Turkey Production Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF TURKEY MEAT IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA

The study examined the factors affecting the demand and supply of turkey meat in Osun State. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to obtain data from 39 turkey farmers and 95 consumers. Data were analyzed with the aid of descriptive statistics and two stage least squares model. The results of the descriptive statistics showed that majority of the turkey producers were male, married with an average age of 39 years. They operate on a small scale of production with an average of 73.21 flock size and have an average of 5.31 years of farming experience. The results also revealed that majority of the turkey consumers were married with a mean age of 41years and have formal education. The two stage least squares estimates showed that the significant determinants of supply of turkey meat are flock size, diseases outbreak, return on investment, educational level and cost of production. On the other hand, significant determinants of demand of turkey meat are income and educational status. It is therefore recommend that farmers should be sensitized on good management practices to prevent and control diseases by making available extension and veterinary services in order to increase turkey meat supply. Also, consumers should be sensitized on the nutritional benefits of poultry meat through advertisement. This will in turn help consumers in meeting the FAO recommendation for daily animal protein intake

Forecasting Pistachio Production in Turkey: A Comparison of ARIMA, Grey, and Exponential Smoothing Models

This research aims to forecast pistachio production in Turkey using the Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), the grey model (G.M. (1,1)), and Exponential Smoothing (Holt's and Brown's) models. The Food and Agriculture Organization provided the annual statistics on pistachio production in Turkey from 1961 to 2019, which was used in this study. Pistachio production is expected to increase between 2020 and 2030. The mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) statistics were used to assess the performance of the models. The G.M. (1,1) model was found to be significantly better than other models, and it was used to make future predictions. Results showed that the forecasted production value for 2020 was 157.80 thousand tons, rising to 302.86 thousand tons in 2030. Pistachio production is expected to increase during the next ten years.

Instances of intraspecific nest parasitism in eastern and Rio Grande wild turkeys

AbstractNest parasitism can play an important role in processes regulating population dynamics of both hosts and parasites. Inter‐ and intra‐specific nest parasitism are 2 alternative reproductive strategies observed to occur in about 1% of all bird species. Recently, low productivity in wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) populations has resulted in population declines across the southeastern United States. Reproductive output may be influenced by nest parasitism, but the extent of nest parasitism and how it may be related to productivity of wild turkey populations are poorly understood. Herein, we illustrate 6 unreported examples of intraspecific nest parasitism obtained using GPS telemetry data from female wild turkeys in Georgia and Louisiana during 2014−2018. Further, we report 3 occurrences of nest parasitism in Texas using photographic evidence. Our findings suggest that ≥6% of nests are potentially parasitized, and that multiple females may visit and parasitize a single nest. Given recent declines in reproductive output of wild turkeys throughout the southeastern United States, we encourage researchers to continue assessing potential for nest parasitism across wild turkey populations and how this potential may be influenced by predator abundance and activity.

Fattening performance, carcass traits, and profitability of Aberdeen Angus and Holstein Friesian bulls in Turkey

The aim of this study was to compare Aberdeen Angus (AA) and Holstein Friesian (HF) bulls in Turkey based on fattening performance, carcass properties, and production costs. In the trial, 105 AA and 105 HF 10- to 12-month-old bulls with a mean initial bodyweight (IBW) of 302 kg were used. The bulls were distributed into 14 paddocks in groups of 15 based on their IBW at an open-shed facility in İzmir. The bulls were fed different rations for the grower and finisher periods for 90 days each, but otherwise were kept under similar conditions. At the end of the finishing period, the animals were slaughtered and carcass characteristics, organ weights, quality of meat, and meat production costs were evaluated. In terms of fattening performance, the AA bulls were superior to the HF bulls. The ultimate pH of the Longissimus dorsi in the AA bulls was lower than in the HF bulls and the sensory characteristics of the AA bulls were higher. Production costs were higher for the AA bulls, but so too were income over feed costs (IOFC), making the AA bulls more profitable. Thus, it might be concluded that beef breed bulls that mature quickly, such as AA, are more advantageous for meat production in Turkey than HF bulls, which are a by-product of the dairy industry.

Diyanet Qur’ān Commentary Kur’an Yolu (Path of the Qur’ān)

Various Muslim commentators have contributed to Qur’ānic exegesis (tafsīr) from the Eastern to the Western regions of the Muslim world. Besides the Middle East, other regions were also influential in the literature and scholarship of tafsīr, such as Khorasan and Transoxiana. Another example is Istanbul, the libraries of which hold examples of most of the surviving tafsīr works and super-commentaries. We do not have an extensive body of scholarship on tafsīr knowledge/production in other parts of the Muslim world in English as such studies are of particular significance for the full history of tafsīr. For this reason, this article focuses on tafsīr production in modern Turkey with reference to the Diyanet (the Turkish Presidency for Religious Affairs) Qur’ān commentary Kur’an Yolu (Path of the Qur’ān). First, the article provides a brief overview of tafsīr production and culture in the Ottoman period (1299–1922) and in the period of the Republic of Turkey (since 1923) to contextualise the Diyanet commentary. Then, it analyses the Diyanet Qur’ān commentary Kur’an Yolu as official/institutional tafsīr, its major characteristics and methodology. A particular focus is devoted to the commentary’s Introduction (pp. 13-51). The article holds the view that, while the Qur’ān commentary Kur’an Yolu follows the classical mainstream Sunni framework and paradigm, it includes innovative perspectives, selections of alternative options along with critical engagement with the classical tafsīr and Islamic scholarship.

Hydropower for green hydrogen production in Turkey

The current study develops a hydro-based hydrogen production concept and investigates the utilization of hydroelectric power for green hydrogen production in Turkey. For the hydroelectric power potential calculations, the installed and under construction hydroelectric power plants, run-of-river systems, and reservoir dams are considered for the entire country. The potential capacities of each city are estimated based on the available official and published data by the government agencies, and some reasonable assumptions are also made for detailed analysis and assessment for a feasible hydrogen economy in the country. The results obtained here clearly show that the contribution of hydroelectric energy to hydrogen production is considerable high in promoting countries towards leadership in the field of green hydrogen production. Based on the analysis results, Turkey's hydro-based green hydrogen production potential is estimated to be 2.26 megatons. Şanlıurfa, Elazığ, Diyarbakır, Artvin, and Adana are cities with the highest green hydrogen production potential from hydroelectric power with an annual production capacity of 233.09, 204.92, 175.35, 157.28, and 140.8 kilotons, respectively. The results of this study are expected to help the policymakers to use hydropower energy for planning and developing action plan for the country and help overcome carbon-based fuel usage and its associated pollution. The main idea is to prepare hydrogen maps in detail for each region in Turkey, based on the hydro energy potential by using electrolysers. This, in turn, can be considered in the context of the current policies of the local communities and policymakers to prepare a sustainable energy roadmap for the country.

A new approach for selecting the most suitable oilseed for biodiesel production; the integrated AHP-TOPSIS method

The rapid growth of the world's population and industrial revolution has led to an increase in the need for energy. However, the scarcity of fossil fuels and serious environmental pollution problems have attracted researchers on developing alternative or renewable energy sources. Among these energy sources, biodiesel has been the most popular energy source for decades. Energy crops that are cultivated as oil feedstock such as soybean, cottonseed, rapeseed, and camelina for biodiesel production in Turkey. Due to different physicochemical properties of these oilseeds, fuel quality, engine performance characteristics and emission results of biodiesel are the significant criteria that have been changing. Therefore, these criteria were evaluated by using multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques for the selection of the most suitable energy crop. For this purpose, AHP has been applied for evaluating the significance of each criterion and ranks of investigated alternatives have been calculated by using TOPSIS. The results identified rapeseed as the most suitable oilseed as an energy crop for cultivation in Turkey whereas cottonseed was an unsuitable choice for biodiesel production. This integrated analysis method here can be utilized by policymakers as a pre-investment tool in developing new business models for the goal of reducing exhaust emissions as well as decreasing dependence on fossil fuels.

Investigation of Changes of Organic Crops Production in Turkey

Agricultural production is a vital need in terms of ensuring the continuity of the human population and meeting their requirements. Yet, the applications during agricultural production have a determining role on the quality of the final product. In addition to the amount of agricultural production and its economic value, the quality of the obtained product is very important. In this sense, it is known that the products produced with the organic agricultural practices are more nutritious, high quality, they have below the pesticide residue of limited levels or none, compared to conventional. The accessibility to organic food products and the decrease in their prices can be achieved by increasing the amount of production. Evaluating the amount of organic crops production during the pandemic, which has affected all the countries, is important in terms of determining the problems in the production and developing solutions to these problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of organic crops production during the pandemic period compare to prior periods it in Turkey. In the study, a decrease in the amount of organic crops production was revealed statistically and some suggestions given for increasing it, and in addition, the differences of organic farming production method from other methods were included.

Comparative Study of The Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Pumpkin Seed (Cucurbita pepo L.) Grown In The Different Ecological Conditions of Turkey

The present work has been carried out to examine the effect of ecology on pumpkin seeds’ chemical composition among seven pumpkin lines (Cucurbita pepo L.) selected as a result of breeding studies. Kırklareli has been chosen to represent Thrace Region and Nevsehir and Ankara have been chosen to represent Central Anatolian Region where pumpkin production in Turkey is intensified. The data obtained for the seven pumpkin seeds (seed moisture content, total oil content, the composition of fatty acids, protein, vitamin E and amounts of essential minerals (Fe, Mn, Mg, K, P) were found considerable variation between lines and different environment locations. It has been concluded for the pumpkin seeds that total oil ratio was high (35%-48%), that oleic acid (40%-58%) and linoleic acid (30%-40%) are dominant oil acids, that it contains 35%-40 % of protein. Pumpkin seeds are a good source of vitamin E. The results of vitamin E contents were found between 2.68 -4.47 mg/100g. The pumpkin seeds were found to have considerable amounts of essential minerals (K, Mg, and P). According to the findings, it was determined how the chemical properties of pumpkin lines grown under three different ecologies were affected.

An Analysis of the World Paper Industry with a Focus on Europe and Trade Perspective

Abstract The pulp and paper manufacturing industry is currently facing sweeping changes due to the fact that supply and demand are dominated by different global players. These changes have significant effects not only on the paper and pulp production of countries but also on world economies thanks to the high level of trade between countries around the world. Based on the historical development of paper, our study examines today’s production around the world economies, shows the latest commercial trends in the paper and pulp trade, and makes a prediction on the effects of the data belonging to this sector on the trade of countries through using panel regression models. According to our results, we determined a significant relationship between the total world paper and cardboard production in Turkey and the European Union and the amount of pulp. On the other hand, a partial relationship was found between the European Union and Turkey’s paper production. In addition, we concluded that the amount of pulp used in paper and cardboard production was the factor causing the total paper production in the European Union and Turkey. In other words, we have established as a result of the analysis that as the amount of pulp used in paper and cardboard production increases, paper and cardboard production also increases at the same rate.

Regions’ economic fitness and sectoral labor productivity: Evidence from Turkey

AbstractEconomic fitness is a nonlinear method for measuring countries’ and regions’ economic complexity. This study aims to measure the economic complexity of regions and its impacts on sectoral labor productivity in Turkey. By developing and employing a regional economic fitness index, the study addresses the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors at the NUTS‐2 level to more effectively analyze regions’ overall labor productivity. Our findings show that economic fitness positively affects regions’ overall labor productivity, and this positive effect mostly stems from the industrial sector. Furthermore, our findings highlight that there is no relationship between the regional fitness index and the agricultural sector.

Determination and Comparison of Phenolic Compound Content and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Propolis Samples in Turkey

Objective: Ethanol extraction is the most popular technique for the production of propolis extracts. However, this method may not be suitable for various clinical conditions. Based on it, we composed a trial product with an olive-oil extraction as an alternative method. Furthermore, we crafted combinations to reinforce and synergize the antimicrobial activity of the trial propolis product. Finally, we compared our trial products with the existing marketing products in Turkey. The present study aimed to determine chemical compounds and the antimicrobial activity of some propolis samples selected from Turkey and compare the mentioned features with the olive-oil- trial products we composed for the study.
 Material-Methods: Four different samples, as trial and final products, were crafted for the study. Trail products conducted as sample 1 to 4 (S1, S2, S3 and S4). The trial products were compared with the four other propolis and propolis-containing combined products currently exciting on the market. Four different trademarks were used, and the Trademarks (TM) was called TM1, TM2 TM3, and TM4. Determination of Total Phenolic Compound (TPC) was analyzed according to the Folin-Ciocalteau method. The antimicrobial activity test was determined according to the Kirby-Bauer method.
 Results: The highest TPC ratio was detected in the trademark 2 (TM2), and the lowest TPC ratio was determined in the TM4 samples, 19553.12 GAE mg/L and 740.9 GAE mg/L, respectively. The TPC ratio of the final trial product sample 4 (S4) was defined as 6519.3 GAE mg/L. The highest inhibitation zone against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus strains was observed in S1 (the oleuropein-containing trial product). The highest inhabitation zone against C. albicans and C. krusei yeasts was observed in TM1 and S4 (the oleuropein and boron-containing trial propolis product) samples. 
 Conclusion: The S4 product, containing boron, oleuropein, and propolis, had a higher inhibitation zone diameters compared to the commercial brands. Furthermore, all the propolis products analyzed in this study had rich phenolic components; the curative and beneficial impacts of phenolic components on health merit further investigations.

Turkey's rise as a drone power: trial by fire

ABSTRACT Turkey's production and operational use of its own armed drones has grabbed much media attention and caused consternation in some regional capitals. Not only has Turkey emerged as one of the world's most prolific users of largely indigenously built armed drones but it has also become a major exporter of these systems. Analyses put Turkey's position as a major drone power down to long-term strategic calculation. Whilst Ankara's emergence as a serious drone player is certainly no accident – it is the output of a concerted state effort – this article emphasises how Turkish political-military leaders have absorbed military and political lessons from early forays into armed drone usage and adjusted foreign policy and military tactics accordingly. Such a non-linear evolution of its drone strategy suggests future change in how Turkey seeks to derive benefits from this niche capability.

Manufacturing and service‐sector productivity in Turkey: A perspective from firm‐level data

AbstractSince 2003, productivity growth in Turkey has disappointed. We provide a new analysis of the issue, measuring labour productivity at the firm level. Previous accounts distinguish a period of rapid productivity growth before 2007–2008 from one of slower productivity growth thereafter. In contrast, we show that productivity growth in manufacturing was faster after 2007–2008 than before, while productivity in services declined through 2010, after which it stabilised. The slump in service‐sector productivity was compounded by a shift in employment towards activities with relatively low, slowly growing labour productivity such as construction, hospitality and business services. These trends were attributable to policy. Our findings thus upend the conventional picture of successful policy reform prior to the Global Financial Crisis followed by a period of regression.

Phosphorus (P) in animal diets as a driver of embodied P in animal products and net anthropogenic P inputs

AbstractOne approach to address both the environmental and scarcity issues that occur with phosphorus (P) losses from human systems is to improve understanding of the P demands of bio‐based products. Most P demand in the United States is driven by production of crops for animal feed and mineral P feed supplements for animals. In this research, we used the Commodity‐Specific Net Anthropogenic Phosphorus and Nitrogen Inputs (CSNAPNI) model to (1) assess the contributions of individual feed products such as corn, soy, and mineral P supplements to the embodied P of animal products and (2) estimate net anthropogenic phosphorus inputs (NAPIs) for the contiguous United States for two animal P‐intake scenarios. Results show that P supplements may contribute up to 30% of embodied P in pork and dairy products, up to 60% in chicken, and up to 75% in turkey. Other major contributors to animal product‐embodied P are grains, which are responsible for around 60% of embodied P in pork and dairy products, at least 30% in chicken, and at least 20% in turkey products. Results also show that animal P intake is such a significant driver of anthropogenic phosphorus that a reduction of animal P intake by 25% could reduce NAPI to the contiguous United States by 30%. Considering promising research on methods to improve digestibility of both mineral P supplements and grain P in animal diets, these results are encouraging.

THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL LABOR FORCE ON LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, GDP AND PRODUCTIVITY

In today’s world, there are many reasons behind labor migration, however, better living conditions are still the main motives. A new language, a new life in a foreign country, adaptation to the social and economic life, livelihood costs, loss of wages during a new job search are the main disadvantages that migrant labor can experience. The aim of this study is to reveal the impact of the international labor force on labor force participation, gross domestic product (GDP), and productivity in Turkey. The research method is a multivariate regression model, estimated in Stata. The number of foreign workers who are registered in the Foreigners Automation System and who have work permits is taken into account. According to the statistics, they are generally employed in low-skilled positions. The results provided that the foreign workers have a limited impact on the labor force participation, GDP, and productivity in the Turkish labor market. But in the last years, the education status of the foreign workers has been increasing which can pose a rise in productivity and in GDP in the future. We think that foreign labor workers are crucial forces both for host countries and organisations. Therefore, revealing other effects of foreign workers on the economy will contribute to both literature and practice.

Stocking density effects on turkey hen performance to 11 weeks of age

Stocking density (SD) affects economic return for turkey production and can impact performance parameters. In this study (2 experimental blocks), Nicholas Select hens (n = 3,550 poults/block) were randomly placed in 1 of 4 SD treatments of 30, 40, 50, or 60 kg/m2 in open rooms (67.5 m2) with 4 replications per treatment. Feeder and drinker space were equalized on a per bird basis. Air quality was measured, and ventilation was adjusted to equalize ammonia and carbon dioxide levels across all rooms. Group BW and feed consumption were measured on d 0 and wk 3, 5, 8, and 11. BW gain and mortality corrected feed-to-gain ratio were calculated. Mortality and culls were recorded daily and necropsied for cause of death. At wk 8 and 11, flock uniformity was evaluated (30 birds/replicate). Data were analyzed using regression analyses in SAS 9.4 (Proc Reg for linear regression and Proc RSReg for quadratic regression; SD as independent variable). An ANOVA was performed for air quality (Proc Mixed; SAS 9.4) and a Tukey's range test was used to separate means. Differences were considered significant when P ≤ 0.05. Carbon dioxide and ammonia were consistent across treatments for both blocks. At wk 11, BW decreased linearly as SD increased (P = 0.05). There was a tendency for overall BW gain to decrease linearly as SD increased (P = 0.06). Feed consumption decreased as SD increased during wk 8 to 11 (linear; P < 0.01) and from wk 0 to 11 (quadratic; P = 0.04). SD had no impact on feed efficiency, mortality, or uniformity. Total aggression related mortality and culls were highest in the 30 kg/m2 treatment (linear; P = 0.02). A brief economic analysis was performed utilizing commercial poult and feed costs and income at marketing. Net room income increased as SD increased (linear; P < 0.01). The results indicate that high SD negatively impacted turkey hen final BW and feed consumption, but no effect was observed on feed-to-gain ratio, percent mortality, or uniformity.

Ülkemizde Şeker Pancarı Tohumluk Üretimi

Sugar beet is an important agricultural and industrial crop that contributes to Turkey’s economy. It is not only the source of sugar production in our country but also become an important sector with seed production. The seeds are one of the most important issues directly affecting the root yield and quality of sugar beet. There are a lot of registered sugar beet varieties and sufficient seed production in Turkey. According to the data in 2020 year, the seeds of sugar beet varieties were produced with a sowing area of 11.891 decare, seed production was 2.317 tons and 198 kg/da in seed yield. The seed amount is completely belonging to the seed companies operating in the private sector. Besides, 413 tons of sugar beet seeds were imported and 11.312 million dollars was paid, while 143 tons of seeds were exported and 1.584 million dollars income was obtained in 2020. The sugar beet plant produces leaves above the ground and root in the first year, and grows the stem, branch, flower and seeds in the second year. Therefore, seed production needs a long time and intensive labor requirement. In order to shorten this two-year period in seed production of sugar beet, firstly seedlings belonging to male and female lines of a hybrid variety are grown and then, the seed production is performed by transplanting these seedlings. In this review, commercial hybrid seed production of sugar beet is explanied in detail.

Levels and genotypes of Salmonella and levels of Escherichia coli in frozen ready-to-cook chicken and turkey products in England tested in 2020 in relation to an outbreak of S. Enteritidis

Frozen reformulated (FR) breaded chicken products have previously been implicated in causing human salmonellosis. A multi-country Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis outbreak involving several strains with >400 reported human cases in the UK occurred in 2020. Initially S. Infantis was detected in one sample from a case home but S. Enteritidis was then also isolated using a S. Enteritidis specific PCR in combination with isolation via a Craigie-tube. This prompted a survey to examine the presence and levels of Salmonella and E. coli in ready-to-cook FR poultry products in England in 2020.From a total of 483 samples, including two from cases' homes, Salmonella was detected in 42 chicken samples, these originated from six out of 53 production plants recorded. Salmonella detection was associated with elevated levels of generic E. coli (OR = 6.63). S. Enteritidis was detected in 17 samples, S. Infantis in 25, S. Newport in four and S. Java, S. Livingstone and S. Senftenberg in one each. The highest levels of Salmonella were 54 MPN/g for S. Infantis and 28 MPN/g for S. Enteritidis; 60% of the Salmonella-positive samples had <1.0 MPN/g. S. Enteritidis was detected together with S. Infantis in five samples and with S. Livingstone in one. Where S. Enteritidis was detected with other Salmonella, the former was present at between 2 and 100-fold lower concentrations. The Salmonella contamination was homogeneously distributed amongst chicken pieces from a single pack and present in both the outer coating and inner content. The S. Enteritidis were all outbreak strains and detected in six products that were linked to four production plants which implicated a Polish origin of contamination. Despite S. Infantis being most prevalent in these products, S. Infantis from only two contemporaneous human cases in the UK fell into the same cluster as isolates detected in one product. Except for one human case falling into the same cluster as one of the S. Newport strains from the chicken, no further isolates from human cases fell into clusters with any of the other serovars detected in the chicken samples.This study found that higher E. coli levels indicated a higher probability of Salmonella contamination in FR chicken products. The results also highlight the importance of recognising co-contamination of foods with multiple Salmonella types and has provided essential information for detecting and understanding outbreaks where multiple strains are involved.

Assessment of Turkey Farming Management Practices by Small-Scale Rural Farmers in Eastern Nigeria

A survey of rural turkey farmers was conducted in three villages in the Eastern part of Nigeria, namely: Amukwa, Amaeze and Nguru. The aim of the study was to assess the prevailing management and production practices of turkey farmers in the area. Information obtained included flock size, reasons for keeping birds, breeding and management practices among others. The multi-stage random sampling method was used to collect information from 180 respondents. Results obtained revealed variability in response among flock sizes (1–20), with most (90%) respondents being part-time farmers. Mean scores, in terms of the level of adoption of standard management practices by turkey farmers, were given as cleaning and disinfection of pen before restocking ( x= 4.60), removal of droppings (x = 4.57), and changing and replacement of litters ( x= 4.4). Beak trimming ( x= 1.27) was the lowest-ranked farm practice by farmers. It was concluded that the management practices and production of turkey in the study area are below standard when compared to those in developed societies. Adequate support for farmers in terms of finance and regular training, among others, by relevant agencies including the government may help improve the production of turkey in the area.