Profession In Iran Research Articles

The Impact of Ethical Leadership on the Nursing Profession in Iran: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Ethical leadership plays a key role in professional settings. Nurses play an essential role in care provision and health promotion. The present study aimed to determine the impact of ethical leadership on the nursing profession in Iran. The objective of this study was the assessment of the relationship between ethical leadership and the improvement of clinical services by nurses. Methods: Terms defined as MESH keywords were searched in PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, SID, and Magiran up to October 2022. In this study, only observational and qualitative studies were selected and included. Results: A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results showed the association of ethical leadership with moral courage, self-efficacy, turnover, general health, errors, organizational citizenship, moral distress, job satisfaction, stress, risk management, and psychological empowerment. It was shown that ethical leadership is in direct association with nursing performance. Conclusions: The present study confirmed the positive effect of nursing ethical leadership on the nursing profession. Further studies are needed to examine the association between ethical leadership and clinical outcomes in patients.

Assessment of the Psychometric Properties of the Attitude Scale for Nursing Profession (ASNP)

Background and Objective: The attitude towards the nursing profession is one of the most important topics in all areas of care provision from the time of choosing this profession to the end of the service period. The present study was conducted to determine the psychometric indicators of the Attitude Scale for the Nursing Profession (ASNP). Materials and Methods: This descriptive methodological study initially obtained permission from the original author to use the tool. The sample included 301 nurses who were selected using the convenience sampling method and working at hospitals affiliated with the Golestan University of Medical Sciences. Following that, the Attitude Scale for Nursing Profession (ASNP) developed by Ipek and Coban was translated into the Persian language according to the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) protocol. The validity assessment of the scale was carried out using a quantitative and qualitative method based on content validity (Content Validity Ratio [CVR] and Content Validity Index [CVI]) and utilizing the opinions of 11 nursing experts. Moreover, reliability was evaluated by two methods of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), test-retest, and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Data analysis was conducted using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in SPSS (version 22) and AMOS (version 23) software. Results: In the current study, the CVR score of the entire questionnaire was calculated as 0.72; however, statements 16 and 19 scored less than the acceptable level; therefore, they did not have proper validity and were removed. The CVI of all items was more than 0.79. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of ASNP was obtained at 0.96. The ICC was determined at 0.93, and the stability reliability in the two stages of the test-retest method was 0.789 (P=0.001). The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the Persian version of the scale has a 3-factor structure (characteristics of the nursing profession, preference for the nursing profession, and the general position of the nursing profession). These factors were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. (RMSEA=0.092, AGFA=0.90, and GFI=0.93). The estimation of standard factor loadings in confirmatory factor analysis showed that this scale has an acceptable fit in Iranian culture and has good construct validit. Conclusion: The results showed that the ASNP has the necessary validity and reliability after removing two items and can be used as a comprehensive and reliable tool to investigate the attitude towards the nursing profession in Iran.

Accreditation of nursing schools in Iran and five selected countries: A comparative study

Accreditation is a model that has been approved for ensuring the quality of education. Ensuring the quality of nursing schools is the most important concern in enhancing the nursing care. The aim of the study was to determine the status and compare the accreditation of nursing schools in Iran with five selected countries. The executive characteristics of accreditation in each country are associated with the government's macro policies in education. Although no clear reasoning is presented for choosing either institutional or programme accreditation in the selected countries, measures can be taken to plan for the implementation of accreditation, with regard to the level of development and the need for nursing profession in Iran.

Factors Influencing Nurses' Intention to Leave Profession in Iran

Background: Several reasons account for nurses' intention to leave the nursing profession. Understanding these factors is a step towards reducing such incidents which pose a threat to the nursing profession. This study aimed to identify and rank the circumstances that influence the intention to leave the nursing profession in Iran. Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional analytical study, which employed four other methods to reach a sound conclusion in 2019.The electronic databases, including the Scientific Information Database, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, OVID, Cochrane Library, CINAHL,, were searched for studies published from the year 1998 to December 2018 for scientific studies conducted among factor associated intention to leave in Iran. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) method was then used to extract hidden factors and determine the hierarchical structure of the review's findings. Using the combination of Analytical Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Logic, the weight of each one of the factors that affect the intention to leave the nursing profession was then calculated. Finally, the accuracy of the results of the Consistency Ratio and Fuzzy analytic hierarchical process (FAHP), was calculated and evaluated. Results: The electronic search delivered 100 studies, from which we identified and extracted 26 most occurring reasons for the desire to leave the nursing profession. Based on the EFA results, we identified four criteria (personal, managerial, organizational, and side issues) with eigenvalues ​​higher than 1. The first criteria (personal issues) scored the highest (53.39 %), while side issues scored the lowest (13.40 %) as reasons accounting for the intention to leave the nursing profession. Conclusion: Job stress, the lack of freedom and independence in the clinical environment, discrimination, and the probability of catching an illness have higher prominence in influencing nurses' tendency to leave work. These factors can be mitigated by altering managerial techniques within organizations.

Iranian Speech-language Pathologists’ Awareness of Alternative and Augmentative Communication Methods

Objectives: Alternative and Augmentative Communication (AAC) provides a means of effective communication to individuals with severe impairments in speech comprehension and production. The present study aimed to examine the awareness of Iranian Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) of AAC services. Methods: In total, 111 SLPs who were selected by convenience sampling method participated in this cross-sectional study. Using a researcher-made questionnaire, information on SLPs’ familiarity with the term AAC and its methods; patients who can benefit from AAC methods; the kind of AAC method that could be used per patient, and the effectiveness of each method were obtained. This research was conducted at rehabilitation clinics in Tehran City, Iran. Results: The obtained results revealed that only 8.1% of the respondents were familiar with the concept of AAC; however, 92.8% of SLPs had contact with Patients With Communication Problems (PWCP). Only 0.9% of SLPs were familiar with high-tech devices. Additionally, 88.3% of the respondents were willing to further educational opportunities concerning AAC. Discussion: Iranian SLPs had little familiarity with AAC and the target population of these services. Overall, there appeared to be a lack of AAC expertise within the profession in Iran. Therefore, training these professionals, both theoretically and clinically, is essential.

The Gap between Architecture Education and Architectural Profession in Iran

Many graduates of architecture attracted to the job market find a profound gap between what they have learned in college and what is being done in their career in Iran. The educational problems that make architecture graduates inefficient in the job market are identified. Then solutions are offered to reduce the gap. Four types of questionnaires were distributed to the last year undergraduate students, professors of architecture schools and professional architects and their answers and suggestions were collected. The results show that there are some solutions for bringing architecture education closer to architectural profession: 1. participatory education, 2. establishment of non-governmental organisations, 3. linking faculties of architecture with architectural offices, and 4. revision of undergraduate curriculum of architecture.

The Gap between Architecture Education and Architectural Profession in Iran

The Gap between Architecture Education and Architectural Profession in Iran

Hospitals Without Walls: The Future of the Nursing Profession in Iran

Hospitals Without Walls: The Future of the Nursing Profession in Iran

Challenges in the clinical education of the nursing profession in Iran: A qualitative study

IntroductionClinical education is an important part of nurse training. It provides students with the opportunity to gain useful experience and has a key role in their professional preparation. The importance of clinical education in nursing students' professional performance means that identifying the challenges in this field is crucial. AimThe goal of this study is to identify challenges in the field of clinical nurse education. DesignA qualitative content analysis study. SettingA faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, in Iran 2017. ParticipantsNine student nurses, three qualified nurses and two nursing educators. MethodsThis study has been applied to various depths of interpretation. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data. Nine student nurses, three qualified nurses and two nursing educators were interviewed. ResultsThe analysis of the interviews generated five categories. Two main themes were extracted as challenges in the clinical training of nursing professionals: 1. Inefficient educational structure and 2. Inefficient professional performance environment. ConclusionConsidering the inadequate professional performance environment and defective educational structure, designing and delivering lessons with clear goals is essential. Using objective and measurable scales for evaluating educational standards, the use of empowered instructors with high communicational skills is useful for increasing students' motivation and interest toward clinical education and solving existing challenges.

Translation profession in Iran: current challenges and future prospects

ABSTRACTTranslation is considered as a form of intercultural communication which involves the cooperation of many agents. In recent years, increased attention has been focused on the people and institutions involved with translation. One of the main research areas that has recently emerged is the investigation of the link between the sociology of professions and the status of translation as an occupation. This study aims to determine the current challenges to establishing a professional status for translators in Iran and attempts to offer solutions for improving the status quo based on the suggestions of active agents in the field. The data for this study were collected qualitatively through in-depth interviews using a purposive sample of translation agents in Iran. The results indicate that there are numerous administrative, educational, social and financial challenges facing translation as a profession in Iran. The proposed solutions for improving the current situation have been discussed in the light of the relevant literature.

Education and training of medical physics in Iran: The past, the present and the future

PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the current status of education and training programs in medical physics in Iran. MethodsA questionnaire was designed and sent to 274 IAMP (Iranian Association of Medical Physicists) members focusing on these two topics: the educational situation (course syllabus, number of faculty members, number of PhD and MSc students and sub-fields offered in the department) and the professional situation (work experience, workplaces of medical physicists, postgraduate degrees that were granted and the amount of therapy and imaging equipment). ResultsMedical physics education in Iran is provided at 14 universities at master and doctorate levels. All medical physics departments offer an MSc program and 6 of them offer a PhD program. Most medical physics faculty (24%) work in the radiotherapy physics sub-specialty. Also, about 95 medical physics students graduate every year. There are six major peer-reviewed Iranian journals that publish medical physics papers in English. In addition, there are 74 radiotherapy machines including Co-60 and LINACs (LINear ACcelerators) across Iran as of 2013. ConclusionsThe curriculum of medical physics programs (MSc and PhD) in Iran must be improved to include long-term clinical courses in the four major sub-specialties of radiotherapy, medical imaging, nuclear medicine and radiation protection. It is hoped that clinical medical physicists will go through nationally-accredited exams before assuming independent clinical responsibilities. Moreover, the work situation of the medical physics profession in Iran should be clear and the government authorities must recognize importance of this interdisciplinary field in medicine.

Conscientious Objection: A neglected legal right of nursing profession in Iran

Conscientious Objection: A neglected legal right of nursing profession in Iran

Nursing developments in Iran during World Wars I & II: A historical study

Background and Purpose: Iran's nursing has witnessed remarkable changes in the period 1914 to 1945 that could be a turning point in the history of the nursing professionin Iran. This paper is a survey of modern nursing transformation history in the historical period of the World Wars and their impacton the development of the nursing profession in Iran. Methods: In the present historical study, following the statement of the problem, by an aim to access to the relevant information resources, we studied primary and secondary sources relevant to the research topic. 107 documents including photos, letters, official reports, journal archives, websites, memories, autobiographies, articles and books were studied. To complete the social conditions in this period of the history, the oral tradition history was used, too. First, the social situation of Iran at these periods of history was briefly reviewed and collected data were analyzed. Finally, the causal relationships in the development of nursing-related incidents were investigated. Results: The results of this study can be divided into three sections: socio-political situation in Iran during the Word Wars, the beginning of modern nursing and the start of academic nursing training in Iran. Based on our findings, interactions of multiple factors such as war, famine, presence of foreign forces, and beginning the modern age have led to the onset of modern nursing and nursing education in Iran. Conclusions: This study showed how the response to a social need, and at a critical juncture in the history of Iran, would lead to the quantitative and qualitative development of nursing as an academic discipline.

Counseling in Iran: History, Current Status, and Future Trends

As a growing profession, counseling in Iran was first established within the Iranian educational system. Counselors in Iran have provided mental health services during natural disasters and war. The counseling profession in Iran currently faces challenges in addressing the needs of women; ethnic minorities; and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals. In this article, the authors focus on the historical background, current trends, and future challenges of the counseling profession in Iran.

Nursing Challenges in Iran

Dear Editor, In a recent issue of the journal, you published an article about enhancing nursing students’ transition to workplace. The author mentioned that during transition, nurses frequently encounter role conflict, marginalization and burnout. These problems may lead to job dissatisfaction, intention to leave their job and also may interfere with quality of care they provide (1). In another article in the same issue, Ghorbani et al. (2) evaluated public and private hospital nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate in their work settings. The latter paper reported that managerial factors were the most important factors affecting the ethical climate both in public and private hospitals. Both the nurses’ transition to work place and the managerial factors affecting nursing care are among the challenging issues in nursing in Iran and other countries. Several other papers in this journal and other journals have also addressed nurses’ challenges in application of their knowledge and skills in practice (3, 4), educational and societal barriers faced with men in nursing such as their marginalization and not acceptance within nursing as a female career (5). It seems that there are basic challenges in nursing profession in Iran and some other countries. Method of entrance in nursing profession (6), nurses’ lack of political power and lack of participation in important organizational and national health policies (7, 8), insufficient supports from associations, financial problems, non-professional activities of associations and lack of interactions among nursing associations are among the main problems nurses face in Iran (9). Among these problems, I think the inappropriate method of entrance in nursing is the cornerstone of challenges, which made nurses ineffective and dissatisfied in Iran and prevented them to be a real “force for change”. In Iran, university entrance tests, a non-specific theoretical and aptitude test, is the only criterion for entrance of applicants into all academic professions. Applicants with higher scores enter medicine and dentistry fields, while those with relatively lower scores enter nursing and other fields. No other features are assessed while studies showed that caring professions need appropriate psychological and personal characteristics in addition to their knowledge and aptitude. Applicants usually enter a special field of study and then a profession without any information about it (4). Therefore, many nursing students do not have a high-level motivation for being in the profession and entering clinical practice. Such problem is also increasing when they face with nurses poor work conditions, high workload, low salary and limited clinical autonomy. Then, they do not perform with required standards in practice, experience psychological pressures and finally leave their job. Some although remain, but become indifferent and motiveless and make the working environment tedious (10). This is why I as a nurse educator in line with several nurse researchers believe that some steps must be performed for improving nurses financial and working conditions, simultaneously the method of entrance in to the nursing profession and student selection should be revised. In addition there is no mechanism for evaluating competencies of nursing graduates in Iran. While some studies showed that nursing graduates lack clinical competencies (11). Then, interventions to overcome these challenges seem necessary.

Audit expectations gap and corporate fraud: Empirical evidence from Iran

The purpose of this study was to investigate the existence of the audit expectations gap concerning auditors' responsibilities for preventing and detecting fraud among auditors, financial managers and investors. The survey instrument was a questionnaire used in Hassink et al. (2009) with minor modifications, according to auditing standards and auditing profession in Iran. The questionnaire consisted of 34 statements, which was divided into four groups: fraud definition (Questions 1 to 10), auditors' responsibility for detecting fraud (Questions 11 to 22), auditors' responsibility for further investigating suspicions of fraud (Questions 23 to 28), and reporting detected fraud to the supervisory board and society (Questions 29 to 34). Questionnaires were distributed among respondents. Finally, 147 questionnaires were collected. The significance of the gaps was measured using Independent-sample t-tests. The survey results provided evidence of an audit expectations gap among three groups of respondents regarding auditors' responsibilities for preventing and detecting fraud. Key words: Audit expectations gap, fraud, auditors, business managers, investors, auditing standards.

Nursing profession in Iran: An overview of opportunities and challenges

Iran's health-care system has witnessed profound changes in the last decades. Despite its progress, the system has currently faced many challenges in one of the important subsystems, nursing. The present review article aimed to present an overview of the opportunities and challenges of the Iranian nursing system, based on recent literature. A broad search of the English and Persian-language literature was carried out, incorporating both electronic and manual components from 1999 to 2009. The results of the investigations among the searched literature are summarized. The major challenges are nursing shortages, job dissatisfaction, poor social position of nurses, the gap between theory and practice, lack of community-based nursing care, lack of an appropriate student recruiting system, and shortages in the nursing educational curriculums. The authors believe that media, political and public support play a pivotal role in improving the image of nursing in society, increasing motivation among Iranian nurses, and promoting the sociocultural climate and the welfare of nurses, which will result in higher levels of quality of care as well as greater patient satisfaction.

Professional approach: The key feature of effective clinical educator in Iran

Clinical educators have an important role in the successful completion of a student's clinical education. Clinical educating is a dynamic process that occurs in a variety of socio-cultural contexts. This study was conducted to determine Iranian nursing students and faculty members' perceptions of effective clinical educator characteristics. This study was based on Grounded Theory method. A total of 10 nursing students and clinical educators voluntarily participated in this study. Data was obtained through semi-structured interviews. The analysis was carried out by the Straus and Corbin method. Findings of the study yielded five significant categories. These include (1) personal traits; (2) meta-cognition; (3) making clinical learning enjoyable; (4) being a source of support; (5) being a role model. The core variable "professional approach" in clinical education integrates these categories. The results of the study illustrated that, in an Iranian context, effective clinical educators are those who are in harmony with the spirit of nursing, adopt a reflective approach, make clinical learning enjoyable and provide a patient-centred care. They act as a role model enabling their students to manage their vocational challenges, which are a direct result of the specific socio-cultural conditions of nursing profession in Iran.

Sattareh Farman Farmaian

In 1958, a social revolution was started by Sattareh Farman Farmaian, who established the social work profession in Iran. Sattareh's far-reaching work had tremendous effects on the people of her country, even after she was forced into exile during the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Sattareh was the founder and director of the Tehran School of Social Work, as well as the founder and executive director of both the Family Planning Association and Community Welfare Centers of Iran. This article includes excerpts from an interview with her that focus on her life work and lessons for contemporary international social work practice.

Iranian nurses' attitudes toward research utilisation

Research utilisation poses significant challenges for the nursing profession in Iran. Nurses' attitudes toward research and their motivation to engage in research utilisation have repeatedly been identified as potential barriers. Yet little is known about the attitudes of Iranian nurses' regarding research. Therefore, there is a need for a study that focuses particularly on Iranian nurses' attitudes toward research utilisation. The objective was to assess the attitude of Iranian clinical nurses and nurse educators towards nursing research. A self-administered questionnaire based on a cross-sectional survey conducted on 410 respondents from 15 educational hospitals and nursing schools affiliated to Tehran Medical Sciences University, Iran. According to the self-report, nurses generally held positive attitudes toward research. Education, professional role and research activities had a statistically significant relationship with their research attitudes. Although the attitudes towards research were positive, they do not perceive that research is relevant to the day-to-day work of nursing and research is not applicable to nursing as well. The majority of nurses are still not convinced of the importance of research to nursing practice and to the nursing profession. This, in turn, means that nurses do not implement research findings in clinical practice. There is an immediate need to improve research training in our teaching hospital to facilitate the development of the local literature both in terms of research utilisation and production.