Products Of Origin Research Articles

Evaluation of contamination by Salmonella of food raw materials and food products of animal origin

Evaluation of contamination by Salmonella of food raw materials and food products of animal origin

Radiation survey of the territory of Teriberka village and Kildin Island of Murmansk Region

The Arctic zone is a strategically important territory of the Russian Federation from the point of view of socio-economic, scientific, and technological components, as well as in terms of planning the development of a system for ensuring national defense, state, and public security. Intensive exploration and development of Arctic territories, combined with a rapidly changing environment due to global climate change, carries a few risks for the environment. This determines the need to assess potential environmental damage and determine the significance of factors of potential negative impact on unique Arctic ecosystems now and in the future. The article presents current data from a radiation survey of the coastal zone of residential areas close to the site of the sinking of the nuclear submarine ‘K-159’ – Teriberka village and Kildin Island, Murmansk region, as well as the sea area to assess the primary levels of man-made and natural radionuclides before starting work on the potential lifting of the submerged object. This work was carried out as part of the implementation of the State Program of the Russian Federation ‘Health Development’ (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 26, 2017, No. 1640). The results of measuring the ambient dose equivalent rate of gamma radiation in open areas and determining the content of man-made and natural radionuclides in samples of environmental media (soil, aquatic vegetation, marine aquatic organisms) and food products of local origin and production (mushrooms, berries, fish, milk). The research results showed that the state of the study area is generally stable in terms of the radiation factor, the content of radionuclides is at the background level. As part of this work, electronic database modules have been developed based on the results of radiation monitoring in Teriberka village and on Kildin Island. Certificate No. 2022621890 was received on registration of a database with the results of the radiation situation of the above-mentioned territories.

Mining the Biosynthetic Landscape of Lactic Acid Bacteria Unearths a New Family of RiPPs Assembled by a Novel Type of ThiF-like Adenylyltransferases.

Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are chemically diverse natural products of ribosomal origin. These peptides, which frequently act as signals or antimicrobials, are biosynthesized by conserved enzymatic machinery, making genome mining a powerful strategy for unearthing previously uncharacterized members of their class. Herein, we investigate the untapped biosynthetic potential of Lactobacillales (i.e., lactic acid bacteria), an order of Gram-positive bacteria closely associated with human life, including pathogenic species and industrially relevant fermenters of dairy products. Through genome mining methods, we systematically explored the distribution and diversity of ThiF-like adenylyltransferase-utilizing RiPP systems in lactic acid bacteria and identified a number of unprecedented biosynthetic gene clusters. In one of these clusters, we found a previously undescribed group of macrocyclic imide biosynthetic pathways containing multiple transporters that may be involved in a potential quorum sensing (QS) system. Through in vitro assays, we determined that one such adenylyltransferase specifically catalyzes the intracyclization of its precursor peptide through macrocyclic imide formation. Incubating the enzyme with various primary amines revealed that it could effectively amidate the C-terminus of the precursor peptide. This new transformation adds to the growing list of Nature's peptide macrocyclization strategies and expands the impressive catalytic repertoire of the adenylyltransferase family. The diverse RiPP systems identified herein represent a vast, unexploited landscape for the discovery of a novel class of natural products and QS systems.

The process of sucrose crystallization in the supersaturated solution

Crystallization processes of the solid phase in supersaturated solutions of products of plant origin are used in processing technologies. The theory of diffusion (molecular) mass transfer of the target substance has become widespread when solving problems of technology improvement. The driving force of this process is the difference in the concentration of the solid phase in the solution towards the crystallization center, where the concentration of the solid phase is reduced. During the analytical and quantitative study of the process of solid phase deposition in the crystallization center, Fick's diffusion laws have been used. The influence of solution temperature, concentration of the solid phase, its geometry and dispersed composition on the course of this process have been considered. Based on a diffusion model of the process of crystal formation of sucrose in a vacuum apparatus, a numerical analysis of factors in sugar production technology not covered in the literature has been presented. The problem of quantitative analysis of the process of sucrose crystallization in the working volume of a vacuum apparatus for the production of sugar and other products of plant origin of high commercial standards requires further in-depth study.

LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN COUNTRYSIDE AND THE COUNTRY’S FOOD SECURITY

Agricultural production is one of the most important components of the economy of every country, as it guarantees their food security. The livestock products market occupies an important place in the general food market of Ukraine. Ensuring the needs of the population with food products produced from the products provided by the livestock industry depends on its development. However, the actual state of the industry during the last 30 years does not correspond to potential opportunities and is characterized by a reduction in the number of almost all types of farm animals. In the 90s of the last century, after a short-lived reform of the agro-industrial complex, livestock farming in Ukraine underwent negative changes. The population of agricultural animals in large agricultural enterprises (collective farms and state farms) began to decrease at a catastrophic pace, productivity decreased, production became unprofitable and product quality deteriorated, the country’s export potential decreased and the social living conditions of the rural population worsened. All this puts national food security at risk. The article analyzes the state of animal husbandry development in the period 1991–2021 and found that after 1990, the production of the main livestock products moved to private homesteads of peasants, to small areas of homestead plots. Most of the peasants in their households keep pigs (68.4%), sheep and goats (78%), poultry (79.5%), rabbits (99.5%) and bee colonies (88.3%). It was established that in 2021, the production of meat and meat products amounted to 70.1%, milk and dairy products — 44.6% of those produced in 1991, but the production of eggs increased by 8.3% compared to 1991. It was found that the low level of income does not allow Ukrainians to eat well. In 2021, the level of consumption of meat and meat products by the population of Ukraine amounted to 71% of the rational norm and exceeded the minimum necessary norm by only 9.2%. Ukrainians also do not consume enough milk and dairy products — 53.1% of the rational norm, and only eggs — an almost rational norm (95.9%). At the same time, it should be noted that 29% of the average daily diet of Ukrainians is provided by the consumption of products of animal origin. The influence of the enemy’s military actions on the livestock industry of Ukraine is given. Significant losses of farm animals and poultry and ecological damage to the natural environment for decades to come have been caused due to the destruction of animals and the inability to dispose of them in time and in accordance with the rules.

Immunomodulatory effect of hemozoin from Opisthorchis felineus and its participation in reducing allergic inflammation through activation of the inflammasome

Molecules of the excretory-secretory product arising as a result of co-evolution of a host and a parasite are able to inhibit the type 2 immune response, while activating the type 1 and the type 17 responses. The ability to alter the immune response can be used to inhibit inflammation in allergic diseases. In this regard, a search for helminth-associated molecules both with an immunomodulatory effect and immunogenicity and low toxicity is represented as a topical task. Hemozoin being a dark brown insoluble biocrystal is an excretory product of a number of hematophagous parasites (Schistosoma mansoni, Plasmodium falciparum and Opisthorchis felineus). This substance as a compound of parasitic origin with explicit immunomodulatory properties has prospects for deep research. Lots of relevant literature has been studied carefully before developing a concept about Opisthorchis felineus hemozoin and its unique properties. Thus, the current review presents an analysis of the accumulated data regarding the effect of Opisthorchis felineus trematode on the host immune system. Also the data on the immunomodulatory effect of hemozoin of various origins is analyzed. The current knowledge on the immune mechanisms of inflammasome activation and the possible role of hemozoin in reducing allergic inflammation through this mechanism is represented in this article. According to the systemized research results the excretory-secretory molecule of the liver fluke is a product of parasitic origin with an explicit immunomodulatory effect which is promising for prospective scientific study. Opisthorchis felineus extract increases the expression of T-regulatory cells and inhibits the Th2-immune response. Hemozoin produced by Opisthorchis felineus, like one produced by Plasmodium falciparum, may be involved in reducing the activity of allergic inflammation through activation of the inflammasome. Comprehension of the mechanism of how hemozoin interacts with the host immune system can be applied for correction of conditions associated with Th2-polarization of the immune response, which primarily include atopic diseases. Studying the mechanism of inflammation will help by the search for a biological target to create a vaccine to prevent the spread of atopic diseases, including bronchial asthma.

Salmonellosis in Ukraine: An analysis of food products contamination, Salmonella transmission, and serovar diversity during 2012–2023

A laboratory-based surveillance was conducted to study the transmission of Salmonella infection in Ukraine during the period 2012-2023. The study focused on the different categories of food products, feed, and animals as the main transmission factors and tried to analyze the relationship between them. The serological profile of Salmonella was predominantly observed in samples from objects of veterinary control, including biological/pathological material from animals and biomaterials from poultry within the National Poultry Salmonellosis Control Program. The study found that the most frequently isolated serovars were S. Enteritidis (20.03%), followed by S. Typhimurium (14.76%), S. Pullorum (without biovar identification;10.71%), S. Pullorum biovar Pullorum (10.50%), S. Pullorum var. Gallinarum (6.62%), S. Choleraesuis (5.79%), S. Livingstone (2.53%), and S. Infantis (1.70%). In 2021, an isolate of monophasic S. Typhimurium was identified for the first time in pathological material from pigs. The study also found that the most frequent Salmonella-positive categories of food products in Ukraine were meat and meat products (78.16%), eggs and egg products (11.75%); dairy products (3.319%), fish products (2.71%), ready-to-eat food products (1.96%). The largest specific share of Salmonella isolates from food products and feed was S. Enteritidis, followed by serotypes such as S. Infantis, S. Typhimurium, S. Livingstone, S. Virchow, and rare serotypes such as S. Nigeria and S. Thompson. The dominance of certain serovars such as S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, S. Livingstone, and S. Virchow in biomaterials from sick animals indicates their primary role in the infection of food products of animal origin. Hence, a stress to enhance diagnostic and monitoring frameworks at animal herd levels. The findings of this study can be used as a basis for evidence-based epidemiology, as well as for the implementation of joint steps to improve the effectiveness of control measures against salmonellosis in each region.

MILK QUALITY OF ETAWA BREEDING GOATS SEEN FROM CALIFORNIA MASTITIS TEST, ALCOHOL TEST, REDUCTASE TEST, AND BOILING TEST IN RAKA ETAWA FARMING

Milk is a food product of animal origin that has high benefits. The main requirement for milk consumption by the public is good milk quality. This study aims to determine the quality of Etawa breeding goat milk as seen from the California mastitis test, alcohol test, reductase test, and boiling test at Raka Etawa Farm and see the relationship between the California mastitis test (CMT) with the alcohol test, reductase, and boiling test. This study was conducted in a descriptive observational. Sampling using purposive sampling method with sample criteria taken is milk from goat mothers who are in the lactation period. In this study it was found that of the 30 milk samples taken, based on the results of the California mastitis test, there were 15 samples of milk of Etawa breeding goats (50%) experiencing the incidence of subclinical mastitis level III, 11 milk samples (36,7%) experiencing the incidence of subclinical mastitis level II, and as many as 4 milk samples (13,3%) did not experience the incidence of subclinical mastitis. Based on the alcohol test, 26 milk samples (80%) showed positive results and as many as 4 milk samples (20%) showed negative results. The reductase test results showed that 24 samples (80%) had a reductase time of 2 hours and 6 samples (20%) showed a reductase time of 1 hour. The boiling test results showed that 26 milk samples (86,7%) were positive and 4 milk samples (13,3%) had negative results. There was no significant relationship between the CMT test and alcohol test and the CMT test and reductase test (P > 0.05). There was a significant relationship between the CMT test and boiling test (P < 0.05) on the quality of milk of Etawa breeding goats at Raka Etawa Farm. It can be concluded that the majority of Etawa breeding goat milk at Raka Etawa Farm is of poor quality. Cage hygiene, cleaning the udder before milking, and always using gloves during milking need to be considered to produce good quality milk by applicable standards.

ESCHERICHIA COLI CONTAMINATION ON IMPORTED FROZEN Buffalo MEAT SOLD AT AIKMEL TRADITIONAL MARKET, AIKMEL DISTRICT, EAST LOMBOK DISTRICT, WEST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE

The demand for beef in Indonesia continues to increase. The government is striving to achieve self-sufficiency in beef production, but the high price of beef is driving imports of buffalo meat from India. Buffalo meat has high nutritional value, similar to beef. Since 2015, frozen buffalo meat imports from India have begun to enter Indonesia, particularly in West Nusa Tenggara, as an effort to meet market demand in the modern shopping areas in Mataram City, Lombok. The relatively cheap price of frozen buffalo meat has led to expanded marketing in East Lombok, especially in the traditional market of Aikmel, which is approximately 72 km away from Mataram. The aim of this research is to determine the extent of Escherichia coli contamination and the amount of Escherichia coli contamination per gram of buffalo meat sold in this traditional market. The research samples consist of frozen buffalo meat from India sourced from 10 Indian buffalo meat vendors in the Aikmel market, each weighing 100 grams. The isolation and identification method follows Jawetz et al. (2008), starting with isolation on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA), followed by identification with INMVIC (Indole, Methyl Red, Voges Proskauer, Citrate), reinforced by results from TSIA (Triple Sugar Iron Agar) and Urease tests. The research found that E. coli contamination exceeded the specified limit (SNI 7388:2009, 2009) in 9 out of 10 samples taken from 10 Indian buffalo meat vendors in the Aikmel market. The smallest and largest amounts of E. coli contamination in 90% of the contaminated samples were 80x101 and 7x103 colonies/gram, respectively. This condition is crucial for the government to pay attention to, in order to enhance education and supervision of the public regarding the procedures and regulations for the sale of frozen buffalo meat from India, in accordance with the marketing of animal origin products.

ФІНАНСОВИЙ АНАЛІЗ ІННОВАЦІЙНО ОРІЄНТОВАНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ АГРОПРОДОВОЛЬЧИХ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ СИСТЕМ В УМОВАХ РИНКОВОГО ЦІНОУТВОРЕННЯ

The following trends characterize the economic development of innovatively oriented enterprises of agri-food socio-economic systems in the conditions of market pricing: there is an increase in the overall production of food products, beverages and tobacco products, in particular pork,poultry and canned goods from them, vegetables, sunflower oil, liquid milk, cereals, non-carbonated mineral water, cigarettes; growth per person. In Ukraine, the production of the following food products and beverages increased: pork and poultry meat, canned vegetables, sunflower oil, liquid milk, butter, and non-carbonated mineral water. At the same time, there was a reduction in the production of sausage products, certain fruit products, margarine, cheese, certain dairy products, flour, bread, flour products, chocolate, confectionery, and beverages. There is a decrease per capita in the production of such food products and beverages in Ukraine as sausages, juices, some other fruit products, margarine, cheese, certain dairy products, bread and bakery products, chocolate, sugar confectionery, carbonated mineral water, beverages non-alcoholic; growth of wholesale turnover of food products and the share of sales of domestic food products with a simultaneous reduction in the specific weight of food in the structure of wholesale turnover. There was a decrease in the volume of retail sales of certain food product groups, in particular, such as: meat and meat products, butter, vegetable oils, cheese, eggs, confectionery, tea, flour, bakery and pasta products, potatoes, vegetables, fruits , berries, grapes; positive dynamics of retail turnover of food products, which is obviously related to the dynamics of solvent demand of the population. We also observe an increase in the specific share of products of vegetable and animal origin, live animals, fats and oil in the structure of the state's exports, while the share of ready-made food products decreases. In general, the volume of food exports increased; the specific weight of ready-made food products, products of plant origin, fats and oils in the structure of national imports increased, while the share of live animals and products of animal origin decreased at the same time

Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone from Cereals and Cereals Products

Abstract The control and assessment of the level of mycotoxins in food is a very important desideratum for the food industry and, in particular, for products of plant origin. Control of food products represents a priority to get safe the population. Products intended for consumers must comply with the legislation. Mycotoxins are compounds with high stability, with very few ways and possibilities of elimination from the body. In order to eliminate the risk, a rigorous control of the feed is necessary. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the content of zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in cereals, bread and bread with potatoes. As a result of the determinations, it was found that the ZEA and the DON are well below the values provided by the legislation, due to the proper application of the food safety systems. In the case of ZEA and DON, the highest amount was observed in the case of whole grains, and the smallest amount was observed in homemade bread with potatoes

Development of honey dessert recipes for healthy purposes

With the development of food technology, consumers plan to get as many food products as possible to meet their needs, including healthy food. Wellness desserts are one of the potential options to meet consumer needs, but modern nutrition trends place increased demands on the quality of products and their impact on human health. The use of beekeeping products and products of plant origin with the content of biologically active substances in food technologies of the dessert direction allows you to enrich them with minerals and vitamins, increase their nutritional and biological value, as well as improve their taste properties. Such a product can primarily be used by specific population groups, such as athletes, or people with impaired normal body function (health). Four recipes for health-improving desserts with various additional components were developed in this study. To develop the recipes, the ingredients were experimentally combined in different proportions to determine the optimal composition, consistency, and other organoleptic characteristics. All the developed desserts have been given working names. The products are based on honey or honey cream, dried pumpkin, and pumpkin seeds (meal). Recipes: №1 «Anti-inflammatory» additionally contained spirulina (powder) and propolis aqueous extract; №2 «Revitalizing» – freeze-dried raspberries and beebread in natural granules; №3 «Multi-Complex» – ground fenugreek seeds, freeze-dried sea buckthorn berries and crushed bee pollen; №4 «Youth and Beauty» – sesame seeds, freeze-dried apple (powder) and lactose-adsorbed royal jelly. The technological processes for the production of the new product have been developed. The technology of honey desserts for health purposes includes preparation of raw materials, mixing of ingredients for 20 minutes, aging and maturation (12 hours; t 15–25°C), packaging, labeling, and storage (t 15–25°C; φ 50–75%). Recipes for honey desserts for health purposes have been developed. Prospects for further work include organoleptic, physicochemical studies, and determination of safety indicators during storage to develop technical specifications and instructions for further practical implementation. Recipes for honey desserts for health purposes have been developed. Prospects for further work include organoleptic, physicochemical studies, and determination of safety indicators during storage to develop technical specifications and instructions for further practical implementation.

Pharmacological and legal aspects of the drugs in modern animal husbandry

In modern conditions, the responsibility of the farmer and veterinarian to ensure the proper quality of livestock products by observing the deadlines for the withdrawal of medicinal products is increasing, especially in cases of unauthorized use of medical therapeutic agents. The purpose of the study was to get acquainted with the pharmacological and legal aspects of the use of medicinal products in modern animal husbandry and to determine the role and tasks of the veterinarian in ensuring the quality and safety of products of animal origin. An analysis of legal acts of various countries regulating the use of medicinal products outside of the instructions in modern animal husbandry was carried out. The analysis of the results of the study allows us to state that in view of the intensifcation of animal husbandry and the prospects for the development of trade in products of animal origin within the framework of the WTO and with EU countries, the issue outside the instructions for the use of medicinal products for farm animals in Ukraine requires attention. The attitude to the use of medicinal products should be reflected in the relevant legal acts regulating the work of veterinary medicine doctors. In Ukraine, the main document for veterinary medicine regarding the rules for the use of veterinary drugs is the Law "On Veterinary Medicine". According to it, it is allowed to use for farm animals only medicines entered in the state register. An important task of the pharmacological support of the animal husbandry industry should be the study of the pharmacokinetics of drugs in cases of their use in animals outside of the instructions. We believe that the further study of the experience of European countries in solving the issue of pharmacological support for the production of livestock products and the development of regulatory documents in Ukraine is a promising direction of research. Key words: animal husbandry, product safety, medicinal products, instructions, application.

Drug Delivery Systems of Betulin and Its Derivatives: An Overview.

Natural origin products are regarded as promising for the development of new therapeutic therapies with improved effectiveness, biocompatibility, reduced side effects, and low cost of production. Betulin (BE) is very promising due to its wide range of pharmacological activities, including its anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. However, despite advancements in the use of triterpenes for clinical purposes, there are still some obstacles that hinder their full potential, such as their hydrophobicity, low solubility, and poor bioavailability. To address these concerns, new BE derivatives have been synthesized. Moreover, drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising solution to overcome the barriers faced in the clinical application of natural products. The aim of this manuscript is to summarize the recent achievements in the field of delivery systems of BE and its derivatives. This review also presents the BE derivatives mostly considered for medical applications. The electronic databases of scientific publications were searched for the most interesting achievements in the last ten years. Thus far, it is mostly nanoparticles (NPs) that have been considered for the delivery of betulin and its derivatives, including organic NPs (e.g., micelles, conjugates, liposomes, cyclodextrins, protein NPs), inorganic NPs (carbon nanotubes, gold NPs, silver), and complex/hybrid and miscellaneous nanoparticulate systems. However, there are also examples of microparticles, gel-based systems, suspensions, emulsions, and scaffolds, which seem promising for the delivery of BE and its derivatives.

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Potential of Ethanolic Extracts of Duguetia vallicola (Annonaceae) against in-Hospital Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that is especially dominant in people with cystic fibrosis; the drug resistance expressed by this pathogen and its capacity for adaptation poses a significant challenge to its treatment and control, thereby increasing morbidity and mortality rates globally. In this sense, the search for new treatment alternatives is imminent today, with products of plant origin being an excellent alternative for use. The objective of this research was to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm potential and to explore the possible effect of ethanolic extracts from the wood and bark of Duguetia vallicola on the cell membrane. Microdilution assays showed the inhibition of bacterial growth by more than 50%, with the lowest concentration (62.5 μg/mL) of both extracts evaluated. Furthermore, we report the ability of both extracts to inhibit mature biofilms, with inhibition percentages between 48.4% and 93.7%. Intracellular material leakage experiments (260/280 nm), extracellular pH measurements, and fluorescence microscopy with acridine orange (AO) and ethidium bromide (EB) showed cell membrane damage. This indicates that the antibacterial action of ethanolic extracts of D. vallicola is associated with damage to the integrity of the cell membrane and consequent death of these pathogens. These results serve as a reference for future studies in establishing the mechanisms of action of these extracts.

Evaluation and Discrimination of Lipid Components and Iron and Zinc Levels in Chicken and Quail Eggs Available on the Polish Market.

All over the world, birds' eggs are an important and valuable component of the human diet. This study aimed to compare the content of lipid components and their nutritional value as well as iron and zinc levels in chicken and quail eggs commonly available on the market. In egg lipids, unsaturated fatty acids were dominant, especially oleic acid, the content of which was about 40% of the total fatty acids (TFAs). Linoleic acid was the major polyunsaturated fatty acid. Compared to other products of animal origin, eggs were characterized by favorable values of lipid quality indices, especially the index of atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, and the hypocholesterolemic-to-hypercholesterolemic ratio. In the present study, no differences were found in the content of tested nutrients between eggs from different production methods (organic, free-range, barn, cages). Based on linear discriminant analysis, inter-breed differences were noticed. Cluster analysis showed that eggs enriched in n3 PUFAs (according to the producers' declarations) differed from other groups of chicken eggs. However, in eggs from one producer only, the amount of EPA and DHA exceeds 80 mg per 100 g, entitling the use of the nutrition claim on the package. Quail eggs differed from chicken eggs in FA profile and cholesterol and iron levels.

NOSOLOGICAL FEATURES OF INFECTIOUS ABORTIONS IN COWS

Providing the country's population with high-quality products is a priority task of modern animal husbandry. However, there are a number of problems in the industry that prevent obtaining quality products of animal origin in the required volume. The intensification of dairy farming and the increase in milk productivity of cows is often accompanied by a metabolic disorder, which reduces the body's resistance, contributing to the development of immune-deficiencies, which increase the susceptibility of animals to infectious diseases, some of which have an abortive form of manifestation and, accordingly, the consequence is a lack of offspring and potential income due to abortions. Abortion in cows should be considered not only as a gynecological problem, but also as an economic one, because animal husbandry accounts for more than 38% in the structure of gross agricultural products of the country and the lack of keeping of young animals significantly affects the development of the livestock industry. This publication is devoted to the results of the nosological profile of infectious abortions in cows on the territory of Ukraine, among which 64% of cases are infectious agents - 41.4% of bacterial origin and 22.6% of viral origin. The most frequent factors of bacterial etiology of abortions in cows are leptospira, coxiella, salmonella, mycoplasma, campylobacter, chlamydia, toxoplasma and listeria, and the most common viral ones are flavo-virus, gamma-herpesvirus and alpha-herpesvirus.

A Bayesian analysis of adaptation of mountain grassland production to global change

Abstract In mountains, grasslands managed for livestock production sustain local economies, culture and identity. However, their future fodder production is highly uncertain under climate change: While an extended growing season may be beneficial, more frequent and intense summer droughts could also reduce fodder quantity and quality. Land use and land cover (LULC) changes are another major driver of grassland biomass production, but combined effects of future land use transitions and climate change are rarely quantified. We modelled combined climate and LULC scenarios for grassland production of the Maurienne Valley (French Alps) by 2085. We built a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) from long‐term grassland production monitoring data complemented with expert knowledge. We assessed the potential of two candidate adaptations, intensification as an incremental solution and silvopastoralism as a transformative solution to compensate combined impacts of two climate scenarios and three land use change scenarios. Total biomass production was far more sensitive to LULC than to climate scenarios. Production losses were largest under the conservation LULC scenario (−28% on average between 2020 and 2085), followed by the tourism development scenario (−7%) and the business‐as‐usual scenario (+3%). Climate change under representative concentration pathways (RCP) 8.5 altered the seasonality of production by increasing potential production from May to July while decreasing summer regrowth. Synthesis and applications: Changes in LULC are more decisive for global biomass production than climate change. However, under the most extreme climate change scenario (RCP8.5), the seasonal shift in production and increased interannual variability threaten the current grass‐based protected designation of origin (PDO) production system. Only the intensification adaptation solution showed significant gains in total biomass production. Still, the silvopastoralism would require less investment compared to the intensification and have a similar efficiency when assessing the gains of biomass by the surface concerned with adaptation solutions. Along with decreased total annual production due to decreasing grassland area compounded by more extreme climate change, the seasonal shift in production and increased interannual variability threaten the current grass‐based PDO production system. Further Bayesian modelling co‐developed with local stakeholders and experts could greatly contribute to adaptation planning of the regional production system.

Determinants of Consumers' Acceptance and Adoption of Novel Food in View of More Resilient and Sustainable Food Systems in the EU: A Systematic Literature Review.

This review article aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the main determinants of consumers' acceptance of novel foods (new foods and ingredients) in the EU with emphasis on product's intrinsic properties (sensory characteristics) and individual factors (socio-demographics, perceptive, psychological) by adopting a systematic approach following the PRISMA methodology. Case studies on terrestrial (i.e., insects, cultured meat and other animal origin products, plant-based food including mushrooms, plant-based analogues, pulses, and cereals) and aquatic systems (i.e., algae and jellyfish) are included focusing on age-related and cross-national differences in consumer acceptance of novel foods and ingredients. General trends have emerged that are common to all the novel foods analysed, regardless of their aquatic or terrestrial origin. Aspects such as food neophobia, unfamiliarity, and poor knowledge of the product are important barriers to the consumption of novel foods, while healthiness and environmental sustainability perception are drivers of acceptance. Sensory properties are challenging for more familiar ingredients such as plant-based food (e.g., novel food made by pulses, mushrooms, cereals and pseudocereals). Results are discussed in terms of feasibility of introducing these products in the EU food systems highlighting strategies that can encourage the use of new ingredients or novel foods.

Pharmacological Implications of Natural Products of Fruits and Vegetable Origin on the Activity of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

The primary goal of drug metabolism, sometimes referred to as pharmacokinetic process, is to change a medication's chemical structure to make it more readily excretable. Typically, phase I and phase II reactions involve this mechanism. Xenobiotics can stimulate or inhibit the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes involved in phase I processes. The goal of this research is to clarify the clinical significance of CYP450 induction and inhibition by demonstrating how certain bioactive compounds found in foods or natural products derived from fruits and vegetables can alter CYP450 enzyme activity, impacting drug bioavailability and depuration in addition. The interaction between natural products and foods derived from fruits and vegetables and some pharmaceuticals that can result in toxicity or therapeutic failure will be explained with a few instances. This will make it possible to compile pertinent data regarding appropriate pharmaceutical management in a range of clinical contexts.