This article sketches the development of physiotherapy as a profession in South Africa, and highlights current areas of concern and special interest. Physiotherapists in this country are the graduates of 4-year degree courses and have primary contact status, although they are expected to work in co-operation with the medical profession.There are insufficient physiotherapists to satisfy the needs of the large and widespread population, particularly in rural areas, and urgent consideration is being given to ways and means of increasing the numbers of physiotherapy graduates as well as training other categories of rehabilitation workers within the community. Health needs differ considerably in the various regions, some pathologies being unique.At the other end of the spectrum, involvement in postgraduate study, research and specialisation is escalating. A national quality assurance programme is also being developed.