Production Standards Research Articles

Yield and Sensorial and Nutritional Quality of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) Fruits from Plants Grown Under Different Amounts of Irrigation in Soilless Cultivation.

Water scarcity is an ecological issue affecting over 10% of Europe. It is intensified by rising temperatures, leading to greater evaporation and reduced precipitation. Agriculture has been confirmed as the sector accounting for the highest water consumption globally, and it faces significant challenges relating to drought, impacting crop yields and food security. Sustainable practices, precision irrigation, and the development of drought-resistant crops are essential for the mitigation of this threat. Effective, innovative solutions are crucial for optimizing water use for intensive crops such as cultivated strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa). This study emphasizes the importance of identifying the genotypes most resilient to low water availability. Experimental trials involving reduced irrigation levels were set up to identify genotypes with a greater capacity to increase fruit quality and maintain fruit yield. Reduced water conditions positively influenced strawberry fruit quality, exhibiting improved citric acid, soluble solids, and color brightness linked to decreased water use, while firmness remained stable. Notably, the total phenolic content was most affected by stress, indicating strong antioxidant responses. With these interesting variations in fruit quality came a different response in plant yield. Plants belonging to the Lauretta and AN15,07,53 cultivars maintained a 98% fruit yield when grown under WS1 conditions. While the yield for the Francesca cultivar increased by 10% under the stressed WS1 conditions in comparison to the control conditions, water stress in the WS2 treatment caused a strong reduction in yield in all three genotypes. Overall, the findings emphasize the importance of identifying for each new cultivar the most appropriate water regime in order to amplify the quality of the fruit, thus maintaining high production standards and saving water.

Practices and challenges of cultural handicraft producers and sellers in the tourism industry in Africa

Tourism has been identified by many African countries as a viable pathway to socio-economic development. The sector is rapidly growing, presenting opportunities to a number of sectors that are linked to it. The cultural handicraft sector is slated to find market from the tourism sector as tourists tend to purchase locally made handicrafts as souvenirs. Despite this opportunity, majority of cultural handicraft producers are unable to produce products that meet the expectations of international tourists. Handicraft sellers often resort to importing handicrafts, denying the local craftsmen an opportunity to earn income. This study focuses on the business practices and challenges of the cultural handicraft producers and sellers in Uganda, looking at record keeping, marketing, raw material sourcing and storage, production technology, standards and quality assurance, training and financing. Several implications and policy recommendations are provided to develop cultural handcrafts as an important part of the tourism industry.

PEMANFAATAN TEMPE SEBAGAI KOMODITI LOKAL UNTUK PASAR GLOBAL

Tempeh, one of Indonesia's traditional fermented foods, has great potential to become an international culinary commodity because of its high nutritional content and relevance to healthy and sustainable food trends. However, the main problems faced are the use of tempeh which is only processed into household food, lack of product innovation, and packaging that is not attractive for the global market. Small businesses also face problems with a lack of understanding of good marketing strategies. This community service aims to provide business actors and entrepreneurial students with an understanding of the potential of tempeh as a competitive local commodity in the global market. Hygienic production processes, high-quality fermentation methods, creative packaging and digital marketing techniques are taught to participants in this service. The methods used include technical training, live demonstrations and interactive discussions guided by expert speakers in the field of food technology. Participants are also trained to utilize digital platforms such as marketplaces and social media to expand market reach. The results of the service show that business actors are able to understand the importance of production and packaging standards to meet export requirements. Product innovations, such as crispy tempeh and energy balls, received a positive response as diversification that suits global market tastes. Digital-based marketing strategies also provide opportunities to reach global consumers. By overcoming these challenges, tempeh has great potential to compete in international markets as a superior local product in Indonesia.

Identifying the facilitators of Iran’s alcoholic beverage black market and presenting solutions for harm reduction: a qualitative document analysis

BackgroundDespite Iran’s prohibition politics regarding alcoholic beverages consumption, marketing, and trading, there is a flourishing black market. Often, alcohol producers on this black market do not adhere alcohol production standards, resulting in a lot of deaths and significant consequences each year. Accordingly, this study was carried out to identify facilitators for the growth of the black market for alcoholic beverages in Iran and provide solutions for harm reduction.MethodsThis study was a qualitative document publicly available analysis, in which online newspapers and Persian news websites about alcoholic beverages black market in Iran were reviewed. Documents were analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsAfter the completion of the analysis, 21 final codes, seven subthemes, and four themes were developed. Four themes are (1) political factors, including governance, regulatory rules and regulations, and awareness sub-themes (2) sociocultural factors, including culture change sub-theme (3) economic factors, including attractive market sub-theme, and (4) business factors, including manufacturing and marketing sub-themes.ConclusionsAs a result of alcohol prohibition politics in Iran and a socioeconomically supportive environment, black market has developed. Several policies can be implemented to reduce alcohol black market harm. It is possible to reduce the demand for homemade alcohol by educating the public about its risks. The government should enforce stricter policies on trading and advertising alcohol to reduce the availability of homemade alcohol and shrink alcohol black market. To implement these solutions, clerics should be convinced that the alcohol black market poses a serious public health threat.

Hydrogen energy in Ukraine: preconditions, potential and prospects for european integration

The article examines the development of renewable hydrogen production in Ukraine, emphasizing its critical role in global decarbonization efforts and integration into the European energy system. Ukraine has significant potential to become a key supplier of “green” hydrogen for the European Union, leveraging its vast renewable energy resources, particularly from solar and wind energy. The analysis explores the geographic advantages of the Western and Southern regions, which present favorable conditions for the construction of hydrogen-related infrastructure, such as electrolysis plants, storage, and transportation systems. Furthermore, the article highlights European initiatives, particularly the REPowerEU program, which designates Ukraine as a strategic partner in the supply of renewable hydrogen to Europe. It examines the necessary infrastructure projects, including the Central European Hydrogen Corridor, which is pivotal for connecting Ukrainian hydrogen production with European markets. The analysis also identifies Ukraine's potential contribution to the 2x40 GW initiative, aiming to construct 10 GW of electrolysis capacity within Ukraine by 2035, making it one of the key hydrogen suppliers to the EU. One of the critical challenges identified in the article is Ukraine's integration into the European hydrogen market. The article discusses the regulatory and certification barriers that currently exist in global hydrogen markets, particularly the lack of standardized hydrogen certification across different regions. To address this, the article suggests the adoption of harmonized certification standards for hydrogen production and transportation, aligning Ukraine’s certification systems with EU regulations, which would facilitate easier market access and enhance investment attractiveness. Moreover, the article details the potential economic impact of hydrogen energy development on Ukraine’s economy. It highlights the creation of new jobs, both direct and indirect, and the potential to attract significant foreign investments. The scaling of hydrogen projects, particularly those in Zakarpattia and southern Odesa, could drive substantial GDP growth, contributing to Ukraine’s energy independence and economic resilience. By integrating innovative technologies like blockchain for hydrogen certification and monitoring, Ukraine can enhance the transparency and traceability of its hydrogen, making it competitive on the international market. Finally, the article provides recommendations for policymakers and businesses. It calls for the acceleration of negotiations at the international level to include Ukraine in European hydrogen support programs, such as the European Hydrogen Bank, and emphasizes the importance of private-sector involvement in hydrogen infrastructure development. The collaboration between Ukrainian and European stakeholders will be essential for Ukraine to secure its position as a leader in the hydrogen economy, contributing to the EU’s decarbonization goals and strengthening energy security in the region.

Green Gold: Sustainable Biodiesel Production and Bioactive Compounds Extraction from Microalgae

Microalgae have attracted significant interest from both scientific and industrial sectors as a potential source of high-lipid feedstock for biodiesel production. Current research has mainly emphasized on the production of biodiesel from algal biomass, with a focus on collecting, isolating, screening, and characterizing suitable algal species. In this regard, a total of sixty-seven microalgal strains were isolated from both freshwater and marine sources across various regions. The screening for high-lipid microalgae strains was conducted using the Nile Red method to identify neutral lipid droplets. Out of the sixty-seven strains, four promising biodiesel-producing strains Chlorococcum aquaticum, Scenedesmus obliquus, Nannochloropsis oculata, and Chlorella pyrenoidosa were selected based on their high lipid and biomass accumulation, Among the prescreened algal strains, Scenedesmus obliquus exhibited the highest biomass at 1.32±0.023 g/L, while Chlorella pyrenoidosa had a significantly higher lipid content of 15.27%. Further GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis was conducted to identify the free fatty acids present in the algal oil. The FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) profile revealed the presence of several key fatty acids, including palmitic acid (16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), stearic acid (C18:0), and oleic acid (C18:1). Together, these fatty acids indicate that the algal strains are rich in both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, which are key for producing high-quality biodiesel. The combination of these fatty acids suggests that the algal oil could meet the required standards for biodiesel production, offering good energy content, stability, and favorable cold-flow properties. Thus, these micro-algal strains are promising candidates for sustainable biodiesel production.

Visual Detection of Methylglyoxal in Multiple Scenarios via NIR-Excitable Reversible Ratiometric Fluorescent Hydrogel Sensor.

Methylglyoxal is considered a key indicator in evaluating wine flavor and quality, as well as an important marker for diabetic pathological syndromes. Rapid and accurate quantitative detection of methylglyoxal is essential in scenarios of wine production standards and human health monitoring. Herein, we report a visual method for detecting methylglyoxal via an NIR-excitable reversible ratiometric fluorescent hydrogel sensor, where NIR-excited upconversion nanoparticles serve as energy donors and eosin B acts as the energy acceptor, together forming an integrated ratiometric nanophotonic probe that ensures the accuracy of detection without being affected by various background fluorescence interference in different scenarios. The integrated optical probe is combined with a 3D network hydrogel to design a sensing patch that can be easily regenerated through simple treatment, exhibiting a distinct optical color response. Upon the addition of methylglyoxal, the G/R value of the sensing patch changes, enabling the real-time quantitative detection of methylglyoxal. Additionally, we combined the hydrogel sensing patch with a smartphone to create a portable sensing platform for the convenient visual detection of methylglyoxal. The probe and hydrogel sensing patch have detection limits for methylglyoxal as low as 59 and 75.4 nM, respectively. The portable sensing patch designed here provides an effective strategy for standardizing the wine production process and monitoring patient health.

STRATEGI BADAN PENDAPATAN DAERAH KABUPATEN BUTON TENGAH DALAM UPAYA PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN DAERAH

This study aims to analyze the Regional Revenue Agency (BAPENDA) planning strategies of Buton Tengah Regency in increasing regional income. Using a qualitative approach, the study involved 20 respondents selected through a PSS (5:1) mechanism and 5 informants chosen purposively. Data collection was conducted through a series of in-depth interviews to evaluate organizational performance based on five key dimensions: productive efficiency, service standards, responsiveness, compliance level, and management transparency. Data analysis employed the interactive approach developed by Milles and Huberman. The findings indicate that the performance of BAPENDA Buton Tengah is rated as "satisfactory" when assessed across these five dimensions. To enhance regional revenue, BAPENDA implements tax planning strategies to maintain tax burdens at an optimal level, allowing companies or individuals to meet tax obligations while maximizing financial benefits or efficiency. Generally, the ideal tax planning percentage for Buton Tengah is measured by Tax Revenue Efficiency (a minimum of 20%-25% of total PAD) and a balanced Tax Ratio in the range of approximately 10%-15%, depending on the main economic sectors of Buton Tengah.

History and current state of food falsification in Russia

Food falsification has been recognized in Russia as a social problem since the mid 17th century. Historical documents testify to government measures aimed at combating fraud in the food supply industry. The foundation of the first hygienic laboratories made it possible to establish the scale of this phenomenon, collect evidence based on the results of laboratory studies, and develop regulatory documents and production standards that determine the quality and safety of food products for human health. The consequences of manufacturing, selling and consuming counterfeit food products are associated with the risk of losing health, reducing life expectancy, increasing mortality from alimentary diseases and food poisoning. For centuries, there has been an intensified fight against counterfeit products, but the problem is still relevant today. Violations in the food circulation sphere have led to the adoption of legislative and regulatory acts in recent years aimed at improving state policy measures in this area.

Editorial: Labour Market and Unemployment

Labour is a key factor of production, enabling the production of goods and services. Throughout history, the labour market situation has influenced economic growth and development, and hence investment, productivity, income, consumption and society's standard of living. The articles contained in the next volume of the journal Studia Historiae Oeconomicae analyze the above problem using selected examples dating back to the 18th century. The presented SHO volume consists of eight articles that provide authentic knowledge on such labour market shaping factors as wages, ideology and politics, as well as on the activities of labor unions and charitable organizations under different political and socio-economic systems. The study of labour and the labour market has a heavy burden for both cognitive and practical reasons, since knowledge of the causes, mechanisms and dynamics of change in this sphere can help optimize economic policies regarding the labour market as well as become a source of inspiration for readers and perhaps further research in this area.

An Optimized Method to Produce Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Limbal Stem Cells Easily Adaptable for Clinical Use.

In adults, the limbal stem cells (LSC) reside in the limbal region of the eye, at the junction of the cornea and the sclera where they renew the outer epithelial layer of the cornea assuring transparency. LSC deficiencies (LSCD) due to disease or injury account for one of the major causes of blindness. Among current treatments for LSCD, cornea transparency can be restored by providing new LSC to the damaged eye and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) holds great promise as a new advanced cell source. A synthetic mRNA-based protocol to produce human iPSC from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells has been defined. The results demonstrate a standardizable method that can be easily adaptable for clinical-grade production standards, produce high-purity LSC-like cells in a relatively rapid timeframe of 12 days, and can be successfully seeded on amniotic membrane or a biodegradable fibrin gel for transplantation. In vivo data demonstrated it is feasible to transplant the iPSC-LSC fibrin patch. In conclusion, an efficient method has been developed to produce patient-specific LSC and seed them on a scaffold fibrin gel for future treatment of LSC-deficiency disease.

Synthesis and Characterization of Cement Clinker Using Waste Glass and Oyster Shells as Natural Ore Substitutes.

This study investigates the process of synthesizing eco-cement clinker using recycled powdered glass (RPG) and oyster shell residue (OSHL) as primary raw materials. Analysis of the mineral composition of RPG revealed that it primarily consists of silica and contains a high level of alkali metal oxides, while OSHL comprises a high-purity trigonal calcite structure, similar in chemical composition to limestone. Comparative analysis of the synthesized ecological cement and its hydration products showed that, after heat treatment at 1200 °C, the alkali metal content in the H12 sample significantly decreased, thereby meeting the standards for cement raw materials. The hydration process of RPG and OSHL ecological cement (ROEC) exhibited greater reactivity, with the presence of alkali ions (such as Na⁺ and K⁺) accelerating the cement hydration reaction and significantly enhancing early strength. Furthermore, as the curing time increased, the hydration products of ROEC became more uniform, ultimately consisting primarily of calcite. These findings indicate that the combination of RPG and OSHL offers a novel approach to cement synthesis, while reducing the content of alkali metal oxides, thereby aligning the cement clinker more closely with modern production standards.

Exploring the uptake, accumulation, and distribution of nitrate in Swiss chard and spinach and their impact on food safety and human health

Greenhouse vegetable production is often associated with the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers and a high rate of nitrate accumulation. We evaluated the uptake, translocation, and accumulation of nitrate in chard and spinach under greenhouse conditions with optimal fertilization. The results revealed low levels of nitrate in the leachates and substrates (chard ˃ spinach). The high nitrate concentrations in the root zone of spinach compared to those of chard were correlated with a high rate of accumulation in the stem, aerial fraction, and leaves (p < 0.0001). The nitrate concentration in spinach exceeded the limit established by international regulations by 3-fold. The daily intake of nitrate exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) value in almost all age groups (except 13–19 years). However, in the age group of 1–2 years, the daily intake value (7.87 mg NO3− kg−1) was two times higher than the ADI. To improve the quality of food for children, food contamination monitoring programs must ensure adherence to production standards.

Food Safety And Good Manufacturing Pratices: Analyzing A Collective Restaurant In A Textile Industry

Due to the growth of the food service sector, companies seek to improve their processes in order to increase the product and service quality. However the main concern is on the safety of the food offered to the consumer. The food safety is related to the production standards to ensure the appropriate characteristics of the food consumption, which when not applied can food contamination, and as a result diseases and including fatal consequences to consumers. Thus, the Quality Control achievement is made by laws and systems that help companies in the food service sector, among them: Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). Therefore, this study aims to diagnose the use of GMP in a Textile Company Restaurant located in Itabuna-BA. In this regard, it had been held initially a bibliographic research and collected relevant information related to this topic. To reach results, interviews were performed within the restaurant responsible and it was applied an adapted Checklist of the Resolution RDC nr. 275 of 21st October 2002 - Annex II, in which had been data collected, through observation. The conclusions were that the Company Restaurant meet a large amount of the GPM needs, in which part of the percentage that is inappropriate is related to the restaurant infrastructure, one of the Company's responsibility in which the restaurant is located. From the analysis of these results, there was a proposal to adapt the use of Good Manufacturing Practices in the restaurant, according to the standards and guidelines laid down by the norms.

Nutritional Value and Therapeutic Benefits of Dragon Fruit: A Comprehensive Review with Implications for Establishing Australian Industry Standards.

Dragon fruit, which is native to northern South America and Mexico, has become a significant crop in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including Vietnam, China, and Australia. The fruit (Hylocereus spp.) is rich in various bioactive phytochemical compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and pigments such as betalains and anthocyanins, which contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties. This comprehensive review introduces the origin, classification, and global production of dragon fruit, with a particular focus on its bioactive phytochemicals and therapeutic potential. Additionally, it critically evaluates the current industry standards for fresh dragon fruit production across key producing countries. While these standards primarily focus on quality, classification, and grading criteria, they lack focus on parameters related to the fruit's bioactive content. The absence of established quality standards for fresh produce in the Australian dragon fruit industry presents a unique opportunity to develop guidelines that align with both international benchmarks and the therapeutic potential of the fruit. By addressing this gap, this review can potentially help Australia to position its dragon fruit industry to achieve greater consistency, competitiveness, and consumer appeal. As the demand for functional foods continues to rise, aligning Australian production practices with global standards becomes critical to meeting domestic market expectations. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of dragon fruit's nutritional and therapeutic significance and highlights its potential role in establishing a robust standard for the Australian dragon fruit industry. A review of global industry standards reveled that Australian standard could incorporate classifications of dragon fruits, including external factors like appearance, size, and defect tolerance. Future research is needed to prioritize understanding of the impact of cultivation practices and environmental factors on the bioactive composition of dragon fruit, enabling the development of best practices for growers. Additionally, further studies are needed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of these bioactive properties through clinical trials, particularly their potential in preventing chronic diseases. The advancement of analytical methods for quantifying bioactive compounds will provide deeper insights into their health benefits and support the establishment of bioactive-oriented industry standards. Moreover, investigations of post-harvest handling and processing techniques could optimize the preservation of these valuable compounds, enhancing dragon fruit's role as a functional food.

Paneer in everyday diet: Health impacts, risks, and best consumption practices

Paneer, a traditional Indian dairy product, has gained immense popularity due to its high protein content and versatility in vegetarian diets. This article explores the nutritional benefits, potential health risks, and best practices for the safe consumption of paneer. Paneer is rich in proteins, fats, and essential micronutrients like calcium, making it an important food in many diets. However, challenges such as its short shelf life, potential contamination during production, and the presence of saturated fats raise concerns about its health and safety when consumed in excess or under improper conditions. This paper reviews the key health benefits of paneer, including its role in supporting muscle growth and bone health, while also addressing the risks posed by adulteration, microbial contamination, and improper storage. Through an analysis of traditional and commercial production methods, this study identifies critical control points in the processing and handling of paneer that can reduce risks and enhance its safety. Best practices for safe consumption include proper refrigeration, adherence to hygienic production standards, and limiting consumption of full-fat paneer to avoid excessive saturated fat intake. The article also highlights risk in consuming paneer which are adulterated, causing health threat to general public. Recommendations for future research focus on improving processing techniques and public awareness around safe paneer consumption to ensure its benefits outweigh potential risks.

Optimizing the Elastic Modulus Temperature Coefficient of Ti-45Nb Alloy by Aging-Induced Nano-Precipitation α Phase.

Titanium-Niobium alloys have garnered extensive interest in various fields, such as aerospace, medical equipment, and scientific research instruments, due to their superior properties. Particularly, their anti-magnetic characteristics render them high potential in the watchmaking industry. The temperature coefficient of the elastic modulus of balance spring materials is a crucial parameter for assessing the impact of temperature on the properties of TiNb alloys. This study aims to explore the influence of heat treatment on the microstructural and elastic modulus temperature coefficient of the Ti-45Nb alloy. The results indicate that after short-term aging treatment, ω particles are enriched at grain boundaries and defects and are distributed in a necklace shape after erosion. After long-term aging treatment, the α phase appears in the material. The phase transformation process of low-temperature aging is β → β + β' → β + ω → β + ω + α. The grain size of the material does not change significantly after different treatments. Additionally, the effect of heat treatment on material properties was studied by a low-temperature dynamic elastic modulus tester. The results showed that the temperature coefficient of the elastic modulus of the material in its original state was relatively high, ranging from 50~220 × 10-6·°C-1. After long-time aging treatment, the temperature coefficient of the elastic modulus of the material decreased significantly due to the appearance of the α phase. The temperature coefficient of the elastic modulus of the material after 48 h of heat preservation treatment fluctuated at 0 ± 30 × 10-6·°C-1. The internal control standard of excellent products in the industry is -11~35 × 10-6/°C. This study provides significant practical implications for the application of Ti-45Nb alloy in the watchmaking industry by adjusting the heat treatment temperature and time to study the effects on organizational evolution and the temperature coefficient of the elastic modulus.

A reflexion on the oxidative stress and animal welfare: a review.

A wide range of studies have documented the role of oxidative stress in the development of chronic pathological disorders and even in the aging itself. However, its significance to modern animal health and welfare remains neglected. Oxidative stress in biological systems refers to a disturbance in the balance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants in favour of the former, leading to potential damage of biomolecules. In farm animals, oxidative stress may be involved in several pathological conditions, including those that are relevant for animal production and the general welfare of the individuals, resulting in some cases in irreversible losses. The oxidative stress concept and how it may result in disease or be prevented are complex questions with no simple answers and therefore, call professionals for deep reflection, to maintain a high standard of animal welfare and production. The aim of this review was to gather relevant information on the characteristics of pro-oxidants and antioxidant as well as their significance in animal production systems.

A Novel Design Method for Chip Flute of Indexable Insert Drill Used at Large Drilling Depth

The design of the chip flute in indexable insert drills significantly influences chip removal efficiency, drill diameter deflection, and drill deformation in the metal drilling process, which are crucial for maintaining drill stability and minimizing deviations in the diameter of the drilled hole. However, traditional chip flute designs fail to meet production standards when drilling deep holes in 42CrMo, particularly at depths reaching up to seven times the hole diameter. This study introduces an innovative optimization method for the chip flute design of indexable insert drills specifically intended for metal deep-cutting applications, which involves refining both the cross-sectional and circumferential profiles of the chip flute. A novel combined cross-section for the chip flute was developed and tested against the conventional double U-profile in drilling experiments on 42CrMo. Based on the chip shape of the inner and outer inserts, the inner insert flute section is designed into a U-shaped section and the outer insert flute section is designed into trapezoidal section, respectively, so as to increase the proportion of the effective chip removal area in the chip flute, which reduces the chip flute section area and increases the core thickness of the tool holder. Additionally, the circumferential profile was enhanced through orthogonal simulation experiments. The findings revealed that the drill diameter deflection using the newly designed combined cross-section was reduced by 21.76% compared to the traditional double U-profile in the metal drilling process. The indexable insert drill featuring this optimized chip flute configuration exhibited significant improvements in the drill diameter deflection, drill deformation, and drilled hole diameter accuracy, outperforming the standard drill design.

Tanggung Jawab Pelaku UMKM Sebagai Merchant Dalam E-commerce

Introduction: The dynamics of globalization and technological advances have changed the business world significantly, especially with rapid developments in the field of electronic commerce (e-commerce). Significant growth in this field is expected to make a positive contribution to the development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) by expanding market access.Purposes of the Research: To find out and analyze the responsibilities of MSME actors as merchants in e-commerce.Methods of the Research: The legal research method used in studying this problem is normative juridical, which is based on primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials, and uses a statutory approach and a conceptual approach.Results of the Research: The results of this research show that quite a few business actors do not fulfill their obligations, namely being responsible for fulfilling consumer rights. The form of consumer rights that is violated by business actors in a food product for consumption by consumers is stated in Article 4 point (3) regarding the provision of correct and clear information about a product, goods and/or services. Therefore, business actors are obliged to follow food production standards and maintain product quality in order to meet consumer needs and satisfaction. To protect consumers from business actors whose rights are not fulfilled, the Consumer Protection Law provides protection to consumers in two forms, namely preventatively and repressively. By using strict liability, the application of absolute responsibility solves problems faced by consumers without the need to prove fault, so that consumer rights based on this responsibility can provide legal protection