1944 as Professor of Physiology at the University of Otago, and then in 1951 came back to Australia to the National University in Canberra. In 1966, as the mandatory retirement age approached, he moved to the United States, first to Chicago and then to the State University of New York at Buffalo. In 1975 he retired to Switzerland where he lived until his death. Although best known for his work in the early 1950s on excitatory and inhibitory synapses, for decades before and after this period he dominated the field of neuroscience, touching virtually every aspect of the field. Acetylcholine and Renshaw cells, GABA and presynaptic inhibition, trophic influence of motor nerves on muscle, initial segment and action potential initiation, dendritic action potentials, kinetics of transmitter diffusion in the synaptic cleft, synaptic plasticity, basket cells and inhibition, inhibitory rebound and thalamic oscillations, physiological characterization of cerebellar cortical circuits—these are just a few of his contributions. Each one opened up entire disciplines that are still actively investigated. But Eccles's most important contribution was his ability to reduce complex problems to simple and exciting concepts. Although his hunger for data was insatiable, he was always after the general principle. This gift is well documented in two of his books, “ The Physiology of Nerve Cells ” and “ The Physiology of Synapses .” These books, which I discovered during my first year in medical school, opened up an entirely new and fascinating world. The message was quite simple: Although the brain is undoubtedly the most complex machine imaginable, one could begin to understand it by studying the individual building blocks, that is, neurons. The neuroanatomist Cajal had also fervently maintained this view throughout his life, but what was so provocative about Eccles's books was that he described how one could, with the aid of microelectrodes, eavesdrop on the ongoing private synaptic communication in a single cell buried deep in the brain. It was now possible to take the beautiful, but static, cellular architecture of Cajal and bring it to life. ![Figure][1] From 1973 to his retirement in 1975, I had the privilege of working with Eccles and was able to experience firsthand this larger-than-life character with his childlike curiosity, boundless energy, and extreme tenacity. He, at the age of 72, participated in every experiment (surgery and recording), each of which typically lasted late into the night. The speed and precision with which Eccles performed a spinal laminectomy were breathtaking. I have never encountered anyone so completely consumed by neuroscience, and to this day I and many others remain under his spell. Consequently, it is frustrating that so much of what Eccles contributed seems to be taken for granted. But perhaps this is the way it should be: The really important contributions quickly become second nature to us. Two of Eccles's most distinguishing traits—his need to understand results in their broadest possible context and his tenacity—were very much in evidence during his retirement. He wrote extensively on the mind-brain problem, vehemently rejecting the materialist view of the mind. Regardless of one's own view on this topic, one had to admire the relentlessness with which he pursued his ideas. As with the scientific period of his life he was a tireless warrior. It is important that his philosophical views, which have few advocates among neuroscientists, not diminish the impact that his extraordinary contributions have had in shaping our understanding of the brain. [1]: pending:yes

The Fountain of Youth in Physical Fitness

Barry Franklin, Ph.D. has been director of the Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Laboratories at William Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, Michigan since 1985. He is a professor of physiology at Wayne State University School of Medicine, former editor-in-chief of the Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, and associate editor of ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal.

Blood Loss and Shock

This slender gem of a volume on the physiology of blood loss and shock was first published in Great Britain in 1994. One primary goal is reintroduction of the seminal work of Henry Bancroft, professor of physiology at Queen's University of Belfast, Ireland, 1939, who described a stage of hypovolemic shock associated with bradycardia and hypotension. The authors point out that recognition of this phase is ignored in the standard textbook descriptions of hemorrhagic shock. The contributors include eminent cardiovascular physiologists and clinicians, who extensively review the experimental aspects of hypovolemic shock, cardiovascular physiology, the effect of hypovolemic shock on regional perfusion, and selected clinical aspects of hypovolemic shock, including monitoring. The physiologically oriented clinician and the cardiovascular physiologist will especially enjoy the sections on the use of functional hemorrhage models in human studies and the lucid chapter about autoregulation of blood flow. Chapters about cardiovascular sensors, central integration, and

Hypnosis and inhibition as viewed by Heidenhain and Pavlov.

About 1880, Rudolf Heidenhain, then Professor of Physiology and Histology at the University of Breslau, experimentally studied hypnotic phenomena. Heidenhain explained hypnosis physiologically, in terms of cortical inhibition. Subsequently, I.P. Pavlov, who in 1877 and again in 1884 was Heidenhain's student at Breslau, encountered hypnotic phenomena during conditional reflex experiments. In 1910, Pavlov described hypnotic states and explained them (as had Heidenhain three decades earlier), in terms of partial inhibition of the cortex. As the concepts of inhibition and excitation are cornerstones of Pavlov's theory of higher nervous activity, it is of historical interest to search for influences that led Pavlov to incorporate the concept of inhibition into his theory. It is most likely that Pavlov first encountered the concept of central inhibition in the 1860s when reading I.M. Sechenov's The Reflexes of the Brain (1863/1866) and that the importance of the concept was augmented by Heidenhain's use of it in explaining hypnotic phenomena.

Exercising for Overall Fitness.

"Exercising for Overall Fitness." The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 23(11), pp. 109–110 Additional informationNotes on contributorsBarry A. FranklinDr Franklin is the director of the Cardiac Rehabilitation Program and Exercise Laboratories at William Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, Michigan. He is also a professor of physiology at Wayne State University School of Medicine in Detroit and an editorial board member of THE PHYSICIAN AND SPORTSMEDICINE.

Henry Beaunis (1830-1921) directeur-fondateur du laboratoire de Psychologie physiologique de la Sorbonne

Summary : Henry Beaunis (1830-1921) founder-director of the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology of the Sorbonne. This paper presents the life and work of Henry Beaunis, the founder and the director of the first french laboratory of experimental psychology (1889). Born in Amboise in 1830, he was educated in Rouen before undertaking his medical studies in Paris. He continued his studies in Montpellier where he earned his M.D. in 1856. Then, he joined the army as a medical officer. In 1861, he was an assistant in charge of preparation in the Army Medical School of Strasbourg. He passed his agrégation of physiology in 1863 before teaching at the University and School of Medicine in Strasbourg. After the franco-prussian war in 1870, he was promoted to be professor of physiology (1872) in Nancy. Although he was an eminent french physiologist, he was interested in psychology and became one of the most representative scholars of the School of Nancy with Liébault, Bernheim and Liégeois. In 1888, he asked Louis Liard, through the philosopher Théodule Ribot, for the creation of the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology. He was the first director of the laboratory (1889-1894) before Alfred Binet became his successor (1895-1911). This laboratory was attached to the « Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes » (EPHE) and was established in the Sorbonne. In 1891, Alfred Binet rejoined the laboratory that he contributed to develop and created the Année Psychologique ira 1894. Retired from teaching in 1893, Beaunis left the laboratory of the Sorbonne in 1895 due to bad health. From this date he rarely published in the domain of psychology. He devoted himself to poetry, music, theater and literature before his death July 11, 1921 in Cannet at the age of 91 years. Key words : Beaunis, Binet, Ribot, Laboratory of Physiological Psychology of the Sorbonne, L'Année Psychologique, history of psychology.

Homo sapiens sapiens, the Third Chimpanzee, on the Brink of Extinction?

Small genetic differences between species can have large effects on ecosystems; the best example of this is the human species. Though genetically more than 98 per cent identical to its nearest relative, the chimpanzee, it differs significantly in its capacity to modify its habitats according to its own interests. The shaping of nature has allowed the human species to expand at an unprecedented rate, at the cost of many other species. Now, at the end of this millennium, the limits of this process are becoming evident. Will the human species be able to cope with the increasing demographic pressure without destroying its own basis of subsistence, or is our species doomed to extinction? Can we learn from past societies how to use natural resources in a sustainable way and thereby impede an ecological catastrophy? Jared M. Diamond, a well-known ecologist and expert on birds of New Guinea, professor of physiology at the University of Califomia Medical School in Los Angeles, elaborates on the importance of anthropology and ethnology to learn from the experiences of ancestral societies so as to avoid a repetition of past errors. Contrary to widespread belief, human-made extinctions are not a phenomenon confined to industrialized societies; the big mammal extinctions at the end of the Ice Age 11000 years ago reveal that the problem is much older. But unlike other species, human beings can reflect on their actions and correct mistakes in order to prevent their own destruction. New technologies – in our Western societies often praised as a panacea to solve our fundamental problems – should play only a minor role in this process; of major importance will be the implementation of social education, public health and the consolidation of demoeratic participatory structures.

The merging of the senses

Bringing together neural, perceptual, and behavioral studies, The Merging of the Senses provides the first detailed review of how the brain assembles information from different sensory systems in order to produce a coherent view of the external world. Stein and Meredith marshall evidence from a broad array of species to show that interactions among senses are the most ancient scheme of sensory organization, an integrative system reflecting a general plan that supersedes structure and species. Most importantly, they explore what is known about the neural processes by which interactions among the senses take place at the level of the single cell.The authors draw on their own experiments to illustrate how sensory inputs converge (from visual, auditory, and somatosensory modalities, for instance) on individual neurons in different areas of the brain, how these neurons integrate their inputs, the principles by which this integration occurs, and what this may mean for perception and behavior. Neurons in the superior colliculus and cortex are emphasized as models of multiple sensory integrators.Barry E. Stein is Professor of Physiology and M. Alex Meredith is Associate Professor of Anatomy, both at the Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University.