Profession In Europe Research Articles

Mapping Public Relations in Europe: Writing National Histories against the US Paradigm

The purpose of this paper is to recall the early historical development of public relations (PR) in five European countries so as to trace the emergence of the study and teaching of PR as a profession in Europe as compared to the United States. In light of recent accounts of the history of PR, the main goal of this study is to contribute to a comparative, international historical narrative by providing an overview of the main events that shaped the early stages of the profession in the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Germany and Spain

Education for the professions in Europe and in the United States: Alan Gregg Lecture.

Education for the professions in Europe and in the United States: Alan Gregg Lecture.

OxalosisReport of a Case with Review of the Literature

Over 100 years ago the medical profession in Europe and America became interested in the presence of calcium oxalate crystals in human urine. It was known that this substance was liable to form urinary calculi, and it was suspected that its excretion in the urine might indicate a metabolic disorder. Largely under the influence of Prout* and Golding Bird 3 the concept of an oxalic acid diathesis was established, and a variety of neurasthenic, dyspeptic, and rheumatic symptoms was attributed to this.† Later, attempts were made to support the diagnosis of the condition by demonstrating abnormally high levels of oxalate in the blood and urine of the patients; the terms oxalemia and oxaluria were coined. In the present century, Loeper‡ and his associates in France have been particularly active in the investigation of the suspected metabolic disorder and in attempts to maintain oxalemia as a clinical entity. There is a