Professional Military Personnel Research Articles

The mixed system of complementing the armed forces – a requirement for the Republic of Moldova

Military service is a complex social and legal phenomenon that is at the basis of the completion and functioning of the armed forces. Depending on the completion system, the armed forces may be composed of conscripts, volunteers and/or professional military personnel. Contractbased military service significantly contributes to strengthening the armed forces’ operationalcapabilities. Conscript military service is the main form for the military training of citizens who are later included in the reserve to ensure the mobilization of the army. The mixed system of complementing the armed forces organized in the Republic of Moldova responds to the interests of the military construction in the new security conditions after the start of the war in Ukraine.

Military training in modern geopolitical realities

Introduction. An assessment is made of the role of military training in terms of the geopolitical stability of Russia as an important player on the world stage. The interrelation of war and military affairs from the factors of domestic and foreign policy is shown.Purpose setting. The problem of military training in the conditions of military confrontation with the countries of the «collective West» is put forward as the fundamental task of the study. Analyzing the reforms of the country's military organization, starting from the 2000s of the XX century, the author focuses on the fact that the sovereignty of the state can be ensured only if there is a combat-ready Armed Forces, where an important role belongs to a full-fledged military mobilization reserve. Two components of the personnel of the Ministry of Defense – professional military personnel and those liable for military service who are in the reserve – act as a condition and guarantor of their readiness to repel aggression. Therefore, their military training should be organized taking into account changes in the field of military affairs, and the system of military training itself should cover the entire population.Methodology and methods of the study. The methodology is based on the analysis and comparison of the experience of military reforms by the top leadership of the military department of the Russian Federation since the early 2000s and the solution of these issues at the present time and in the near future. The dialectical approach helps the author to show the causal relationship of military reforms in Russia and their impact on the state of military educational activities, and, accordingly, the quality of training of military personnel.Results. The results of the study should be considered a demonstration of military training in Russia from the point of view of the changed conditions of geopolitics.Conclusions. The outcomes that conclude this study sum up the full range of information presented that, in order to ensure long-term peace, a country must have a reliable military capability based on militarily trained human resources. It is not by chance that the article analyzes the nature of the special military operation in Ukraine. This experience, as well as the experience of Russia's participation in other wars and military conflicts, allows us to substantiate the conclusions about the organization of an effective system of professional military training in Russia.

The influence of sociopsychological characteristics of military personnel depending on their professional training on the constructs of their personal Self-concept

The relevance of the problem of constant contact of servicemen with significant psychotraumatic factors due to their stay in rather extreme and superphysical conditions (conditions of active combat operations), which exposes them to significant psycho-emotional and psychophysical stress and overload, has led to the empirical study of the possibilities of influencing their sociopsychological and characterological characteristics on the constructs of the phenomenon of personal self-concept. The article, which aimed to empirically determine the socio-psychological characteristics of servicemen depending on their professional training and the possibility of their influence on the constructs of their personal self-concept, states the possibility of influencing certain constructs by age, gender and characteristic features, intensity of combat experience, conditions of professional workload, presence and number of injuries, family relationships, psychological overload, belonging to the rank and file, sergeants and officers, and other characteristics. The sample of respondents was formed by means of a traditional survey using a specially designed questionnaire to determine the sociopsychological characteristics of military personnel in crisis conditions of active combat operations. The sample of respondents consisted of 129 servicemen who received rehabilitation measures: 106 people from among mobilized civilians and 23 from among professional military. The results statistically significantly showed that there was a higher proportion of women among professional military personnel compared to mobilized civilians, in contrast to men, where their proportion was higher among mobilized than among professional military personnel. It has been statistically confirmed that among the career military, the majority were under 30 years old and held the rank of officer, while among the mobilized civilians, the majority were 30–45 years old and belonged to the rank and file. The absence of a family among the majority of professional military personnel and its presence among the majority of mobilized civilians has been statistically significantly proven. The preference for serving on the contact line and a significant number of people with one injury among mobilized civilians, as well as being mainly in the rear support and the prevalence of no injuries for the group of professional military personnel, have been statistically proven.

Military Reforms in North Vietnam in the 17th–18th Centuries and their Impact on the Combat Capability of the Army

Throughout Vietnam's medieval history, the military aristocracy has always played a crucial role in government, relying on private armies that formed the basis of the armed forces. Nevertheless, in the second half of the 17th –– first quarter of the 18th centuries in the northern part of Vietnam, with the temporary cessation of wars, there has been a transition from military dictatorship and related forms of government to a state in which, at least formally, the first place would be given to civilian officials. This transition required a major reorganization of the army, which was carried out in two stages. At the first stage, in 1674, under the ruler Trinh Tac, the administration of the northern part of the country finally ceased campaigns against the separatists in the south and significantly limited the military's ability to interfere in the affairs of the civilian government. At the same time, private military armies and the principle of recruiting professional military personnel, mainly from the South, were preserved. At the second stage, in the 1720s, under Trinh Cuong, it was decided to abandon professional detachments as the basis of the armed forces completely, and troops began to be formed through recruitment and centralized training of senior and middle-level commanders at the military schools. The latter of these reforms caused significant damage to the combat capability of the troops, which clearly manifested during the civil wars that broke out in the country in the 1730s–40s.

VERTICAL SOCIAL MOBILITY IN UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE UKRAINIAN-RUSSIAN WAR

The Ukrainian-Russian war, which has actually been going on since 2014 and escalated on February 22, 2022, has changed the established way of life of the vast majority of Ukrainians, including the algorithm and principles of social mobility, both horizontal and vertical, as 7915287 people left for Europe for temporary protection and 4867106 people officially registered within Ukraine could not but affect the mobility of Ukrainian society. The aim of the article is to determine the impact of the Ukrainian-Russian war on the change in the channels of vertical social circulation, such as the army, the church, educational and upbringing institutions, the process of wealth accumulation, family and marriage. Research methodology. The research methodology is interdisciplinary in nature and lies at the intersection of social philosophy and sociology. The principles of historicism, consistency, objectivity, and the connection between the historical and the logical were also used to solve specific research tasks. Results. According to P.Sorokin`s definition, social mobility means any transition of an individual, group or social object, or a value created or modified through activity, from one social position to another, as a result of which the social position of an individual or group changes.P. Sorokin distinguishes between two forms of social mobility: horizontal andvertical. Horizontal mobility is the transition of an individual or a social object from one social position to another, which is located at the same level. But the most important process is vertical mobility, which is a set of interactions that facilitate the transition of an individual or social object from one social stratum to another. This includes, for example, a promotion (professional vertical mobility), a significant improvement in well-being (economic vertical mobility), or a move to a higher social stratum, to a different level of government (political vertical mobility). Conclusions. The Ukrainian-Russian war has had a significant impact on the channels of vertical circulation. Considering the impact of the war on the army as one of the main channels of vertical circulation, we can state that since the beginning of the war, about 1 million mostly male population of Ukraine were forced to change their profession from civilian to military, and professional military personnel, due to losses among the command or their own talent and heroism, were able to take command positions in the Armed Forces, the National Guard, and the National Police. At the same time, the war has shaken the status of such social institutions as the church, the process of wealth accumulation, and family and marriage (especially with a representative of a different social status), making them channels of downward movement.

PROSPECTS OF CREATION AND USE OF MODELS OF WEAPONS AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT

In order to achieve high efficiency in the use of military equipment in the conditions of hostilities, it is necessary to constantly support the training of specialists. The article examines the ways of using mock-ups of military equipment, taking into account the experience of using mock-up samples in the conditions of combat use, as well as when they are used as simulators for training specialists. The experience of modern local wars (conflicts and operations) shows that a significant role in achieving the goal of war is given to the development and training of qualified personnel. This, in turn, determines the objective necessity of creating mock-ups of models of equipment that could be used during the training (re- and re-training) of specialists. High efficiency in the use of military equipment cannot be achieved without support at a high level of the skills and abilities of specialists. The experience gained during the anti-terrorist operation and the operation of the joint forces in the east of Ukraine and the open military attack of the russian federation indicates the relevance of tasks related to the implementation of new organizational and technical solutions and approaches to the training of the military, using models of military equipment and models of weapon simulators , taking into account the real conditions of its use. Thus, the relevance of the research lies in the fact that at the current stage, in the conditions of combat use, there is a need to create and actively use samples of military equipment. The purpose of the article is to determine the most important possibilities and mechanisms of the system of creating and using samples of military equipment.
 Regarding development prospects, it is worth noting that the experience of modern local wars (conflicts and operations) shows that it is now relevant to create and use models of military equipment to strengthen one's position in the process of training professional military personnel.
 Summarizing the above, it should be noted that the use of models of military equipment in the training of military specialists will help to obtain the ability of both quick and high-quality training taking into account the real conditions of its use and high efficiency in the conditions of combat use, namely to mislead the enemy.

Військовий міністр Олександр Рогоза: законо- та нормотворча діяльність (джерелознавчий аспект)

The purpose of the study is determined by the need to research the existing source array of archives and publications to identify the directions of law-making and rule-making activities of Minister of War Oleksandr Rohoza (1858-1919) and his subordinate ministry ap- paratus for building the army of the Hetman State in the social and political conditions of its existence at the time. Th e research methodology is based on the principles of historical reli- ability, objectivity, systematicity, scientifi city, multifactoriality, and comprehensiveness; as well as the research methods: general scientifi c-analytical, synthetic, logical, classifi cation; histori- cal – problem-chronological, comparative-historical, historical-genetic, retrospective, periodiza- tion; interdisciplinary – source studies, archival studies, terminological analysis. Th e scientifi c novelty lies in outlining the activities of the Minister of War, the Ministry’s apparatus headed by him to regulate by laws and by-laws the structure of the military units created, the day-to- day activities of the army, and the organization of combat training in the diffi cult conditions of the formation of the Ukrainian State. Conclusions. Understanding the phenomenon of the era of the Ukrainian State, led by Pavlo Skoropadskyi, a professional military man, would be impossible without the importance of the formation of the army, as one of the main conditions for ensuring the progressive process of Ukrainian state-building. Th at is why the appointment of General Oleksandr Rohoza, an educated and experienced soldier, to the post of Minister of War, is considered causal. He initiated the organizational work on the creation of the Ministry’s apparatus; the appointment of professional military personnel to key positions provided the con- ditions for the law-making and rule-making process of the creation of the military. Th e mate- rial available in the archives and narrative sources on the meetings of the Council of Ministers gave suffi ciently convincing grounds for asserting the following. Th e Ministry of War, headed by Oleksandr Rohoza, its administration, and departments in the areas of activity, due to the avail- able opportunities, even due to the increase of socio-political instability due to various reasons, carried out work on the multifaceted legal and regulatory support of the creation of the army. Th is is confi rmed by the fact that during the days of the Ukrainian State, 48 draft laws and by- laws were developed, submitted for consideration, and transferred to the army in the diffi cult conditions of the growing political confrontation during 7 months.

Psychological constructs of the character of professional military men in the works of A.S. Pushkin

Understanding the sources of formation of the character of professional military personnel is an important task of pedagogical psychology, since it makes it possible to make the process of developing the personality of a serviceman in the pedagogical process of a military university more effective. An important source for the formation of character traits of a professional military officer is literary sources, artistic means of influencing personal structures. The subject of research in the article is the psychological properties of the individual, characteristic of the heroes of the works of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, who, according to the author's artistic conception, were professional soldiers. The writer's artistic work in a complex way constructs on the pages of his works the psychological features characteristic of professional military men. The author's knowledge in the work is based on the most popular literary works of A.S. Pushkin using a system-activity and axiological approach to understanding the development of personality. The author notes that a comprehensive study of the images of the domestic military intelligentsia from artistic heroes who have become independent carriers of psychological properties characteristic of domestic officers is an urgent scientific task for modern psychological knowledge, therefore this contradiction must be resolved. The theoretical generalizations obtained as a result of the study can be useful in organizing educational work with cadets, as well as in carrying out other forms of work with military personnel.

Prevalence of Dyslipidemia in Military Students and Military Personnel Attending Primary Care in Ecuador and Correlation with Anthropometric Values


 
 
 
 Objective: to establish the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its relationship with the body mass index, waist-height index and waist circumference in students of the higher technology specialization in military sciences, as well as military personnel who work at the University of the Armed Forces of Ecuador - ESPE.
 Methodology: this was an analytical, non-experimental study with a sample of 495 second-year students of the Superior Technology Specialization in Military Sciences and 196 military personnel who work at ESPE.Results: The study found 8,48 % (n: 42) prevalence of general dyslipidemia in students, differentiated by hypercholesterolemia 1,82 % (n: 9), hypertriglyceridemia 6,26 % (n: 31) and mixed dyslipidemia 0,4 % (n: 2). Additionally, it found 58,67 % (n: 115) prevalence of general dyslipidemia in professional military personnel, with hypercholesterolemia 9,18 % (n: 18), hypertriglyceridemia 25,51 % (n: 50) and mixed dyslipidemia 23,98 % (n: 47). Finally, the lower limit to diagnose dyslipidemia for body mass index in students was 25,67 kg/m2, for waist circumference 76,5 cm and for waist height ratio 0,47, and in professional military personnel, body mass index of 26,3 kg/m2, waist circumference of 86 cm and waist height ratio of 0,52.
 Conclusions: the students and military personnel studied have a significantly low prevalence of dyslipidemia compared to the general student and military personnel population and the values of WC and WHtR were seen to be good predictors of dyslipidemia in military personnel but not in the students.
 
 
 

Empirical models of the structure of personal qualities of leaders: a radicalist type of social action (results of applied research)

The article is devoted to the methodological and methodological foundations of the study of the personal qualities of managers and ordinary employees of organizations. In contrast to the author’s previous works devoted to the study of the personal qualities of leaders, including civil servants, in the works of Plato, Aristotle and M. Weber, where empirical models of the structure of the personal qualities of leaders of goal-rational, value-rational, affective and traditional types of social action were presented (according to M Weber), this publication presents the combined results of research conducted at different times in different organizations on empirical models of the structure of personal qualities of managers and ordinary workers of the “radicalist type of social action”, which expands the understanding of the conceptual approach about the four types of social action by M. Weber. And the empirical models themselves can be useful for solving applied problems in the field of organization management. The more the work of collecting empirical data continued, the more interesting the theoretical and practical question became. How common are people of the radicalist type of social action? In what types of social institutions, in what professions is the radicalist type represented most vividly? What in the structure of personal qualities distinguishes the radicalist behavior of representatives of peaceful professions (civil servants, doctors, teachers, etc.) from certain categories of professional military personnel? If radicalist behavior is a professionally important quality of workers, then how to measure the propensity of an individual to engage in radicalist behavior? The analysis showed that on this scale, conservatism–radicalism, the features are located at different, opposite “poles of the same coordinate axis”. Therefore, as in the study of traditional behavior, the following areas of sociological research of radicalist behavior are distinguished. Within the framework of the first direction, the main attention in the structure of personal qualities is paid to the traditional component, fidelity to “following the habit” (according to M. Weber); in the structure of this type of personality, conservative traits are dominant in comparison with those who are inclined to a radical, radical change and breakdown of established orders and traditions. Within the framework of the second direction, the main attention in the structure of personal qualities is paid to adherence to traditions, which is equally combined with a radicalist attitude, a willingness to innovate. Within the framework of the third direction, which is important for the tasks of our new study, in the structure of personality traits, radicalistic traits dominate over conservative ones; Distrust of authorities, a tendency to break habits, a willingness to innovate, and a radicalist attitude towards change are clearly manifested.

PLYOMETRICS AND CALISTHENICS ‒ PHYSICAL TRAINING METHODS SPECIFIC TO THE PHYSICAL TRAINING OF THE MILITARY


 The physical training of the military must be extremely hard, as it is a support for military training programs. Moreover, it must prepare the military to deal with any situation they may encounter on the battlefield: from climbing a 3-meter-high wall under enemy fire to running on the varied ground, with a 30 kg backpack and individual weapons in his hands. In addition, maintaining or improving the physical performance of professional military personnel in various military settings is crucial to general military training. When we start a military-specific training program, we are confident that we are on the fastest track to serious results. The military will become stronger, with great physical strength, having a robust and harmonious physical constitution. In this article, we will briefly present two of the physical training methods specific to military training (plyometrics and calisthenics), which military physical education specialists should use on a permanent basis, so that fighters reach a higher level of physical training.

Kinematic Determinants of Front Kick Dynamics Across Different Loading Conditions.

The efficiency of front kick is related to the kicking technique. Thus, the aim of this study was to find the kinematic determinants of front kick dynamics across different performance and loading levels (no load to 45-kg load). Twenty-four elite and sub-elite professional military personnel (26.8 ± 10.1 years, 84.2 ± 5.4 kg, 181.1 ± 6.4 cm) performed six front kicks into a force plate across five different loading conditions. Three-dimensional kinematics of the kicks was quantified and included velocity of the hip (Vhip), velocity of the knee (Vknee), velocity of the shoulder (Vshoulder), velocity of the foot (Vfoot), angular velocity of the knee (AVknee), and angular velocity of the hip (AVhip). The main kinematic differences between the two groups were that the sub-elite group had an increased kick time for all loading conditions (P < .001) and a lower Vfoot (P = .05) and a decreased Vhip and Vshoulder (P < .05) in the highest load condition. Vhip and AVhip were the best predictors (up to R2 = 0.58; P = .020) of peak force and impact force during no-load or loaded kicking at the elite level. Typical predictors of impulse in the elite group were AVhip, Vhip, and Vshoulder and those in the sub-elite group were AVknee and Vfoot. The kinematic variables provide good predictions of kicking dynamics; however, the best predictor varies with the loading conditions and performance levels. Hip motion is the main differentiating factor.

Comorbidity in Servicemen – Participants of Modern Military Conflicts

The professional health of a serviceman is the absence of diseases in the presence of a certain level of compensatory and protective mechanisms that ensure high combat effectiveness in the conditions of his professional activity. That is why the most important component of the national security system of our country is the protection and strengthening of the health of military personnel. In recent years, armed conflict has continued in the east of Ukraine. Therefore, today’s urgent task is to study the features of comorbid diseases that may be primary to modern combat trauma in military personnel participating in the anti-terrorist operation / Joint Forces Operation (ATO / JFO). Comorbid diseases have a negative impact on the course of modern combat trauma, as well as combat trauma has a negative impact on the course of these diseases. The objective: to analyze the frequency of comorbid diseases in military personnel – participants in the ATO / JFO, depending on the presence of a closed craniocerebral injury (CTBI). Materials and methods. The study was performed in the Ukrainian Military Medical Academy based on the National Military Medical Clinical Center “Main Military Clinical Hospital” where 183 servicemen – participants of the ATO / JFO with arterial hypertension (AH) were examined. Patients were divided into two statistically homogeneous groups according to age: group I – 127 people who, while participating in the ATO / JFO, did not receive CTBI, group II – 56 people with such injury. Statistical analysis of the results was done by use of the standard statistical package STATISTICA 10.0 for Windows from StatSofr Inc. (USA) using parametric statistical methods. Results. In military personnel participating in the ATO/JFO, there was no correlation between the severity of hypertension and the presence of a cranio-cerebral injury. At the same time, in subjects with CTBI, there was an increase in the frequency of comorbid diseases of the nervous system and diseases of the ear and mammillary process and a decrease in the frequency of comorbid endocrine and metabolic diseases and diseases of the genitourinary system compared to patients without such an injury. Patients with CTBI have an increase in the frequency of acubarotrauma and sensorineural hearing loss and a decrease in the frequency of urolithiasis compared with military personnel without CTBI. Conclusions. The study established the features of comorbid diseases in military personnel – participants in modern military conflicts, depending on the presence of a closed craniocerebral injury. This information is important for the further medical and social rehabilitation and development of proper functional-organizational model of secondary prevention of this comorbid pathology in order to prolong the professional longevity of highly professional military personnel. It is necessary to study further the influence of organic (traumatic) brain lesions over time on the morphogenesis of arterial hypertension and comorbid diseases, and their combination in military personnel participating in the ATO/JFO.

Differences in problem alcohol drinking by military service type among male professional military personnel in South Korea using Military Health Survey data

ObjectivesAlcohol drinking prevalence in Korea is higher than in other countries and is associated with various social and health problems. Korean culture tends to be tolerant of alcohol drinking and...

Proverb as an Indicator of the Normative Behavior of the Armed Forces of Russia Officers

The purpose of the study is to understand the semantic constructions by which the Russian Armed Forces officers symbolize their attitude to social realm. For this purpose, they were asked to write their favorite proverb, to which they try to “correspond” in their behavior. The authors proceeded from the assumption that interiorized folklore type statements are life guidelines (social values) for representatives of this professional group and informal regulators of their life. The study made it possible to determine the “boundaries” of the proverbial worldview of Russian officers. Further, within the established boundaries, four groups of statements were obtained. The first is proverbs and sayings about labor, work; the second – about the reaction to external stimuli; the third is about human qualities, relationships during service, camaraderie, and interpersonal communication. The fourth is about corporatism and professional solidarity. The article describes the most significant fragments of professional military personnel’s dispositional worldview. Moreover, on the one hand, a desire to work, a willingness to endure the hardships of military service were revealed, on the other hand – a certain fatalism, a conviction that external conditions and circumstances may be insurmountable, but if you acted as the duty requires, then you are allowed not to worry about the consequences. Typical personality traits and the social identity of this professional group, recreated in the study, are determined by the peculiarities of military service, while being within the boundaries of universal human terminal values and have a constructive, solidarizing orientation.

성향점수매칭을 활용한 직업군인 건강행동 분석

Objectives: The aims of this study are to examine the differences in health behavior practices between the civilian personnel and professional military personnel when the sociodemographic characteristics of two groups are matched and to identify the factors associated with the health behavior practice of the military personnel. Methods: Using the propensity score matching (PSM) method, subjects (679 civilian personnel and military personnel each) under study were drawn from the 2017 Community Health Survey data in Korea, Practices of health behaviors were measured by Alameda 7. Results: The practice of health behavior of the military personnel before using PSM was worse than that of the civilian personnel, but after using PSM, the health behaviors of the military personnel were better than that of the civilian personnel. Some sociodemographic characteristics including gender, age and educational level were associated with variance of practices of health behavior. Conclusion: This study showed that the level of health behavior practice of the military personnel were better than that of civilian personnel after matching sociodemographic characteristics. Some policy implications were discussed.

The Legal Basis Of The Organization Of Educational Process In Military Educatinoal Institutions

The article describes the main legal documents regulating the sphere of military education. The features improving the system of highly-qualified personnel preparation of high adequate are studied. The article also indicates achievements in the field of military security, dynamic changes in the state, issues of training professional military personnel, as well as tasks that should be implemented in improving the legal framework and mechanisms of military education of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the procedure for admission to higher educational institutions of citizens undergoing military service in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the benefits provided to them.

Mogućnost razvijanja liderskih kompetencija kroz sistem vojnog obrazovanja - otvorenost sistema

The paper presents comparative research on the representation of subjects within the study programs of three higher military educational institutions (Military Academy, University of Defense in Belgrade, University of Defense in Brno, Czech Republic, Royal Military School in Belgium), in order to strengthen their leadership competencies. The conducted comparative research was intended to contribute to predicting the future development of education of professional members of the armed forces, as part of the defense system in the field of leadership, especially because the comparison includes educational systems of countries with different social, economic, historical and social milieu. The aim of the paper in a broader sense was to try and decipher the dimensions of leadership of professional members of the defense system; in a narrower sense the aim was to determine the possibilities of developing leadership competencies through the system of military education provided through the study programs of the Military Universities in Serbia, Belgium and the Czech Republic. The main subject of this research is the leadership competencies of professional military personnel. We have defined the concept of leadership as one of the functions of management, which primarily refers to the influence of leaders on other employees, in order to achieve organizational and group goals. The notion of the necessary leadership competencies is defined as a function of knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary to perform complex functions and roles of officers, which can be classified as systemic and interpersonal competencies. The problem of leadership in the defense system is complex due to the very nature and characteristics of the system itself. Precisely because of the significance of the topic, as well as the fact that this issue remains current and new, it is scientifically and professionally justified to dedicate attention to researching the problem of developing leadership competencies in the military educational system. Furthermore, given the fact that change has become a way of life inherent to every modern organization, the military ones included, new leadership competencies, necessary to perform complex functions and roles of defense system officers are required of the employees and therefore it is necessary to implement the concept of lifelong, permanent and continued education in order to meet the demands of the job set before professional military personnel.

Modeli subordinacije u mehanizovanom odeljenju na borbenom vozilu pešadije M80A

The organization of command in the mechanized section on M80A infantry fighting vehicle is defined by the regulations and textbooks of mechanized units. The problem that is not covered in the regulations is the organization of subordination of soldiers of the mounted crew when performing tasks outside the vehicle. The regulations stipulate in principle that command is executed by single seniority and subordination, but that the mechanized section commanders organize their crews in the way they think is appropriate, in accordance with a certain mission and tasks. The decision-making on transfering commanding competencies and organization of subordinates in the chain of subordination within the mechanized section is a dilemma even for experienced commanders of mechanized units because this is defined by general principles of performing activities, whereby it is not known where the riflemen, sniper and machine gunners should be when they are outside the fighting vehicle. During preparation and execution of activities, the mechanized section commander should adapt the model of subordination in relation to task, space, time and other factors that occur in combat operations. Thus, it can happen that the commander or deputy commander divides the mounted part of the mechanized section into several smaller units (groups, teams) in order to perform some task. The research performed by the analysis of content in regulations and textbooks, observing the way of work during the performance of activities, anticipating possible situations and discovering examples of good practice of the mechanized section commanders, the models presented in this paper have been formed. After studying literature and questioning professional military personnel, the results of the research are the models of subordination in the mechanized section when the mounted part of the section is outside the vehicle. The analyzed models are divided into groups of models, where the dismounted part of the section is divided into: 1) basic model, 2) two groups and 3) three groups.

Improving revision operations for restoration of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint in military personnel

The analysis of foreign and domestic scientific publications of recent years, devoted to the problem of revision reconstructions of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint in young and middle-aged patients with high functional demands. The key directions for improving the treatment of this category of patients have been determined. It was found that the main trend in the improvement of revision reconstructions of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee in patients with high functional demands, which primarily include professional athletes and military personnel, is the desire for enhanced stabilization of the joint by eliminating residual, primarily rotational instability and increasing protection the main graft from high stress overload. Of particular importance is a strictly individual approach to the choice of the method of revision reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament, which makes it possible to implement the principles underlying the primary plastic of the ligament. The solution of these two problems requires, firstly, a more detailed examination of patients in order to identify factors of increased risk for the development of recurrent joint instability, which must be eliminated during surgical treatment. Secondly, the strict anatomical nature of restoration, and more often reconstruction, of the main and auxiliary functionally incompetent stabilizing structures of the joint against an unfavorable anatomical background caused by previous operations in the form of bone defects and deformities of the condyles with destruction of hyaline cartilage and previously resected menisci. Third, the use of reinforced grafts of increased strength for the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament, as the main structure that stabilizes the joint. Moreover, such reinforcement can be direct, by strengthening the cruciate ligament graft directly, or indirectly, by strengthening the anterolateral part of the joint. The most appropriate is a combination of these two directions in order to obtain the maximum positive effect. Promising options for extra-articular reinforcement today are anatomical reconstruction of the anterolateral ligament and lateral extra-articular tenodesis of the iliotibial tract as part of the anterolateral joint complex. This makes it possible to compensate for the forced resections of the menisci and, without correction, at least at the first revision, the increased posterior inclination of the articular surface of the tibial condyles. The main advantages of these operations in combination with the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament are their proven efficiency, versatility, technical simplicity and availability, which are of particular importance for the introduction into wide clinical practice of trauma departments of military hospitals.