Products In Different Countries Research Articles

The EuroMedicines Project

The EuroMedicines Project created a single drug directory at a single time point (late 1998) to cover most of the member states of the European Union (EU) and some of the candidate states, so as to aid drug regulators, physicians and patients. It shows the wide variations in availability of medicines across Europe, e.g. there were 1974 active drugs with 18 554 branded products in Germany, compared to 1041 active drugs and 1954 products in Sweden. Only 7% of all active ingredients were available in all EU members. Among antimigraine drugs, triptans were widely available, but there were differences in licensed doses and in the ranges of products in different countries. These differences seem to have little scientific basis and to arise from different historical, cultural and commercial influences in each market. EuroMedicines Project will be a useful resource for exploring these issues.

Similar Listeria monocytogenes pulsotypes detected in several foods originating from different sources

The purpose of the study was to obtain fingerprinting data of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated in various foods to determine possible associations of strains with product type, producer, country or isolation time. Two hundred and ninety-five L. monocytogenes strains originating from food items of 41 producers of 10 countries were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing. Combination of AscI and ApaI macrorestriction patterns (MRP) yielded 66 different pulsotypes. Ten pulsotypes were common to two or more product types and 17 pulsotypes were detected in foods of more than one producer having no apparent association with each other. Similar pulsotypes of L. monocytogenes were recovered in products of different countries over several years. Some of the pulsotypes were recurrently recovered from the same product of the same producer, suggesting a possible persistence of these strains in the processing plant. However, some of the recurrently isolated L. monocytogenes pulsotypes were repeatedly found in products of several producers, which may indicate that persistent house-flora strains are not always producer-specific. Furthermore, the similarity of macrorestriction patterns expressed as clusters, based on the numerical analysis of macrorestriction patterns, was not found to correlate with product type, country, producer or year of isolation. Our data suggest a wide geographical and temporal distribution of a number of L. monocytogenes strains isolated in food products. The existence of similar L. monocytogenes strains in various food products of several producers should be considered if food strain fingerprint results are used to help trace the vehicles for infections.

THE ESTIMATION PROBLEMS OF THE FIRE HAZARD FOR VERTICALLY ORIENTED BUILDING PRODUCTS/VERTIKALIAI ORIENTUOTŲ STATYBINIŲ GAMINIŲ GAISRINIO PAVOJINGUMO ĮVERTINIMO PROBLEMOS

The Directive of new approach 89/106/EEC, which was prepared by Directorate General of the European Commission (DG III), defines the guidelines for development of fire protection in building construction. Six main directions for development of fire protection are defined in this Directive as well. Solid materials are most numerous among building products. Therefore a brief analysis of combustion process of these materials is presented in this article. F.Williams developed the theoretical principles of combustion. Phase transitions in the zone of combustion are analyzed in the theory. Formulas 1–4 describe this process. The process of combustion of solid materials is heterogeneous; therefore the model of pyrolysis is presented by 5 formulas. An intricate energy exchange takes place in real fires. The heat is being transferred in different ways. The most acceptable description of heat transfer is by means of radiation. Description of this process is presented in formulas 6–7. The heat transfer by means of radiation can be modelled and used for environment testing. The combustibility of building products can be examined by means of reaction of fire tests. In recent years tests for different building products were carried out according to ISO 5657 test methodology in the Fire Research Centre. Test results indicate that the time to sustained surface ignition for building products is inversely proportional to heat flux. This logarithmic dependence is presented in 8 formulas. Establishment of parameters of this logarithmic flow for different building products can prove this. This work was carried out during the process of verification of this hypothesis. Analysis of fire testing practice of vertically oriented building products in different countries shows that harmonized fire test methods for these products do not exist. Most of these test methods are based on presumption that the flame spread is possible only inside the building not considering the behaviour of facade in fire. The main idea of fire test method for element of vertically oriented building construction together with the principal scheme of test equipment are presented in the article as well. Further development of this idea leads to five questions, which should be answered to solve the problem. After the completion of this task and analysis of test results, all the information is to be submitted for further consideration.

DETERMINANTS OF STATE INVESTMENT IN CHINA, 1953–1990

AbstractGeneralizations of regional development in socialist countries based on detailed case studies of important elements of production in different countries are needed. This study focuses on one important force that affects China's regional development: state investment in basic construction. With the exception of the Third Front period (1965‐71), the more developed eastern region always enjoyed a greater proportion of state investment than the central and western regions. Three major factors affected the temporal patterns of regional distribution of state investment in China: the ideological concern for spatial equality, defense considerations arising from perceived international threats, and die practical needs of die national economy. These factors exerted different influence on die investment patterns at different times. Whereas spatial equality and economic pragmatism were major concerns during the First Five‐Year Plan (1953‐57), national defense greatly affected the spatial patterns of state investment during the Third Front period, and these factors brought considerable state investment to die inland regions. Since die 1978 reforms, die concern for economic efficiency, not spatial equality in development or national security, has favored die coastal region.

Transportation in LCA

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether transport and logistics substantially contribute to the environmental interventions and impacts identified in LCAs. Four LCAs, encompassing very different products in different countries, were screened for the relative contribution of transport to the overall environmental interventions and impacts. Aside from this, the contribution of transport within individual life cycle phases was investigated. In none of the LCAs did transport contribute to less than 5% of the energy related interventions or impacts, whereas contributions with more than ten percent occurred regularly, especially in events involving NOx related impact. The importance of transport strongly depends on the kind of product studied. It seems to be especially important for agricultural products. With respect to individual phases of the life cycle, the study indicates that special attention is required for the transport of raw materials, for use phase of electronics and for the disposal phase of recyclable products.

Calibration—The USP Dissolution Apparatus Suitability Test

This report summarizes some trends observed in drug dissolution testing, based upon the United States Phannacopeia (USP) dissolution Apparatus Suitability Test results and the preliminary data obtained from an international collaborative study to assess the pharmaceutical quality of furosemide products in different countries. Based on the USP calibrator data submitted by the participants, representing four lots each of nondisintegrating (Salicylic Acid) and disintegrating (Prednisone) tablets, overall variability can be high and failures to meet the specijication in a dissolution run can be frequent. This high level of Variability andfailure seems to be dependent on the combination of calibrator and apparatus type. Although deaeration of dissolution media tends to reduce the frequency of failure, its effect on reducing the variability appears to be minimal. It appears that calibrator-apparatus combinations of Prednisone tablets/Basket Method and Salicylic Acid tablets/Paddle Method show some sort of interaction, therefore, use of these combinations to test suitability of dissolution apparatus needs to be evaluated. Prednisone Tablets with the Paddle Method and Salicylic Acid Tablets with the Basket Method, however, appear to provide suficient information for dissolution apparatus calibration and their use should be continued.

Pharmaceutical Quality of Glibenclamide Products A Multinational Postmarket Comparative Study

AbstractA multinational postmarket comparative study of pharmaceutical quality of glibenclamide products was performed in cooperation with large number of laboratories and under anspices of the Section of Official Laboratories and Medicines Control Services of FIP and World Health Organization. 28 countries from Europe, Africa, North and South America, Asia and Australia participated in this study. Altogether 142 glibenclamide tablet formulations of the respective countries were investigated. The products were tested for identity, purity, content, uniformity of content and in-vitro dissolution properties. Most products tested fulfilled the pharmacoepial requirements concerning identity, purity and content (95–115%). Marked differences were recorded in respect of in-vitro dissolution behaviour. This applies not only to the products of different countries but also among products of the same country. It is anticipated that products, which are markedly differentiated in their in-vitro dissolution properties, ...

Inhalation delivery of asthma drugs

In the immediate future, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) with spacers remain the aerosol application of choice for topical steroids, mainly to reduce side effects. For beta 2-agonist, anticholinergics and prophylactic drugs, MDI (with or without demand valve), dry powder inhalers (multidose inhalers), ultrasonic or jet aerosol generators (with or without mechanical breathing assistance [IPPB]) are chosen according to the preference or the ability of the patients to perform the necessary breathing maneuvers as well as the availability of different products in different countries.

A Ricardian model of market sharing

The latest generation of multi-sectoral trade models has abandoned the conventional strategy that regards the similarly named exports of different countries as homogeneous products. Armington's assumption, that the products of different countries compete as imperfect substitutes, has become the theoretical rationale for an alternative, heterogeneous modeling procedure. This paper describes some problems with the assumption and develops a more rigorous framework for the heterogeneous strategy. The processes that lead to heterogeneity in trade are modeled explicitly: comparative advantage theory is applied at a sub-sectoral level to explain the detailed structure of international specialization. Implications of the new framework for empirical estimation are also explored.

Problems and Perspective in Epidemiological Study of Occupational Health Hazards in the Rubber Industry

An epidemiological analysis of the problems in the study of companies engaged in the manufacture of rubber products in different countries and in different time periods is given. Selected findings on cancer of gallbladder and biliary system, cancer of the lung, and tumors of the central nervous system among rubber workers are presented.

Problems and perspective in epidemiological study of occupational health hazards in the rubber industry.

An epidemiological analysis of the problems in the study of companies engaged in the manufacture of rubber products in different countries and in different time periods is given. Selected findings on cancer of gallbladder and biliary system, cancer of the lung, and tumors of the central nervous system among rubber workers are presented.

The Role of Aquaculture in Fishery Development and Management

Although historically there have been different patterns of development of aquaculture, present-day interest is mainly directed toward the establishment of viable industries. Emphasis in the major aquaculture areas of the world continues to be on the cultivation of species that are within the reach of most consumers. Aquaculture is also practised for the improvement of natural stocks through artificial recruitment and transplantation or for the production of bait, sport, or ornamental fish. The different types of aquaculture include culture of fish and shrimps in ponds, tanks, cages, enclosures, raceways, and recirculating systems, and "bottom" and "hanging" methods of mollusc culture.World production through aquaculture (excluding bait, sport, and ornamental fish and production through stocking of open waters) is over 5 million tons. This has an important role in the food and nutrition of many countries and is particularly significant in integrated rural development.Aquaculture can contribute significantly to meeting the demand for animal proteins in developing countries and increase the production of luxury foods. It can also serve as an efficient convenor of low-grade fishery products to high quality fish. The employment potential is high and well-managed installations yield favorable returns on investment.Besides contributing to relieve pressure on intensively exploited stocks, aquaculture enables the development of resources within national boundaries. There is considerable potential for stock improvement through artificial recruitment and transplantation in certain areas. Possible adverse effects of aquacultural development can be eliminated by the adoption of appropriate remedial measures.Although a world-wide survey has not yet been undertaken, it is known that extensive areas are readily available for aquaculture in many developing countries. In 11 countries of Asia alone, about 22 million ha have been identified as potential areas for fish culture. Sites for other types of aquaculture are much more extensive. An increase of up to 10 times in production through aquaculture by the year 2000 has been predicted.Some of the existing misconceptions about aquaculture have acted as constraints to the development of the industry. Due to the lack of adequate planning, financing, and shortage of trained personnel, the existing knowledge is not being fully utilized. Besides better research facilities to fill the gaps in our knowledge, there is an urgent need to evolve suitable development strategies in the framework of national fishery development plans, to achieve targets of production in different countries.

The Determinants of World Steel Exports: An Empirical Study

I NTERNATIONAL trade in commodities such as steel, synthetic rubbers, plastics, electronics, chemicals, and man-made fibers takes place primarily among the advanced, industrial countries of Western Europe, the United States, and Japan. The Heckscher-Ohlin model, which dominated the work of interna.tional economists from the twenties to the sixties, has proven inadequate to explain the trading patterns of these commodities. There appear to be two major reasons for this seemingly poor explanatory power: (1) the relative similarity of the factor endowments of the industrialized countries, and (2) the assumption of uniform global technology for each industry, an assumption which is untenable for a number of industries the products of which are traded internationally.' Two accepted theories which appear to be capable of explaining part of the trade which takes place among the advanced countries are the Doctrine of Comparative Costs and the scale economies theory. Both of these theories argue that trade takes place because of differences in unit production costs. One of the causes of different unit production costs is differences in the wages and productivity of workers. Unit production costs may also differ because total output of certain products in certain countries is such that the industries of these countries are larger than the industries of these countries are larger than the same industries in other countries. Since internal and external economies of sca.le are significant in a number of industries such as the steel industry, one would expect those countries with the larger industries to be able to produce commodities at lower unit production costs, ceteris paribus, than those countries whose industries are small, if the industry in question is subject to significant internal and/or external economies of scale.2 A third reason for differences in unit production costs is differences in the production, techniques used by industries producing a given array of products in different countries. Production techniques may differ because entrepreneurs in different countries may adopt innovations in an industry at different times. This is the essential argument put forward by the recently developed Posner Technological Gap Theory. The Posner Technological Gap Theory is among the most promising theoretical arguments put forward for the trading patterns of products traded principally among the advanced countries.3 Posner adopted all of the

The Effect of the Role of Government on International Comparisons of National Income

A. Money-income compartsons (1) Comparison of changes over time in the composition of money incomes-or, more significantly, national products of different countries. (2) Comparison of the composition of money national products of different countries at the same time. B. Real-income comparisons (1) Comparison of changes in real income of different countries over time. (2) Comparison of real incomes of different countries at the same time.