Product Quality Research Articles

NMR coupled with multivariate data analysis for monitoring the degradation of a formulated therapeutic monoclonal antibody.

The function of a protein is directly coupled to its higher-order structure (HOS). Deviations in this critical quality attribute (CQA) may be linked to a decrease in the efficacy and/or safety of the final therapeutic product. High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been recently highlighted for protein HOS characterization, thanks to its ability to capture small changes at the molecular and structural levels (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary). The present study was carried out to demonstrate the ability of NMR (1D 1H and 2D 1H-13C experiments) coupled with multivariate data analysis (PCA and PLS regression) to monitor the degradation of a formulated mAb-like protein and for the simultaneous quantification of related CQAs, i.e., potency, purity and impurities (aggregates and fragments). The results indicate that this approach could be applied to mitigate product quality risks during development, manufacturing and stability studies of mAb therapeutics.

Recent advances in fish cutting: From cutting schemes to automatic technologies and internet of things innovations.

Fish-cutting products are widely loved by consumers due to the unique nutrient composition and flavor in different cuts. However, fish-cutting faces the issue of labor shortage due to the harsh working environment, huge workload, and seasonal work. Hence, some automatic, efficient, and large-scale cutting technologies are needed to overcome these challenges. Accompanied by the development of Industry 4.0, the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, big data, and blockchain technologies are progressively applied in the cutting process, which plays pivotal roles in digital production monitoring and product safety enhancement. This review focuses on the main fish-cutting schemes and delves into advanced automatic cutting techniques, showing the latest technological advancements and how they are revolutionizing fish cutting. Additionally, the production monitoring architecture based on IoT in the fish-cutting process is discussed. Fish cutting involves a variety of schemes tailored to the specific characteristics of each fish cut. The cutting process includes deheading and tail removal, filleting, boning, skinning, trimming, and bone inspection. By incorporating sensors, machine vision, deep learning, and advanced cutting tools, these technologies are transforming fish cutting from a manual to an automated process. This transformation has significant practical implications for the industry, offering improved efficiency, consistent product quality, and enhanced safety, ultimately providing a modernized manufacturing approach to fish-cutting automation within the context of Industry 4.0.

Multi-functional reinforced food packaging using delivery carriers: A comprehensive review of preparation, properties, and applications.

With the rapid development of globalization, food packaging takes on more responsibility, while guaranteeing product quality and safety. In this context, the health risks associated with chemically synthesized additives and inorganic nanoparticles have opened a new chapter in the reinforcement of food packaging with natural active ingredients. Various delivery carriers have been developed to overcome the limitations of poor stability, uneven dispersion, and low bioavailability of natural active ingredients. The combination of encapsulation technologies can increase the biocompatibility of the active ingredient with the packaging material. Moreover, the protective and slow-release effects of the carrier matrix on the active ingredients are desirable for the reinforcement of food packaging. This review presents the latest advances in the application of delivery systems in food packaging, including the types of delivery systems used in food packaging, reinforced properties of food packaging, and potential applications in the food industry. Previous scientific studies found that active ingredient-loaded delivery carriers increased the effectiveness of food packaging in preventing food spoilage. Furthermore, the integration of active packaging with smart food packaging exhibits the synergistic effects of freshness monitoring and quality preservation. This review also discusses the challenges and trends in reinforcing food packaging with delivery carriers under a synergistic strategy that will provide new ideas and insights for the development and application of innovative food packaging.

Straw additive enhances manure compost quality by promoting diverse aerobic bacteria and unitary thermophilic fungi

Shortening the initial activation time and extending the duration of the thermophilic phase are key to improving compost product quality in cold-climate regions. This study set up three treatments that cattle manure (CM), manure with rice straw (MR), and manure with maize straw (MM) in the field with ambient temperature ranging from –6 to 7 ℃. Compared with traditional manure composting, composting with straw performed more effectively, and the effect of the addition of maize straw surpassed that of the addition of rice straw. Straw additives markedly increased the compost pile temperature and extended the thermophilic phase duration. In addition, straw addition improved compost product maturity, as indicated by the humic-like substance content, absorbance ratio, and germination index. To further illustrate this result, the microbial community structure during the composting process was studied. During the thermophilic phase, straw additives, especially maize straw, improved the formation of a diverse aerobic bacterial community and a unitary thermophilic fungal community, and promoted a stronger relationship between the bacterial and fungal communities, as revealed by co-inertia analysis. The abundance of functional genes indicated that straw addition increased the activities of organic carbon degradation and transformation. This study demonstrated the necessity of enhancing the interaction between thermophilic–aerobic bacteria and thermophilic fungi to improve compost product quality.

Effects of compound fermentation of lactic acid bacteria IMAUJBP3 and IMAUJBR3 on the characteristic flavors and metabolites of mutton fermented sausages

Lactobacillus plantarum IMAUJBP3 and Limosilactobacillus reuteri IMAUJBR3 were used to prepare starter cultures. Through the electronic nose (E-nose), it was found that the compound fermentation can enhance the aromatic components in the product. Further analyses using Headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPMEGC–MS) and metabolomics revealed that the complex fermentation affected the oxidative breakdown of amino acids and lipids. HS-SPMEGC-MS identified 72 flavour compounds and found that the Mix group had the highest amount of ester compounds relative to the ZR group. In addition, of the 1402 metabolites identified by metabolomics, dihydroxyacetone phosphate was upregulated and most abundance in the Mix group. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate promotes the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, and affects the oxidative decomposition of amino acids and lipids, resulting in differences in flavor among meat products inoculated with different starter cultures. At the same time, it was also found that compound fermentation could down-regulate the compounds affecting product quality such as histamine, putrescine and phenethylamine. Overall, this study found that JBP3 and JBR3 in combination could improve the flavour quality of fermented lamb sausages. These findings may provide a good strain resource for improving the quality of lamb sausage.

Pyrethroids and reproductive function: some endocrine disrupting perspectives from molecular simulations.

Pyrethroids are widely used insecticides with huge applications for household as well as agricultural purposes and contribute to improved product quality and higher yields. In recent decades, the demand for pyrethroids has increased significantly due to advantages such as broad-spectrum efficacy, high insecticidal potential, and lower pest resistance. However, several studies have suggested that human exposure to pyrethroids leads to reproductive problems. Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is an important hormone transport protein regulating the availability of steroids at their target site. The aim of our study was to investigate the structural interactions of commonly used pyrethroids, cypermethrin and deltamethrin, with ligand binding pocket of SHBG. Cypermethrin and deltamethrin were docked into the steroid binding pocket of SHBG using Schrodinger's induced fit docking (IFD) followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies. The resultant SHBG-pyrethroid complexes from IFD experiments were subjected to structural analysis including the molecular interactions followed by binding energy estimation. The analysis revealed that both the ligands were tightly bound in the SHBG pocket with high percentage of commonality among the SHBG residues between the indicated pyrethroid ligands and the SHBG native ligand, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The estimated binding energy values for cypermethrin were less but close to the values calculated for the SHBG native ligand, DHT. However, the estimated binding energy values for deltamethrin were higher compared to the values calculated for SHBG native ligand, DHT. Furthermore, the MD simulation results also revealed the higher stability of SHBG-deltamethrin than SHBG-cypermethrin complex. To sum up, the results suggested that deltamethrin has a greater capability than cypermethrin to prevent sex steroid hormone from binding to SHBG, even though both pyrethroids have this ability. Consequently, this might hamper the circulatory transport of sex steroid hormones and their availability at the target site, subsequently interfering with reproductive function.

Bridging Theory and Practice: Applying Vrio and Pest to Foster Digital Transformation in Kadin Bandung City Msmes

ABSTRACT The data indicates that approximately 70% of MSMEs in Indonesia operate within the food and beverage sector, with 99.5% falling under the MSME classification. Despite being perceived as having numerous advantages, MSMEs face several limitations that hinder their ability to enhance competitiveness and growth. The PKM program is designed to equip participants with relevant knowledge and skills, aiming to improve product quality, expand market access, and implement effective digital strategies. The approach employed involved direct counseling and mentoring sessions for 20 women-led MSMEs supported by KADIN Bandung City. The most notable improvement was observed in participants' understanding of the benefits of digital transformation, along with a strong motivation to apply it within their business practices. Overall, the counseling and mentoring activities demonstrated their effectiveness in enhancing participants' comprehension and motivation to implement the three concepts presented in a practical business context. Keywords: PEST Analysis, VRIO Analysis, Digital Transformation

Fluid wetting and penetration characteristics in T-shaped microchannels

A thorough understanding of media tightness in automotive electronics is crucial for ensuring more reliable and compact product designs, ultimately improving product quality. Concerning the fundamental characteristics of fluid leakage issues, the dynamic wetting and penetration behavior on small scales is of special interest and importance. In this work, four T-shaped microchannels with one inlet and two outlets are experimentally investigated in terms of contact angle dynamics and interface movement over time, generating novel insight into the wetting mechanisms and fluid distribution. With a main channel width of 1 mm, a crevice width of w=0.3mm,0.4mm\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$w = {0.3}\\,\\hbox {mm}, {0.4}\\,\\hbox {mm}$$\\end{document} and a rounding edge radius of r=0.1mm,0.2mm\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$r = {0.1}\\,\\hbox {mm}, {0.2}\\,\\hbox {mm}$$\\end{document}, the geometrical effects on the fluid penetration depth in the crevice and the interface edge pinning effect are analyzed quantitatively using an automated image processing procedure. It is found that the measured dynamic contact angles in all parts can be well described by molecular kinetic theory using local contact line velocities, even with local surface effects and abrupt geometry changes. Moreover, a smaller crevice width, a sharper edge and a larger flow velocity tend to enhance the interface pinning effect and prevent fluid penetration into the crevice. The rounding radius has a more significant effect on the interface pinning compared with crevice width. The experimental data and image processing algorithm are made publicly available.

Thermoanalytical study of protein state during rehydration and rehydration kinetics in osmotically dehydrated pork meat (Longissimus dorsi): Insights from Peleg and Weibull models

Osmotically dehydrated pork meat (Longissimus dorsi), in the molasses, was used in the aim to study the protein state during rehydration. Protein state and rehydration kinetics are crucial for obtaining the desired meat product quality. The thermoanalytical techniques were employed to follow protein state and kinetics of rehydration. Obtained kinetic parameters were Peleg's rate constant (k1), 34.43, 6.23, and 10.15 (min (kg d.m.)(kg water)−1) and Peleg's capacity constant (k2), 0.726, 1.243, and 0.860 at 20, 30, and 40 °C, respectively. Parameters of Weibull's model, α, β (min), at 20 °C were 34.4; 0.86, at 30 °C were 6.24; 1.24, at 40 °C were 10.15; 0.86. From obtained enthalpies (ΔHd) and temperatures (Td) of meat proteins denaturation, it was found that proteins were partly denatured and gradually lost their structure and thermal stability during rehydration. Rehydration kinetic parameters indicated that most efficient rehydration was found to be at the 40 °C.

Research on the influence of Spillover effect on dual-channel supply chain under the background of live-streaming marketing

In the context of live streaming marketing, it is crucial for members of the supply chain to allocate resources not only to enhance product quality through quality improvement efforts but also towards marketing initiatives aimed at boosting sales. This paper focuses on a dual-channel supply chain comprising a brand vendor and a streamer and investigates the spillover effect of the live streaming channel on traditional channels and product goodwill. By analyzing the Stackelberg game and differential game, this study compares the optimal equilibrium strategy and equilibrium profit under two decentralized models: the brand vendor-dominated decentralized model and the streamer-dominated decentralized model, as well as the centralized decision-making model. Additionally, this paper presents the optimal strategy and profit function of the product goodwill trajectory for the brand vendor, streamer, and the entire supply chain, considering different spillover effects using numerical simulation. The analysis reveals that the level of quality improvement consistently increases over time, while the variation in product goodwill is more diverse. The optimal pricing of products is influenced by the market share of the channel with goods under the decision of the two decentralized models. Risk-averse brands tend to collaborate with waist and tail streamers to gain control over bargaining power, while risk-seeking brands often choose top streamers to distribute their goods when the market share of goods channels is significant. The overall profitability of the supply chain is influenced by consumers’ preferences for quality and marketing.

The Influence of Electronic Word of Mouth (E-Wom), Brand Image and Product Quality on Buying Interest in Vivo Smartphones in Jakarta

This study is a quantitative research on Consumer Purchase Intention for Vivo Smartphones. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of independent variables, namely Electronic Word of Mouth (E-WOM), Brand Image, and Product Quality, on the dependent variable, which is Purchase Intention. The population of this study consists of consumers who are aware of and use Vivo smartphones in Jakarta, with a sample size of 126 respondents selected using a non-probability sampling method. This research employs purposive sampling based on predefined criteria. The data for this study were obtained from an online questionnaire (Google Form) distributed to consumers in Jakarta who use and are aware of Vivo smartphones. For data analysis, the author used descriptive and inferential analysis techniques processed through SmartPLS 3.2.9. The study results indicate that (1) Electronic Word of Mouth does not have a positive and significant effect on Purchase Intention, with a path coefficient value of 0.021. (2) Brand Image has a positive and significant effect on Purchase Intention, with a path coefficient value of 0.215. (3) Product Quality has a positive and significant effect on Purchase Intention, with a path coefficient value of 0.593

Pengaruh Store Atmosphere Dan Kualitas Produk Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Persebaya Store Di Surabaya

The purpose of this study is to identify: (1) Toko quality and its impact on customers' satisfaction at Persebaya Store; (2) Product quality and its impact on customers' satisfaction; and (3) The relationship between product quality and store quality and customer satisfaction. Utilising a sample of 100 respondents who are Persebaya Store customers in Surabaya, the analysis technique is a berganda line regression. According to the study's findings, there are three variables that influence consumer behaviour: (1) toko size contributes positively and significantly to the change in behaviour; (2) product quality also contributes positively and significantly to the change in behaviour; and (3) both toko size and product quality contribute positively and significantly to the change in behaviour.

A Study on Consumer Satisfaction Regarding Online Vs Offline Shopping of Clothes Among Genzs in Ahemdabad City

This study investigates consumer satisfaction regarding online versus offline shopping for clothes among Generation Z in Ahmedabad, aiming to understand their preferences, behaviors, and concerns. Using a survey-based approach, the research analyzes key factors influencing their shopping experiences, such as trust, convenience, security, product quality, variety, fit, and customer service. The findings reveal that while Generation Z appreciates the convenience, discounts, and variety offered by online shopping, they still express concerns about security and confidence in product quality and fit. Offline shopping, on the other hand, is preferred for its reliability in assessing product quality, fit, and personalized customer service. The study also highlights the hybrid nature of Generation Z's shopping behavior, with many consumers using both online and offline channels based on the advantages each provides. These insights suggest that retailers should adopt an omnichannel approach, integrating online and offline experiences to enhance customer satisfaction. The practical implications for retailers include improving online security, navigation, and return processes, while maintaining high-quality in-store experiences. Recommendations for future research include expanding the study to other regions, investigating the role of emerging technologies, and exploring the impact of sustainability and ethics on shopping preferences

The Influence of Incentives, Quality, and Product Availability on Attitude toward Purchase Decision of Battery Electric Vehicle at the Greater Jakarta

Transport and mobility have significant contributions to the emissions in urban cities in Indonesia. The Indonesian government has supported the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as part of the commitment to zero emissions by 2060. According to The Association of Indonesia Automotive Industries (GAIKINDO), in 2022 the electric vehicle contributes 1.49% of the total domestic passenger car sales in Indonesia. This EV population was too small compared to what the government targeted for the adoption of EVs. This study aims to analyze the influence of government incentives, product quality, and product availability on consumer’s attitudes toward purchase decisions of battery electric vehicles (BEV). A sample of 149 respondents, who have a driving license, live in the greater area of Jakarta were collected through a questionnaire-based primary data. Through a rigorous procedure of structural equation modeling (Smart-PLS), it is found that variables of government incentives and product quality have no significant effect on consumer purchase decision for BEVs. Product availability and attitude variable has positive and significant effect on consumer purchase decision for BEVs. Moreover, the product availability variable is imperative since it is found to be the most significant variable construct. Thus, as the managerial implication, BEV dealer and manufacturer could consider the availability of various choices of electric cars with the price and driving range capabilities. Future research is recommended to cover all types of EVs, collect wider respondents on different areas and also explore different variables that influence EV customer purchase decision.

Enhancing Consumer Loyalty and Market Competitiveness: Approaching IPA-QFD in Product Development

This paper provides an overview of AA.co.Store, is a fashion business founded in 2021. Despite being in the development stage, AA.co.Store can compete with other local brands in Sidoarjo. To maintain and attract more consumers, the company focuses on improving product quality. The success of a business is measured by the number of products produced and their competitiveness in the market. Product development is crucial to increase competitiveness and attract future consumers. The quality of the product and promotional activities significantly impact customer satisfaction. Pricing and distribution also influence purchasing decisions. To compete with competitors, AA.co.Store needs a comprehensive strategy. Research suggests that product quality, price, customer satisfaction, and brand image affect consumer loyalty and satisfaction. The purpose of this research is to improve AA.co.Store's product development using an IPA-QFD-based marketing mix aligned that very important for Development Goals (SDGs) of the store to compete with other local brands in Sidoarjo. The results of this study were AA.co.Store service quality, it can be concluded that Customer satisfaction with AA.co.Store services is fulfilled, which is indicated by the results of the questionnaire using the SERVQUAL method which does not show a negative value for the AA.co.Store brand when compared to other brands. There are three service quality attributes that need to be prioritised for improvement at AA.co.Store, namely the price of t-shirts that are more competitive than other brands, the condition of the parking lot, and cleanliness. There are several steps that can be taken to improve service quality based on technical needs, including: a.) changing the organisational strategy on company performance, especially in the operational section, b.) increasing the stock of materials to meet the number of orders, c.) providing training and development on existing SOPs, and d.) repairing and maintaining existing equipment in the company.

SWOT ANALYSIS FOR DEVELOPING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES FOR ONLINE FOOD BUSINESS VIA DIGITAL MARKETING

Cencan Food, as an online food business that serves chicken dishes, snacks, and modern drinks, faces challenges in maintaining competitiveness in the increasingly competitive online food industry. This study aims to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) faced by Cencan Food, as well as formulate the right strategy to build competitive advantage through digital marketing. The SWOT analysis identified several key strengths of Cencan Food, such as the ability to adopt new technologies and the appeal of its products to various customer segments. However, several weaknesses found were inconsistencies in product quality and limitations in marketing resources. Key opportunities that can be utilized include increasing the use of social media and food delivery applications, while threats faced include intense competition and healthier food trends. The proposed strategies include menu diversification and implementation of a quality control system. Cencan Food can contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially for responsible consumption and production by prioritizing the use of sustainable raw materials and reducing food waste. Through this approach, Cencan Food is expected to strengthen its position in the market and achieve sustainable business growth. This study provides important insights for online food businesses in facing market challenges and taking advantage of digitalization opportunities.

Pricing of Halal Fashion Products in Facing Competition Reviewed From an Islamic Economic Perspective

This article discusses the pricing of halal fashion products in facing competition with an Islamic economic perspective. This study aims to analyze the pricing of halal fashion products in facing competition with an Islamic economic perspective. This study uses a literature review approach, namely reviewing related research to be used as a source of data in the study. The results of the study show that in determining the price of halal fashion products, namely by looking at production costs, halal certification, product quality, and distribution and marketing costs. In facing competition, a marketing strategy for Muslim fashion products is needed, preferably based on digital marketing in order to reach a wider market. In the competition perspective of Islamic economics, there are also several principles that need to be applied, namely healthy competition, honesty, good and sympathetic thinking, justice, and the prohibition of gharar and usury.

Level of Consumer Satisfaction Towards Brown Rice in Malang District: A Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) Analysis

In general, the current demand for brown rice does not receive the same attention from the public as white rice. So, it is important to further understand consumer behavior related to consuming brown rice because this has an impact on consumer satisfaction and has an impact on the strategies formulated by producers. Thus, this study aims to assess the level of consumer satisfaction with brown rice and evaluate the performance and importance of certain attributes. The variables analyzed include product quality, price, and benefits. This study applied a quantitative approach with Accidental Sampling technique, involving 100 respondents who were analyzed using the Customers Satisfaction Index (CSI) technique. The results of these findings indicate that the product quality variable (Taste) has the highest level of importance and performance, with values of 4.56 and 4.49, respectively. The level of satisfaction of brown rice consumers in Pakis District, Malang Regency, reached 74.53%, which is classified as satisfied (range 60.1% - 80.0%). The suggestions given are that producers need to improve the quality of brown rice in terms of taste, color, and texture, while marketers are advised to utilize social media and creative campaigns to attract young consumers and offer discounts for large purchases to increase customer satisfaction.

A Strip Steel Surface Defect Salient Object Detection Based on Channel, Spatial and Self-Attention Mechanisms

Strip steel is extensively utilized in industries such as automotive manufacturing and aerospace due to its superior machinability, economic benefits, and adaptability. However, defects on the surface of steel strips, such as inclusions, patches, and scratches, significantly affect the performance and service life of the product. Therefore, the salient object detection of surface defects on strip steel is crucial to ensure the quality of the final product. Many factors, such as the low contrast of surface defects on strip steel, the diversity of defect types, complex texture structures, and irregular defect distribution, hinder existing detection technologies from accurately identifying and segmenting defect areas against complex backgrounds. To address the above problems, we propose a novel detector called S3D-SOD for the salient object detection of strip steel surface defects. For the encoding stage, a residual self-attention block is proposed to explore semantic information cues of high-level features to locate and guide low-level feature information. In addition, we apply a general residual channel and spatial attention to low-level features, enabling the model to adaptively focus on the key channels and spatial areas of feature maps with high resolutions, thereby enhancing the encoder features and accelerating the convergence of the model. For the decoding stage, a simple residual decoder block with an upsampling operation is proposed to realize the integration and interaction of feature information between different layers. Here, the simple residual decoder block is used for feature integration due to the following observation: backbone networks like ResNet and the Swin Transformer, after being pretrained on the large dataset ImageNet and then fine-tuned on a smaller dataset for strip steel surface defects, are capable of extracting feature maps that contain both general image features and the specific characteristics required for the salient object detection of strip steel surface defects. The experimental results on the SD-saliency-900 dataset show that S3D-SOD is better than advanced methods, and it has strong generalization ability and robustness.

Defect intelligent recognition of membrane product based on deep learning

Defect detection plays a crucial role in the manufacturing industry, ensuring the quality of industrial products. Despite advancements in this field, current defect detection methods face two primary challenges: (1) extracting visually similar features from the background poses difficult and (2) these methods struggle to identify tiny defects in the target objects. We present a feature enhancement module called the SE-CAR, which aims to handle the identified problems effectively. This module is designed to efficiently capture tiny defects in images, prioritize defect information features, and ultimately enhance the model’s predictive performance and accuracy in defect recognition tasks. In addition, Distance-IoU Non-Maximum Suppression is employed as a substitution for the original Non-Maximum Suppression. This enhances the recognition accuracy of bounding boxes, ensuring that the model maintains high detection accuracy even after complex scenarios. Moreover, the proposed methodology exhibits broad applicability across a wide spectrum of prevalent defect detection paradigms. In empirical experiments, we employ the YOLOv7 architecture as the foundation framework, integrating the proposed methodologies for the purpose of detecting defects in the membrane. The empirical evidence demonstrates a notable improvement in the performance of detecting defects in membrane products using the SE-CAR feature enhancement module and Distance-IoU Non-Maximum Suppression algorithm. In comparison to baseline networks, an increase in mAp by 6.29%, precision by 1.63%, and recall by 8.76%.