Professionalization Of Football Research Articles

IMPACTO DO PROGRAMA DE MODERNIZAÇÃO DA GESTÃO DO FUTEBOL E RESPONSABILIDADE FISCAL NO DESEMPENHO FINANCEIRO E ESPORTIVO DOS CLUBES BRASILEIROS

The professionalization of football in Brazil has heightened interest in the financial management of clubs, prompting the Brazilian government to establish the Financial Responsibility and Modern Management Program for Football (PROFUT). Hence, our research investigates the impact of adherence to PROFUT on the financial and sporting performance of football clubs in Brazil. We gathered accounting and sports performance data from 58 football clubs participating in the first, second, and third divisions of the Brazilian football championship. This data was sourced from the clubs’ official websites and the Brazilian Football Confederation website. The collected data underwent unbalanced panel data regression analysis using the differences in differences estimator. As regards financial performance, the findings suggest that PROFUT participation increased clubs’ total revenue and the specialization of their revenue structures. However, no impact was observed on indebtedness, undermining the program’s intent to reduce clubs’ liabilities. Furthermore, the results indicate that adherence to the program could potentially diminish a club’s sporting performance, implying that managers seem unable to balance financial health with on-field results effectively. This study ventures beyond investigating clubs’ revenue to examine underlying structural factors. Furthermore, it employs an innovative estimator in the context of financial and sports performance in Brazilian football clubs, particularly in relation to PROFUT regulations. Thus, this empirical research carries significant practical implications for directors and managers associated with football clubs and entities. It can guide regulatory bodies’ strategic decisions, policy formulation, and inspection procedures.

Research on the Training of College Football Professionals under the Background of Rural Revitalization Strategy

Research on the Training of College Football Professionals under the Background of Rural Revitalization Strategy

Analysis of Scored Goals in Cerebral PalsyFootball Spanish League

Abstract: This study aimed to report the goal patterns in cerebral palsy (CP) footballaccording to the time in which goals were scored, the importance of the first goal of the match and the sport class of players who scored the goals,to improve the knowledge of performance in this para-sport. The goals scoredby the seven teamsof the Spanish National League, during the 21 matches of the 2021/2022 season,were analyzed. Thedata was collected from the official match reports of the Spanish Federation of CP sports. Theresults showed a total of 142 goals and an average of 6.8 goals per match. A Pearson’s correlation analysis showed moderate correlations between the scored goals by teams, the received goals and the final position in the team ranking(r = 0.71 to 0.81; p = 0.02 to 0.07). The distribution of the goals scored was not biased by halves (53.5% vs 46.5%; χ2 = 0.5; p = 0.50) nor by 15-min periods (31.0% vs 22.5% vs 26.8% vs 19.7%; χ2= 2.9; p= 0.40). In the 72.7% of the matches, the team which scored the first goal finally won the match (χ2 = 26.4; p < 0.01). FT3 players scored more goals by player (χ2 = 9.7; p = 0.05). The results from this study improve the knowledge of the goal patterns in CP football and they could be interesting for coaches and CP football professionals to plan their game strategiesconsidering the importance of scoring the first goal of the match and the higher scoring rate of FT3 players.

Career Anchors of Executives and Soccer Managers in Brazil

The professionalization of football has led to the adoption of corporate and strategic management. In this sense, attention to the hiring of trained professionals is increasingly high, both in terms of experience, training, skills and their motivations. In addition to skills, it is also considered their Career Anchors, which are a combination of motivations, preferences, interests, aspirations and values that represent the essence of the worker. This study aimed to analyze the Career Anchors of soccer executives and managers. As specific objectives, the ordering and classification of Career Anchors in the sample, verifying similarities between the results obtained with the skills defined for professional practice. This quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive research sampled 26 soccer executives or managers who worked in clubs of the 2019 Brazilian Soccer Championship, from a population of 70 professionals affiliated with the Brazilian Association of Soccer Executives. The instrument used for data collection was the Career Anchors inventory elaborated by Schein and Maanen (1993), extracted from the book Carrer Anchors by Dutra and Albuquerque (2008), which classify them into eight different categories: Technical Competence, Management Competence General, Independence, Security, Entrepreneurship, Dedication to a Cause, Pure Challenge and Lifestyle. Descriptive analyzes were performed, considering the mean and standard deviation to describe the variables and, to test the significant difference between the means of the anchors, a one-way ANOVA and multiple comparisons with Bonferroni post-hoc adjustment were used. The results found indicate that the anchor that obtained the highest value was Pure Challenge, with an average value of 5.1, followed by the Technical Competence anchor, with 4.8, and Dedication to a cause, with 4.6. It is possible to see that Entrepreneurship had the lowest average and had little variability: 2.7 with a standard deviation of 1.0. The Pure Challenge and Dedication to a cause anchor predominate, both with 30.8% of the total, followed by Technical/Functional Competence with 23.1%. Entrepreneurship was the only anchor that was not the greatest in any case. These findings may contribute to the understanding of the motivations and preferences of football executives and managers in clubs, in addition to subsidizing the analysis of adherence of profiles to positions and functions assumed for professional management.

The Role of Brand and Fan Personalities in Building Fan-Brand Relationships

Football fans are consumers with special relationship with their favourite teams. Consumer-brand relationship is unique and ultimate in football context. However, the absence of these relationships is mainly due to a lack of communication and interaction. This research aims to investigate the impact of brand personality and fan personality on fan- brand relationships. Mixed methods were conducted that employed in-depth personal interviews with football professionals and fans to gain better insights regarding consumer-brand relationships and to develop a conceptual framework and research hypotheses. Then, a quantitative phase has been followed to test these hypotheses. 471 valid questionnaires were collected through a non-probability convenience sampling technique from Egyptian football fans. The findings have shown that brand personality and fan personality have a positive impact on each of interdependence, commitment, partner quality, self-connection, nostalgic attachment, intimacy as consumer-brand relationship dimensions in the football context.

The Names Heard Long Ago: How the Golden Age of Hungarian Soccer Shaped the Modern Game

The Names Heard Long Ago: How the Golden Age of Hungarian Soccer Shaped the Modern Game

Technical and Tactical Command Decision Algorithm of Football Matches Based on Big Data and Neural Network

A successful football team not only consists of more than a dozen people on the field but also includes a complete training, analysis, coaching team behind it, and the same basic education and youth training system. With the development of scientific concepts and the advancement of computer technology, more people have begun to study the use of modern technology to replace part of the traditional human work with low creativity and the use of more convenient quantitative analysis, prediction and other technologies to assist football professionals’ decision-making. Based on big data and neural network technology, this paper has designed a novel football technical and tactical command decision algorithm. First, the use of big data technology for analyzing the characteristics of the historical big data of football competitions provides valuable data for the work of this article. Secondly, to formulate scientific and reasonable football technical and tactical command, it requires learning effective offensive or defensive strategies from the big data of football competitions. This article uses deep neural networks to learn massive amounts of football competition data, which can effectively predict the offensive and defensive tactics of each position of the team to a certain extent. In addition, in order to better learn the timing video data of football matches, this paper also has proposed to use long- and short-term memory networks to improve the algorithm of this paper. The proposed method has achieved good results in football technical and tactical command and decision-making and also provides some new ideas for the subject of football combined with computer technology.

Research on Detecting Moving Objects in Football Match Video

In recent years, detecting moving objects in video has attracted extensive attention in the field of computer vision and pattern recognition. With football becoming one of the most popular sports, analyzing the process of football games is of commercial value and guiding significance. However, the previous research mainly focused on the event detection, and rarely on getting the trajectory of moving objects by directly extracting from the video. This article discussed the method of detecting moving objects in the football match video. We extract the marker lines and build the coordinate system based on LUV color space. And we use the 68 landmarks to recognize the human face and the Kalman filter approach to detect the football. Our research is aimed at helping the audience and football professionals in analyzing the player performance and team strategy.

Technological Capacities and Exports Performance: The Case of Brazilian Football Clubs

Objetivo do estudo: analisar a relação entre capacidades tecnológicas e desempenho na integração em Cadeias Globais de Valor, de forma a investigar quais combinações de capacidades tecnológicas conduzem a integrações bem-sucedidas de empresas em Cadeias Globais de Valor. Metodologia: Inicialmente forma coletados de exportação de jogadores, entre 2006 e 2016, de futebol dos 20 clubes presentes no campeonato brasileiro de 2016. Posteriormente foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 5 profissionais especializados em futebol. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio da Análise Qualitativa Comparativa (fs-QCA). Originalidade / Relevância: Estudos apresentam desde as trajetórias que levam ao desenvolvimento de capacidades tecnológicas e a promoção da internacionalização de empresas. Entretanto, não foram encontradas pesquisas desenvolvessem modelos configuracionais dessas capacidades e da integração de empresas em cadeias globais de valor. Em complemento, outros estudos analisam a relação entre acesso a conhecimento e vínculos internacionais, mas não desenvolveram uma relação clara entre o desenvolvimento desses vínculos e capacidades tecnológicas. Principais resultados: Verifica-se que Marketing Internacional é condição necessária para que haja integração bem-sucedida em Cadeias Globais de Valor. Bem como, a conjunção deste fator com Planejamento do Desenvolvimento de Jogadores ou Infraestrutura ou Equipe de Profissionais formam três caminhos que ampliam a possibilidade do sucesso na integração. Contribuições teóricas: A principal contribuição da pesquisa é expansão da teoria de capacidade tecnológicas, por meio da adequação das funções apresentadas na Matriz de Capacidades para um novo setor. Outra contribuição é a evidência da relação entre as capacidades destacadas e o desempenho exportador.

K problematice vzdělanostní struktury hráčů fotbalu a populace mužů ČR

The education level of the population is generally of growing importance. It is an essential elementof social and economic growth of society and individuals. The very specific problem is the educationof the active, primarily elite (professional) sportsmen influencing their current personal developmentaccompanied simultaneously operating and often contradictory requirements of educational processand cultivation of the sports performance. The objective of the provided study was to discover andanalyze the educational structure of contemporary football professionals – representatives of theCzech Republic and football players at the performance level with the male population of the CzechRepublic in attempt to explain the main cause of differences in this structure. The survey included42 representatives of the Czech Republic and 111 football players at the performance level. In the researchmethods of semistructured directed interview and a questionnaire – survey were applied. Dataprocessing was based on descriptive statistics, a method of data categorization was used, including thepercent expression of frequencies. The comparison of the obtained data indicates that there are moremutual causes which could influent differences in the educational structures of examined probands,they are changeable and determined by variables rising from conditions of social, family or footballenvironment. As estimated, the major differences were found in the group of contemporary footballrepresentative players where the influence of social, family and football environment was presentedby the absence of the category ‘university education’.

Playing in the UEFA Europa League Does Not Adversely Affect English Premier League or La Liga Performance

Purpose: This article presents data challenging the widely held but untested view that concurrently playing mid-week Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Europa League matches adversely affects domestic league performance. Method: Over 16 seasons we compared next-season domestic league performance of the two highest finishing UEFA Europa League qualifying clubs with the two highest finishing non-qualifiers in England and Spain. Results: Clubs concurrently playing UEFA Europa League football showed significantly superior domestic league performance including wins, losses, goals, goal difference and points tally. The number of European matches played was not related to domestic league performance. Conclusions: The absence of prior rigorous analysis including appropriate comparison data has led to the proliferation of a widespread confirmatory bias, defined as the tendency to seek out evidence that backs one’s hunches and to ignore evidence that contradicts them. Based on our evidence, football professionals, journalists, pundits, and fans should consider the UEFA Europa League competition more favorably.

Not All ‘the Evils of Capitalism’: Match-Fixing and the Governance of Chinese Professional Football, 1994–2016

Match-fixing has been a key term in Chinese professional football since its inception in the early 1990s. In the light of notorious match-fixing scandals, criticism has arisen that the professionalization of football and the inflow of the free market system mirror the evils of capitalism in post-reform Chinese society. This paper, however, aims to offer an alternative perspective on the inherent governing deficiencies of Chinese professional football, to elaborate on the causes of these match-fixing incidents. By analyzing the status of each corruption-involved actor within the governance structure of Chinese professional football, the paper argues that the following factors collectively account for a large part of the historical and institutional causation of the rampant match-fixing scandals in Chinese professional football: the underplayed role of sport law; the overplayed role of Chinese Football Association officials; the ambiguous ownership and decision-making processes of the clubs; and, the powerless and unprotected role of the referees, the players, and the coaches.

Xi Jin-Ping’s World Cup Dreams: From a Major Sports Country to a World Sports Power

Football is among the world’s most popular sports. It is also one which China has sought to develop in the field of global professional sport. Nevertheless, the professionalization of football in China has not to date actually improved China’s Olympic achievement in the sport. In stark contrast to the glory of being the country that won most gold medals at the 2008 Olympics, China’s poor football performance has been troublesome for the country’s leader. In 2009, newly elected Xi Jin-Ping made a public statement about promoting elite football and expressed his personal hope that China would be capable of both qualifying for the final stages and winning the FIFA World Cup. With such concern on the part of the state leader, attention turned to football, with many private enterprises beginning to echo government policy by demonstrating a willingness to promote elite football. In addition, to accelerate football development, the Chinese Government promised to take action on the separation of government football associations. Research on this process was based on the theoretical framework of state corporatism derived from Schmitter’s work of 1974. Semi-structured interviews were conducted as the method of data collection aimed at helping us understand how Chinese Government either integrated or controlled relevant stakeholders such as NGOs and private enterprises, and further, to discuss the interactions between them.

시장경제로의 이행에서 축구프로화에 대한 조직담론 탐구 : 1980년대 대한민국 축구 사례연구

이 연구는 1980년대 대한민국 축구의 프로화 과정에서 등장하고, 확산되고, 소비된 조직적 담론을 탐구했다. 이 목적을 위해 조직의 개념과 방법론으로의 비평적 담론연구를 재검토하고 이를 통해 전문화 개념이 축구산업에 이식되는 과정에서 발생되는 조직적 현상의 담론적 현실을 이해하고자 하였다. 결론적으로 대한민국 축구는 국가대표팀과 스포츠 메가 이벤트가 최우선시 되는 정치경제적 맥락 속에서 축구발전을 위한 지배적 담론 형성이 축구조직화의 주요 자극제로 작용하였다. 이러한 시공간적 맥락에서, 축구의 프로화가 외부환경의 변화에 적응하기 위한 유일한 대안으로 떠올랐고 축구산업의 전체판도를 바꾸는 계기가 되었다. 또한 본 연구를 통해 한국축구문화에서 형성된 ‘발전주의적 태도’와 함께 ‘공공재로서의 프로축구팀’, ‘지역주의’와 같은 생산적인 개념들을 확인했다.

The Episode Development for the Humanistic Soccer Lessons

축구는 다른 스포츠와 비교해 사회적으로 가장 폭넓고 다양한 문화적 특성을 반영하는 종목이다. 고대로부터 다양한 민족사회의 민중유희로서 존속되어온 신체유희이며, 복잡한 룰이 요구되지 않고 간단한 시설과 용구만으로 플레이할 수 있는 놀이였다. 이러한 특성으로 인해 축구는 다양한 민족의 집단적 놀이문화로 자리잡아왔다. 우리나라도 예외가 아니다. 그런데도 불구하고 축구의 역사에 대한 연구는 많지 않았으며, 재미있는 축구 이야기를 현장 교육에서 활용할 수 있는 에피소드로 개발해 둔 예도 없었다. 이러한 현실에서 본 연구는 인문학적 축구 수업을 위한 에피소드 개발을 목적으로 수행된 것이며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.BR 먼저, 축구의 기원에 관련된 에피소드 5가지를 개발하였다. ① 중국 축구 이야기 ② 그리스 · 로마 축구 이야기 ③ 중세영국 군중축구 ④ 축구 금지령 ⑤ 유죄선고도 겁내지 않은 축구광기 등이다.BR 다음으로, 축구의 조직화와 관련된 에피소드 9가지를 개발하였다. ① 케임브리지 룰 풋볼 ② 축구명칭 사커 ③ 프리메이슨즈 선술집의 10개 조항 ④ 사커의 확산과 풋볼 ⑤ 축구 룰의 진화 ⑥ 축구 공 ⑦ 핸드링과 스코어 ⑧ 페널티킥의 탄생 ⑨ 후방을 공략하는 수비 등이다.BR 이상 축구의 연구를 통하여 개발된 에피소드는 인문학적 체육 수업, 특히 축구 수업에서 동기 유발을 위해 적극적으로 활용될 수 있는 자료가 될 것으로 판단된다.

Football and film: „The Coach“

The film „The Coach“ (Trener, 1978) directed by Puriša Đorđević, uses the film’s story as a prism through which many events from the reality of football in that time period as well as the past represented by the war and death camps are viewed, and contrasts this with the economic and social context of the time in which the film was made. When the titular coach of a big football club goes abroad to Germany to work, his decision is situated at the crossroads of the professionalization of football and the economic social reality on the one hand and the reminiscence about war and German death camps and their victims on the other. The results of a football match which will determine whether the German or the Yugoslav team will qualify for the final of an important European championship symbolize the results of the passage of time and the 25 year-long development of Germany and Yugoslavia after the war.

Analysis of Corner Kick Success in Elite Football

This study analyzes corner kicks in elite football to determine their efficacy, identify shared characteristics and associated variables, and propose a model for predicting successful outcomes. In total, 1139 kicks taken in 124 matches in the 2010 FIFA World Cup (64 matches), UEFA Euro 2012 (31 matches), and the UEFA Champions League 2010-2011 (29 matches) were studied by univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Just 2.2% of the corners ended in goal, but this goal was responsible for the team winning or drawing the match on 76% of occasions. In general, kicks are delivered through the air to the near post, with 1 or 2 intervening attackers; the attack is organized statically and the defense is a combination of zone and man-to-man. The following variables were significantly associated with corner kicks resulting in a goal: time (p=0.04), number of intervening attackers (p=0.001), and offensive organization (p=0.02). The likelihood of a shot on goal or shot could be increased with the intervention of 3 or 4 attackers, a dynamic attack, and indirect delivery of the ball to the far post. This information could be of great interest for football professionals interested in improving corner kick performance.

Excavations and the afterlife of a professional football stadium, Peel Park, Accrington, Lancashire: towards an archaeology of football

Association football is now a multi-billion dollar global industry whose emergence spans the post-medieval to the modern world. With its professional roots in late nineteenth-century industrial Lancashire, stadiums built for the professionalization of football first appear in any numbers in the North of England. While many historians of sport focus on consumerism and ‘topophilia’ (attachment to place) regarding these local football grounds, archaeological research that has been conducted on the spectator experience suggests status differentiation within them. Our excavations at Peel Park confirm this impression while also showing a significant afterlife to this stadium, particularly through children's play.

Activity Profile in Elite Italian Soccer Team

The purpose of this study was to analyse the activity profile of players in a top-class team in the Italian national football league over the course of a season (n=388). The effect of playing position and the two halves on the number and duration of short, intense bursts of effort and recovery phases was studied. The main results show that midfielders cover significantly more distance than players in other positions (p<0.001). For midfielders, the number of displacements of 2-40 m and the number of sprints covering between 2 and 9 m and between 30 and 40 m are considerably greater than for other positions (p<0.05). The distances covered in the second half compared to the first half are significantly lower for all categories of run (p<0.05). In the second half, the distance covered at very high intensity is significantly lower (p<0.01), whilst the number of recovery times greater than 120 s increases significantly compared to the first half (p<0.01). This study provides data which could be used as a basis for the work of scientists as well as football professionals.

Insolvency and the domestic juridification of football in Sweden

We can observe an ongoing external, as well as an internal, juridification of football, which means that the legal system and a legal rationality has become to an increasingly degree mixed up with football. Whether applying an internal or an external perspective the juridification process and the regulation can be understood as an outcome of the increasing commercialization and professionalization of football. In the wake of the commercialization process various clubs have suffered, and still suffer, from overspendings, in Sweden as well as in other European countries. In this respect, the regulation of football licenses in Sweden, which was introduced in 2001, constitutes the main subject in this essay. The regulation was introduced by the Swedish Football Association, mainly as an internal response to the acceleration of expenses in Swedish football. By focusing on football licenses and their regulation the essay intends to shed light on the ‘internal juridification of sport’. And by taking a departure in a socio‐legal perspective, the regulation will be connected to a reflection on its impact on the development of football.