Disinfectant Products Research Articles

Determination of 25 quaternary ammonium compounds in sludge by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

With the pandemic of COVID-19, the application of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), which can be used in SARS-CoV-2 disinfection products, has increased substantially. QACs cumulated in sewer system are ultimately deposited and enriched in sludge. QACs in the environment can adversely affect human health and the environment. In this study, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was established for the simultaneous determination of 25 QACs in sludge samples. Ultrasonic extraction and filtration of the samples was performed using a 50mM hydrochloric acid-methanol solution. The samples were separated by liquid chromatography and detected in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The matrix effects of the sludge on the 25 QACs ranged from - 25.5% to 7.2%. All substances showed good linearity in the range of 0.5-100ng/mL, with all determination coefficients (R2) greater than 0.999. The method detection limits (MDLs) were 9.0ng/g for alkyltrimethylammonium chloride (ATMAC), 3.0ng/g for benzylalkyldimethylammonium chloride (BAC), and 3.0ng/g for dialkyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC). The spiked recovery rates were in the range of 74-107%, while the relative standard deviations were in the range of 0.8-20.6%. Considering its sensitivity, accuracy, and easy operation, the proposed method in this study was used to determine 22 sludge samples collected from a comprehensive wastewater treatment plant. The results showed that the concentrations of ΣATMACs, ΣBACs, and ΣDADMACs were 19.684, 3.199, and 8.344μg/g, respectively. The main components included ATMAC-C16, ATMAC-C18, ATMAC-C20, ATMAC-C22, BAC-C12, and DADMAC-C18:C18, with concentrations exceeding 1.0μg/g. The concentration relationships of different components in the congeners showed that some components were of similar origin.

Toxicity Evaluation and Effect-Based Identification of Chlorine Disinfection Products of the Anti-COVID-19 Drug Chloroquine Phosphate.

Antiviral transformation products (TPs) generated during wastewater treatment are an environmental concern, as their discharge, in considerable amounts, into natural waters during a pandemic can pose possible risks to the aquatic environment. Identification of the hazardous TPs generated from antivirals during wastewater treatment is important. Herein, chloroquine phosphate (CQP), which was widely used during the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, was selected for research. We investigated the TPs generated from CQP during water chlorination. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were used to assess the developmental toxicity of CQP after water chlorination, and hazardous TPs were estimated using effect-directed analysis (EDA). Principal component analysis revealed that the developmental toxicity induced by chlorinated samples could be relevant to the formation of some halogenated TPs. Fractionation of the hazardous chlorinated sample, along with the bioassay and chemical analysis, identified halogenated TP387 as the main hazardous TP contributing to the developmental toxicity induced by chlorinated samples. TP387 could also be formed in real wastewater during chlorination in environmentally relevant conditions. This study provides a scientific basis for the further assessment of environmental risks of CQP after water chlorination and describes a method for identifying unknown hazardous TPs generated from pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment.

Influence of the calcination method and anode composition on the generation of disinfectants

Developing highly selectivity anode materials for hypochlorite generation in low-concentrated sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions is challenging. Here, we describe the synthesis and physical and electrochemical characterization of ruthenium-based binary anodes (Ti/RuO2 − Sb2O4 and Ti/RuO2 − TiO2) prepared by different heating methods (laser, microwave, and furnace). The heating method and chemical composition were crucial in the anode characteristics and catalytic activity. The anodes of Ti/RuO2 − Sb2O4 composition prepared by laser and microwave show an increase in voltammetric charge by 1.4 and 1.9-folds and a decrease in resistance to charge transfer by approximately 2-folds compared with the corresponding furnace-made anode. The Ti/RuO2 − TiO2 anode prepared by unconventional methods (laser and microwave) shows an increased voltammetric charge in approximately 3-folds and reduced resistance to charge transfer at 5.6 and 3.4 times, respectively, compared with the anode prepared in an electric furnace. The composition of MMO and the applied current density are the main factors that influence the production of ClO and chloramine disinfectants. The highest electrocatalytic activity for generating hypochlorite from low-concentrated NaCl solutions was obtained by the Ti/RuO2 − TiO2 anode prepared by laser heating using a current density of 60 mA cm−2. Additionally, we evaluated the electrochemical generation of inorganic chloramines. Consequently, this study offers new insights into the preparation of low-cost materials for efficient in situ generation of disinfectants.

By-products of disinfection of potable water at placing of armies in field conditions

On the basis of studying of the data published in open sources, the problem of the comparative characteristic of potential danger of various methods of disinfection of water about formation in process or as a result of its clearing of the substances possessing toxic and (or) cancerogenic action dared. Application of practically all methods, both traditional, and perspective is established, that is accompanied by formation of by-products of disinfection directly in potable water or as a part of drains in the form garbage removed from the water.
 Now the most widespread, effective and economic way of disinfection water is the use of chlorine-containing preparations. Such approach provides destruction of the majority of pathogenic microorganisms that defines the application of chlorine-containing preparations in world practice of clearing and water disinfecting in spite of the fact that at their use there is a formation of the big number of products of collateral disinfection.
 As concentration of the last depends on parameters of the process of disinfection, to solve a safety problem it is offered by strict observance of conditions of technological process, instead of prohibition of application of those or other techniques.
 The most perspective for water preparation perfection in the field conditions, having the least quantity of by-products of disinfection, is the approach to disinfecting of water which includes two alternative systems: reverse osmosis and an ultrafiltration (and in the long term nanofiltration) with possibility of a choice of one of these variants of clearing.
 As concentration of the last depends on parameters of the process of clearing, to solve a safety problem it is offered by strict observance of conditions of technological process, instead of prohibition of application of those or other techniques.
 The basis for refusal of connection of field camp to the centralised networks of water supply and use of the chlorinated potable water is not revealed.

Comparison of disinfectants-induced gene expression profile: Potential adverse effects

Despite their importance in combating the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, adverse effects of disinfectants on human health, especially the respiratory system, have been of continuing concern to researchers. Considering that bronchi are the main target of sprayed disinfectants, we here treated the seven major active ingredients in disinfectant products accepted by the US EPA to human bronchial epithelial cells and determined the subtoxic levels. Then, we performed microarray analysis using total RNA obtained at the subtoxic level and designed a network representing disinfectant-induced cellular response using the KEGG pathway analysis technique. Polyhexamethylguanidine phosphate, a lung fibrosis inducer, was used as a reference material to verify the relationship between cell death and pathology. The derived results reveal potential adverse effects along with the need for an effective application strategy for each chemical.

Inisiasi dan pengembangan produk handsanitizer pada center of excellence Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Hasanuddin sebagai upaya pengembangan usaha intelektual kampus

PPUPIK is a community service program for 3 years. The purpose of this activity is to produce the intellectual products from the Faculty of Pharmacy UNHAS, especially Hand sanitizer and Disinfectant products, so that the Center of Excellence of the Faculty of Pharmacy UNHAS (CoE-FFUH) would become an independent business unit that able to support UNHAS' role as PTNBH. The specific target for this first year is the initiation of the development of a production unit of hand sanitizer and disinfectant products at CoE-FFUH. The initiation consists of the determination of documents for the production process, determination of product packaging material and designs, and also pilot-scale production for limited sales. As for the following year, hopefully, this product will be able to obtain a distribution permit for household health supplies (PKRT) so that the commercialization of licensed products can be carried out legally and able to produce more types of PKRT products.

Knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding environmental friendly disinfectants for household use among residents of China in the post-pandemic period.

A sharp rise in household consumption of disinfectants triggered by COVID-19 pandemic has generated tremendous environmental burden and risks of disinfectant emissions in the post-pandemic period. To address this emerging challenge, replacing highly hazardous disinfectants with more environmental friendly alternatives has been accepted as an inherently effective solution to environment issues posed by disinfectant emerging contaminants. However, no study has yet been done to explore the potential customers' attitudes and the market prospect of environmental friendly disinfectants until now. This cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted from January to March, 2022, among resident volunteers in China, to explore the practices, knowledge and attitudes of the public regarding environmental friendly disinfectants for household use. Among a total of 1,861 Chinese residents finally included in the analyses, 18% agreed or strongly agreed that they paid special attention to the environmental certification label on the product, and only bought the environmental certified disinfectant products; 16% and 10% were using environmental friendly disinfectants for hand sanitization and environmental disinfection, respectively. The mean self-assessed and actual knowledge scores were 2.42 ± 1.74 and 2.12 ± 1.97, respectively, out of a total of 5. Participants having good practices of consuming environmental friendly disinfectants achieved higher knowledge scores. Residents' overall attitudes toward the development, consumption and application of environmental friendly disinfectants were very positive. "Possible conflict between disinfection effectiveness and environmental factor of disinfectants in a context of severe COVID-19 pandemic" was considered as the most important barrier jeopardizing the participants' usage intention for environmental friendly disinfectants. These data suggested most residents of China had a positive attitude, poor knowledge and practices toward environmental friendly disinfectants. More should be done to enhance the residents' environmental knowledge levels about disinfectants, and to further develop and promote disinfectant products with both excellent disinfection activity and environmentally friendly attributes.

Contact time and disinfectant formulation significantly impact the efficacies of disinfectant towelettes against Candida auris on hard, non-porous surfaces

There has been an increase in Candida auris healthcare-associated infections, which result from cross-contamination from surfaces and equipment. In this study, we tested the efficacies of EPA-registered disinfectant towelettes products that are increasingly used for infection control against C. auris at a range of contact times following modifications to standard EPA protocol MB-33-00. Hydrogen peroxide (HP)-based disinfectant towelettes were more efficacious against C. auris than the quaternary ammonium chloride (QAC)-alcohol-based disinfectant towelettes irrespective of tested contact times. Thirty s contact time was significantly less effective in reducing C. auris compared to 1-, 2-, 3-, and 10-min contact times. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the level of disinfection among 1-min and longer contact times regardless of product chemistry. None of the products achieved a standard six-log10 reduction at any tested contact times. Overall, the HP-based disinfectant towelette was significantly more fungicidal than the QAC-alcohol-based disinfectant towelette. For all product types, 30 s contact time did not achieve the same level of disinfection as 1-min or longer contact times. Overall, disinfectant towelette efficacy is dependent upon product formulation and contact time.

The effectiveness of chlorine dioxide gas in portable personal disinfectants to inhibit bacterial growth.

Disinfectants, especially air disinfectants, are necessary to prevent the potential spread of pathogens (bacteria and viruses) in the pandemic era and minimize the spread of pathogens. Some of the commercial disinfectant products that are often used generally contain chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas. This study tested the effectiveness of two different commercial disinfectants, a liquid stick disinfectant and a powder disinfection card, to carry out the disinfection of pathogenic bacteria in the environment. These two disinfectants were used as a medium for releasing chlorine dioxide gas which has a much stronger bactericidal effect. In the form of liquid stick, ClO2 is more effective in the disinfection process rather than in the form of powder. The effectiveness of the liquid disinfectant in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria is influenced by the temperature and the area of the open space covered. Considering that the release from both disinfectants used is very small (0.002 ppmv/h), it takes a small area to ensure that the disinfection process runs effectively.

Human glabrous skin contains crystallized urea dendriform structures in the stratum corneum which affect the hydration levels.

Glabrous skin is hair-free skin with a high density of sweat glands, which is found on the palms, and soles of mammalians, covered with a thick stratum corneum. Dry hands are often an occupational problem which deserves attention from dermatologists. Urea is found in the skin as a component of the natural moisturizing factor and of sweat. We report the discovery of dendrimer structures of crystalized urea in the stratum corneum of palmar glabrous skin using laser scanning microscopy. The chemical and structural nature of the urea crystallites was investigated in vivo by non-invasive techniques. The relation of crystallization to skin hydration was explored. We analysed the index finger, small finger and tenar palmar area of 18 study participants using non-invasive optical methods, such as laser scanning microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and two-photon tomography. Skin hydration was measured using corneometry. Crystalline urea structures were found in the stratum corneum of about two-thirds of the participants. Participants with a higher density of crystallized urea structures exhibited a lower skin hydration. The chemical nature and the crystalline structure of the urea were confirmed by Raman microspectroscopy and by second harmonic generated signals in two-photon tomography. The presence of urea dendrimer crystals in the glabrous skin seems to reduce the water binding capacity leading to dry hands. These findings highlight a new direction in understanding the mechanisms leading to dry hands and open opportunities for the development of better moisturizers and hand disinfection products and for diagnostic of dry skin.

Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Disinfectant Usage in the Home and Office.

Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Disinfectant Usage in the Home and Office.

A Direct Catalytic Ethanol Fuel Cell (DCEFC) Modified by LDHs, or by Catalase-LDHs, and Improvement in Its Kinetic Performance: Applications for Human Saliva and Disinfectant Products for COVID-19

In this work, it has been experimentally proven that the kinetic performance of a common Direct Catalytic Ethanol Fuel Cell (DCEFC) can be increased by introducing nanostructured (ZnII,AlIII(OH)2)+NO3-·H2O Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) into the anode compartment. Carrying out the measurements with the open-circuit voltage method and using a kinetic format, it has been shown that the introduction of LDHs in the anodic compartment implies a 1.3-fold increase in the calibration sensitivity of the method. This improvement becomes even greater in the presence of hydrogen peroxide in a solution. Furthermore, we show that the calibration sensitivity increased by 8-times, when the fuel cell is modified by the enzyme catalase, crosslinked on LDHs and in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The fuel cell, thus modified (with or without enzyme), has been used for analytical applications on real samples, such as biological (human saliva) and hand disinfectant samples, commonly used for the prevention of COVID-19, obtaining very positive results from both analytical and kinetic points of view on ethanol detection. Moreover, if the increase in the calibration sensitivity is of great importance from the point of view of analytical applications, it must be remarked that the increase in the speed of the ethanol oxidation process in the fuel cell can also be extremely useful for the purposes of improving the energy performance of a DCEFC.

Change of decontamination habits at Moroccan dentaloffices and laboratories during the COVID Pandemic: Anepidemiologicalstudy

The objective of our study was to evaluate the change in the habits of dentists and dental technicians in the city of Casablanca, Morocco, in relation to the decontamination of fixed dental prosthesis works during the pandemic of COVID. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 106 dentists and 30 dental technicians by using an anonymous questionnaire. 50% of the dentists have adopted strict and precise protocols for decontamination and disinfection of dental works compared to 76.7% of the dental technicians. 31.1% of the dentists decided to use a more virucidal disinfectant product versus 33.3% of the technicians. 32.1% of the dentists did not change their disinfection/decontamination habits for prosthetic works in the COVID-19 era versus 6.7% of dental technicians. 92.5% of the dentists and 93.3% of the dental technicians invested more in disinfectants during the COVID period. Many prosthodontists changed their habits during COVID crisis compared to dentists who disinfected prosthetic pieces even before the pandemic. Dentists like technicians adopted stricter and more precise protocols and invested more in disinfectants products during the pandemic. A standardized decontamination protocol should be established and applied and the use of chair-side computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD-CAM) helps to control cross-infection.

Effects of stabilizer magnesium nirate on CMIT/MIT-induced respiratory toxicity

Despite a humidifier disinfectant (HD) product containing chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT) with approximately 22% magnesium nitrate as a stabilizer, no report on the effects of magnesium nitrate on the respiratory toxicity of CMIT/MIT is available. In this study, Kathon CG and Proclin 200, containing approximately 1.5% CMIT/MIT with different magnesium nitrate concentrations (22.6% and 3%, respectively), were used to compare respiratory effects after intratracheal instillation (ITI) in C57BL/6 mice. C57BL/6 mice were randomized into groups of saline control, magnesium nitrate, Kathon CG, and Proclin 200 with 1.14 mg/kg of CMIT/MIT as the active ingredient, and administration was performed 6 times in a 2–3 day-interval in 2 weeks in all groups. Differential cell count analysis, cytokine analysis, and histological analysis of lung tissue were performed to characterize the injury features. Both Kathon and Proclin 200 induced an increase in inflammatory cell levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, in particular, eosinophils and type 2 T helper cell (Th2)-secreted cytokines. All histopathological changes including granulomatous inflammation, mixed inflammatory cell infiltration, mucous cell hyperplasia, eosinophil infiltration, and pulmonary fibrosis were induced with similar frequency and severity in Kathon CG and Proclin 200 groups. Our results suggested that magnesium nitrate did not affect CMIT/MIT-induced lung injury in the intratracheally instilled model. Further inhalation studies are needed to determine the distribution and toxicity differences of CMIT/MIT in the lungs according to the magnesium nitrate concentration.

Electrochemical oxidation of the increasingly used disinfectant benzalkonium chloride

AbstractBenzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a key ingredient in many cleaning and disinfectant products due to it being an effective antiviral and biocidal agent. Because of its prolific use, especially following the recent global COVID pandemic, increased levels of BAC have been found in the environment, in particular, in wastewater, where it has negative impacts due to its toxicity. This necessitates an effective treatment for BAC in wastewater to reduce its toxicity. In this work, electrochemical oxidation of BAC on a boron‐doped diamond anode was studied to successfully remove BAC. The electrochemical measurements performed at different current densities confirmed that BAC was completely oxidized within 20 min of treatment at 50 mA/cm2. However, chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements showed that around 50% of the initial BAC was completely mineralized after 1 h of degradation at 50 mA/cm2, while the remaining electrooxidation of BAC resulted in the production of transformation products.

Simultaneous determination of triclosan，triclocarban and p-chloro-m-xylenol in disinfectant，personal care products and oiltment by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis

Triclosan （TCS）， triclocarban （TCC）， and p-chloro-m-xylenol （PCMX） are some of the most widely used antibiotics because of their broad-spectrum and highly-efficient bactericidal effects. In the context of disinfection， the National Standard GB 38598-2020 stipulates that the contents of the effective ingredients present in a disinfectant must be specified， wherein their range must fall within 90%-110% of the specified central value. To ensure a suitable product quality， analysis by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） is recommended by both the GB/T 27947-2020 and GB/T 34856-2017. However， the results analyzed according to the National Standard method often exceed the declared contents， thereby indicating the necessity to establish a new method based on a completely different principle （e. g.， capillary electrophoresis）， especially since it was not possible to analyze TCS， TCC， and PCMX in a single injection using the National Standard method. Moreover， using this method， large amounts of methanol were consumed， which could be potentially harmful to both operators and the environment. In terms of their water solubilities， this decreases in the order of PCMX>TCS>TCC， wherein TCC is insoluble in water. As such， the use of nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis （NACE） based on running buffer solutions prepared in pure organic solvents （e. g.， methanol or acetonitrile） is necessary. In this paper， a new NACE approach combined with an ultraviolet detection method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of TCS， TCC， and PCMX in disinfectants， personal care products， and ointments. For this purpose， an uncoated fused silica capillary （20 cm×50 μm， total length=30.2 cm） was used as the separation column with a separation buffer composed of 14 mmol/L sodium borate， 2 g/L polyethylene glycol （PEG） 20000， and 0.5 mmol/L dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide （DTAB） in methanol. Following optimization of the separation parameters， the complete and simultaneous separation of TCS， TCC， and PCMX was achieved when the sample solution was prepared using 5 g/L PEG 20000 in methanol-acetonitrile （50∶50， v/v）. It was possible to directly inject the sample into the analysis system after a simple dilution with the sample medium， and no interference was observed in any of the sample electropherograms when a separation voltage and detection wavelength of -12 kV and 214 nm were employed， respectively. Furthermore， TCS， TCC， and PCMX showed good linear relationships with their corrected peak areas within a mass concentration range of 1-100 mg/L， and the correlation coefficients （r） were all greater than 0.99. Moreover， the limits of detection （LODs， S/N=3） and limits of quantification （LOQs， S/N=10） were determined to be 0.2 and 1 mg/L， respectively. The spiked recoveries ranged from 94.5% to 104.4% with relative standard deviations of ≤4.8% in all cases. Subsequently， the established method was used to analyze 31 commercial samples， including hand sanitizer， disinfectant， baby powder， and antibacterial cream. A comparative analysis of HPLC， the developed NACE method， and our previously reported micellar electrokinetic chromatographic （MEKC） method was also carried out for the quantitative determination of TCS， TCC， and PCMX. Although no statistically significant differences were observed among the three methods， the results determined for 16 out of the 31 samples did not match the claimed contents. These results therefore indicate the necessity to further control the compositions of disinfectant products. Our results indicate that the newly established NACE method can be an important alternative to HPLC for routine laboratory analyses， especially considering that it minimizes waste generation， requires only a simple sample pretreatment process， and exhibits a good selectivity to the target compounds. It is therefore hoped that the NACE method will be incorporated into the National Standard method in the near future.

Characterization of structure isomers of ethylbenzalkyl dimethyl ammonium chlorides and quantification in commercial household disinfectant products

Characterization of structure isomers of ethylbenzalkyl dimethyl ammonium chlorides and quantification in commercial household disinfectant products

Inventory Control System on Some Products of Some Selected Supermarkets in Port-Harcourt Rivers State

Inventory management and control are essential to that company since lack of it poses a threat to a company's viability. The inventory management system has been undercut by supermarkets and other corporate entities, increasing the risk of missing goods and faulty record keeping (stock keeping). This leads to poor stock management in supermarkets and other commercial enterprises due to ignorance of the optimal time to place an order and the perfect quantity of the commodity to be ordered. The goal of this study is to implement an inventory control system in selected supermarkets within university of port Harcourt environment. This includes examining the types of stock control measures used by supermarkets, as well as determining the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), the Purchase Cost Per Cycle, and the Total Cost Per Unit Time, and obtaining the optimum level using a single item static model with and without product shortages. Purposive sampling was used to select the items from among the wide range of goods offered in the various supermarkets, including Market Square Supermarket Choba Branch, Everyday Supermarket Choba Branch, and Gemstone Ultra Mart Alakahia, all of which are located near the University of Port Harcourt. According to comparisons outcomes using the values obtained as the EOQ, and Lead time, Market Square supermarket had the highest sales, followed by Everyday supermarket, and then Gemstone supermarkets, with the exception of Dettol, where Everyday Supermarket is in the lead. The most regular purchase item is Golden Morning Products, followed by Indomitable and Dettol Disinfectant in the three supermarkets. Considering the EOQ (Q*) results, the inventory cycle duration (to*), and the overall cost per unit of time (CT*) for both when shortage is allowed and when not allowed, the Indomitable product in the Market Square supermarket has the highest EOQ, the Dettol disinfectant product (250ml) in the Gem Stone supermarket has the cycle length to*, and the Golden Morn product in the Market Square supermarket has the highest optimal total cost per unit time (CT).

Перспективні напрямки розробки засобів, що здатні підвищувати адаптаційні можливості організму людини в умовах негативного впливу середовища життєдіяльності

Abstract. The ever-increasing anthropogenic chemical load throughout the world prompts the search for sources of biologically active substances (BAS) capable of increasing the adaptive capabilities of a person exposed to the harmful effects of the environment. Aim. Scientific substantiation of the optimal composition of recipes and features of the production technology of products with immunomodulating and adaptogenic effects (dietary supplements, detoxification products for external use, including cosmetic preventive products for hand skin disinfection), based on technologically processed vegetable waste used in the production of pharmaceutical products Proteflazidum®". Material and Methods. The chemical composition of the ethanol extract of the plant raw material "Proteflazidum®" and the waste of its production - meal was studied. The mass fraction of flavonoid compounds aglycones of tricin, apigenin, luteolin, amino acids, sugars, carboxylic acids, natural polymers (pectin substances, chlorophylls and hemicellulose), ethanol (%, vol) was determined. The methods of ultra-high-performance high-speed liquid chromatography with diode-matrix detection (UPLCPDA, Waters, USA) were used; method of ultra-high-performance mass spectrometric high-speed liquid chromatography with electron spray ionization (UPLC-MC/MC, Waters, USA). A study of the dietary supplements "Immunoflazid Light" (syrup) and "Immunoflazid Pro" (capsules), manufactured in accordance with TU U 10.8-25589583-001:2020, was conducted according to safety indicators: the content of heavy metals, pesticides and radionuclides for compliance with the requirements of GN 4.4.8.073 -2001 "Temporary hygienic standards for the content of chemical and biological contaminants in biologically active supplements", approved by the resolution of the chief state sanitary doctor of Ukraine dated 04.20.2001. No. 131 and GN 6.6.1.1-130-2006 "Permissible levels of the content of radionuclides 137Cs, 90Sr in food and drinking water", approved by the order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine dated 05.03.2006 under No. 256. A spectrometer was used to determine the content of lead, cadmium, and mercury atomic emission "SHIMADSU ICPE - 9820"; for the determination of radionuclides, the spectrometer "SEG-001", "AKP-S" and the spectrometer "SEB-01-70" were used. Methods of measuring pesticides according to DSTU EN 12393-1:2003, DSTU EN 12393-2:2003, DSTU EN 12393-3:2003 and GOST 30349-96. Results. The waste of vegetable raw materials, which is formed as a result of the production of the "Proteflazidum®", is a valuable source of BAS, which allows you to consider them as raw materials for creating recipes of products with an adaptogenic effect - dietary supplements and raw materials for the production of products for external use, including cosmetic prophylactic and means for hand skin disinfection. According to safety indicators, the new products belong to low-hazard substances when applied to the skin (hazard class 4), do not show skin-irritating, skin-resorptive and sensitizing properties, alcohol-free products do not irritate the mucous membrane of the eyes. Conclusions. Proteflazidum® production waste is a valuable raw material for the creation of a wide range of products with an adaptogenic effect (dietary supplements, raw materials for the production of products for external use, including cosmetic prophylactics and products for hand skin disinfection). Key Words: Proteflazidum®, Herba Deschampsia Сaespitosa L., Herba Calamagrostis Epigeios L., bioflavonoids, pectin substances.

Use of Conductivity as a Tool for On-site Residue Management and Definition of Smart Cleanroom Regimes

Surface residues that result from the use of cleaning and disinfection products are becoming an increasing focus of regulators in the Cleanroom industry. Driven largely by the update to EU GMP Annex 1 [1] and best practice recommendation from the PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology [2], it is now recognized that residues need to be managed to avoid any risks they could present to safety or product quality. Residue management can be successfully achieved by selection and use of low residue disinfectants, through the frequency and choice of rinsing agent for removal, the use of the most suitable tools for physical removal like cleanroom specific mops, or a combination of all these factors. Unlike product contact surfaces [3], there is no clear guidance as to what level of residue may be acceptable on small or large cleanroom surfaces, or how they can be quantified. For this reason, most people still rely on judging a surface to be ‘visibly clean’. To improve detection and to quantify the level of residue on a cleanroom surface, a pragmatic method has been developed to measure residue anywhere on-site: Quantification of disinfectant residues by the use of conductivity. The method of quantification of disinfectant residues using conductivity has been verified in studies by measuring the residues derived from different disinfectant types, at various scales (from bench scale upwards) and various locations, and from laboratory to representative pharmaceutical manufacturing areas. Compared to the current ‘gold standard’ that has long been used for the assessment of residues – an individual’s judgment of ‘visually clean’ - the data from conductivity measurements can eliminate this subjective human appraisal and replace it with scientific assessment. Comparison of the visual analysis rating versus conductivity data also revealed that the human eye does indeed underestimate the actual levels of disinfectant residues remaining on surfaces in a cleanroom, resulting in potential impacts of risk to safety, contamination, time, and cost.