Production Units Research Articles

Virtual Inertia Control for Power Electronics-Integrated Power Systems: Challenges and Prospects

In modern power systems, conventional energy production units are being replaced by clean and environmentally friendly renewable energy resources (RESs). Integrating RESs into power systems presents numerous challenges, notably the need for enhanced grid stability and reliability. RES-dominated power systems fail to meet sufficient demand due to insufficient inertia responses. To address this issue, various virtual inertia emulation techniques are proposed to bolster power system stability amidst the increased integration of renewable energy sources into the grid. This review article explores state-of-the-art virtual inertia support strategies tailored to accommodate the increased penetration of RESs. Beginning with an overview of this study, it explores the existing virtual inertia techniques and investigates the various methodologies, including control algorithms, parameters, configurations, key contributions, sources, controllers, and simulation platforms. The promising virtual inertia control strategies are categorised based on the techniques used in their control algorithms and their applications. Furthermore, this review explains evolving research trends and identifies promising avenues for future investigations. Emphasis is placed on addressing key challenges such as dynamic response characteristics, scalability, and interoperability with conventional grid assets. The initial database search reveals 1529 publications. Finally, 106 articles were selected for this study, adding 6 articles manually for the review analysis. By synthesising current knowledge and outlining prospective research directions, this review aims to facilitate the current state of research paths concerning virtual inertia control techniques, along with the categorisation and analysis of these approaches, and showcases a comprehensive understanding of the research domain, which is essential for the sustainable integration of renewable energy into modern power systems via power electronic interface.

Modern successful global solutions in environmentally friendly urban delivery and their application in Ukraine

Nowadays the issue of reducing environmental pollution is on the agenda of all countries. Among the areas that have huge negative consequences for nature, logistics and supply chains take their place. Today, there are many concepts and scientific currents that recognize the need to account for the environmental component in urban logistics. Environmental aspects are used when evaluating the efficiency of investment projects, developing new models of vehicles, calculating taxes and insurance payments, and when searching for the best delivery schemes. The goal of the work. Taking into account the world experience in research on the chosen topic, the purpose of this study is to consolidate the world's successful experience in environmentally friendly urban delivery and assess their applicability in Ukraine. Technologies and methods that allow reducing the negative impact of motor vehicles on the environment include: The technology of off-peak delivery, which allows you to improve the speed mode of the car. With off-peak delivery, the probability of traffic jams is minimized, which makes the speed of movement the maximum permissible in the city (and, accordingly, the most environmentally friendly). Although night delivery is currently not possible in Ukraine due to the curfew, late and early delivery is still available, allowing you to successfully bypass traffic jams. Use of consolidation centers. The economic idea of consolidation of freight transportation is to use the effect of scale - the greater the carrying capacity of the vehicle, the lower the specific costs for transportation of a unit of production. Currently, the construction of the consolidation center is being evaluated from the point of view of the impact of the supply chain on the environment. At the same time, the existence of a consolidation center near or within the city allows to organize delivery by vehicles with zero or low level of environmental pollution. Use of Parcel Delivery Lockers. Delivery lockers are usually installed in places where the maximum flow of residents is concentrated, which makes it possible to create additional comfort for users due to the possibility of choosing the point closest to their own home or place of work. This method eliminates up to two thirds of harmful emissions into the air. The number of post machines and the area covered by them increases year by year, which allows us to talk about the success of this technology. According to the results of 2022, such major players of express delivery as "Nova Poshta" (now “Nova”), "Ukrposhta" and "Meest" will continue to work with post delivery lockers in Ukraine. Use of more environmentally friendly types of transport. The use of hybrid, electric or non-motorized vehicles is increasingly used in last-mile logistics. Electric vehicles, mopeds, two- or three-wheeled bicycles with a large trunk or cargo body can be considered environmentally friendly types of urban logistics. Such vehicles have practically zero emissions of harmful substances, they are much more maneuverable and do not require a lot of space for unloading, loading and parking. Implementation of zones with low (zero) air pollution. Zones with zero or low emissions have long been used in developed countries. There are no generally accepted technologies for calculating the territory that requires restrictions on the movement of transport, as well as for calculating the cost of such movement. Usually it depends on the will of the local authorities, the wishes of the residents and the well-being of the region. Prohibition on the use of motor vehicles. Some local authorities introduce a complete ban on the use of motor vehicles within certain parts of the city. Usually these are historical centers with dense buildings and a large number of tourists. Sometimes such drastic measures are combined with night delivery technology. If this is not possible, the only alternative is delivery by small, usually two- or three-wheeled, zero-emission vehicles. Improvement of traffic management. Competently designed organization of road traffic can reduce the pressure on the environment. The use of an intelligent transport system in smart cities allows you to perform important tasks like detection of transport accidents; automated control of the ramp, traffic lights and parking, etc. Improvement of road conditions. This refers to the quality of the road surface, markings, cleanliness of the road surface, etc. Improvement of road conditions indirectly affects the improvement of environment of the region. Summing up the results of the research, successful global practices in environmental friendly urban logistics are highlighted, which are applied and have prospects for application in Ukraine. It was concluded that there is a huge potential of using world experience in urban logistics of Ukraine. This will bring Ukrainian logistics and urban supply chains to a new level, increasing the level of health and general satisfaction of the citizens.

Peran Kelompok Tani Turi Mania Dalam Usahatani Padi Sawah Di Desa Bunia Kecamatan Bintauna Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Utara

This study aims to describe the role of the Turi Mania Farmers' Group in rice farming in Bunia Village, Bintauna Sub-district, Bolaang Mongondow Utara Regency. The research was conducted over a period of 3 months from September to November 2023, based in Bunia Village, Bintauna Sub-district, Bolaang Mongondow Utara Regency. The data for this study were collected through primary data obtained from direct interviews with members of the Turi Mania Farmers' Group about their roles in rice farming, using a prepared questionnaire. Secondary data were obtained from the Bunia Village government office and from online sources such as journals and research theses. The sampling method used was a census method, involving all members of the Turi Mania Farmers' Group in Bunia, from the management to the members, totaling 14 respondents. Data analysis was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach, presented in the form of tables. The data obtained were analyzed using a Likert scale. This analysis explains the role of the Turi Mania Farmers' Group based on learning classes, cooperation platforms, and production units. The results show that the role of the Turi Mania Farmers' Group in Bunia Village, Bintauna Sub-district, Bolaang Mongondow Utara Regency in rice farming is categorized as a learning class with a total score of 121 and a role index of 95.74%, fairly significant as a cooperation platform with a total score of 82 and a role index of 67.74%, and significant as a production unit with a total score of 113 and a role index of 89.68%.

A Showcase for Resilient and Sustainable District Heating in Denmark

This presentation gives a description of the Danish district heating company, Hvide Sande District Heating, which has become independent of fossil fuels by using wind and solar energy. This has resulted in lower consumer heating prices in a time when other fossil fueled district heating plants are raising their heating prices due to higher fossil fuel prices.Besides participating in the Day-ahead market it also participates in the balancing markets.Hvide Sande is a small fishing town. The district heating plant provides heat to 1,700 consumers. From being a natural gas fired Combined Heat and Power plant, it has in recent years become more resilient by investing in a solar collector, wind turbines, a heat pump, an electrical boiler as well as more large thermal storages, and is now independent of natural gas.The two thermal storages of 2,000 m3 and 1,200 m3, respectively, can store around 200 MWh-heat, which allows flexible market-based productions of the different production units. The heat delivered to consumers can thus be produced many hours or days before delivery.Even in the Day-ahead market, the market-based productions are a challenge to plan. Because of the large thermal storages, the manager must look more days ahead as well as consider the heat amount in the thermal storages, when deciding the hourly bids for tomorrow. Biddings are based on forecasts more days ahead of wind velocity, solar radiation, ambient temperatures, and Day-ahead prices.Besides participating in the Day-ahead market it also participates in the balancing markets. However, to take advantage across more electricity markets of this flexibility, a vast digitalization of the plant using advanced bidding methods has been required. This presentation illustrates examples of the daily earnings the plant has had participating across more electricity markets. It is also important that the manager maintains a digital twin of the plant. The digital twin of the plant will in this presentation be used for simulating the resilience of the plant against large changes in electricity prices and fuel prices.

Analysis of the parasitological situation regarding eimeriosis in cattle in the Russian Federation

The purpose of the study is to review the spread of bovine eimeriosis in the territory of the Russian Federation. Objectives of the study: to analyze the epizootic situation of bovine eimeriosis in the territory of the Russian Federation. Bovine coccidiosis is widespread in many regions of Russia and in other countries of the world. The pathogens are more than 10 species of eimeria, which have a specific localization in the body of animals, as well as morphological differences from each other. Three species (E. zuernii, E. bovis and E. alabamensis) are characterized by the highest pathogenicity and are most often associated with the clinical manifestation of the disease. Mostly young animals aged from 2 weeks to 1 year are ill, and adult animals have an asymptomatic form of invasion. In many animals, eimeria causes dangerous diseases, accompanied by a decrease in productivity, the birth of weak offspring, often the death of young animals, and additional feed costs per unit of production. In livestock complexes, the incidence of calves with eimeriosis is 10–100%, and mortality is 25–60%. The maximum infection of calves and adult animals is observed in the spring and autumn periods, and in some regions in the autumn-winter period. It was found that with an increase in the density of calves in the machine, their infection with eimeria increases significantly. The invasion of calves was minimal when kept in individual machines. Given that parasites have a complex developmental biology, one of the most importantmeasures in the complex of measures ensuring the prevention and elimination of animal diseases with coccidiosis is currently still pharmacotherapy and prevention, contributing not only to the liberation of animals from parasites, but also to prevent the dispersion of the invasive origin in the environment and to prevent the threat of new infection.

Perceptual Clauses as Units of Production in Visual Descriptions.

Describing our visual environments is challenging because although an enormous amount of information is simultaneously available to the visual system, the language channel must impose a linear order on that information. Moreover, the production system is at least moderately incremental, meaning that it interleaves planning and speaking processes. Here, we address how the operations of these two cognitive systems are coordinated given their different characteristics. We propose the concept of a perceptual clause, defined as an interface representation that allows the visual and linguistic systems to exchange information. The perceptual clause serves as the input to the language formulator, which translates the representation into a linguistic sequence. Perceptual clauses capture speakers' ability to describe visual scenes coherently while at the same time taking advantage of the incremental abilities of the language production system.

The Development of Agrotechnopark Model Based on Modern Villages

Agrotechnopark is an area for implementing various types of technology in agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, and product processing (postharvest), which has been reviewed by multiple governments and private research institutions and functions as a training ground and center for technology transfer to the broader community. Implementing the Agricultural Technology Park (TTP) uses socio-cultural, ecological, and economic approaches. A comprehensive understanding of community needs will be obtained through a socio-cultural system, which will become input for the company. At the same time, the environmental system will identify the potential basis of local resource excellence as a reference for community development activities. Furthermore, the economic approach is developing productive business units to increase people's income while paying attention to market demand. South Konawe Regency is one of the autonomous regions in Southeast Sulawesi, which is supported by its potential resources. The position of the South Konawe Regency area is very strategic, a southern cross-section of the Southeast Sulawesi peninsula that connects several Regencies/Cities in Southeast Sulawesi with prototypes of coastal and inland villages. One is Atari Jaya Village because it has a heterogeneous population composition, and most of the Javanese Transmigration community is reasonably competent in agricultural development. Because of this, socio-culturally and economically, this village grows and develops and is dynamic by carrying out the diffusion of technology in various fields supporting Agrotechnopark, such as the development of Integrated Farming (Multiple cropping) and integrated farming (Mixed culture) of plantation crops and plantations. Atari Jaya Village is also a central area for the development of Agropolitan both food crops, as well as plantation and horticultural crops on a national scale and a People's Plantation Centre worthy of being an Agricultural Technology Park Area (Agro et al.) in South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. Development of the Agricultural Technology Park Area (TTP) to become a center for Agribusiness and Agro-fruit tourism as a basic framework for community and regional economic growth towards Konsel Hebat Regency. Atari Jaya Village was realized as an independent village, a pilot Agrotechnopark village in South Konawe Regency, and a service center for upstream and downstream Agribusiness trade in Agrofruit and plantations.

Revealing the ecological footprint of Argan (Argania spinosa) derivatives: A comprehensive analysis of the carbon impact of Argan oil

Argania spinosa, commonly known as the Argan tree, assumes a crucial role in bolstering environmental sustainability by augmenting carbon storage in both biomass and soil. Despite its significant environmental contributions, there exists a conspicuous gap in scientific research and data pertaining to the carbon dynamics associated with Moroccan Argan forest ecosystems and their prized products, particularly Argan oil. To address this research gap, our study meticulously investigates the intricate details of the carbon footprint linked to Argan oil production within the "Argan Biosphere Reserve" in southern Morocco.This innovative research aims to deliver a comprehensive assessment of the carbon footprint within the Argan oil industry, conducting a thorough examination of 10 companies and 16 cooperatives actively involved in production. The foundation of this investigation rests on on-site interviews with leaders of production units, systematically gathering essential data for rigorous analysis.Employing the "Bilan Carbone" tool, we intricately calculated emissions, categorizing them into three scopes. The resulting carbon footprint outcomes were meticulously delineated across three distinct scenarios, shedding light on the nuanced dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions.In the first scenario, encompassing all scopes, including export-related emissions, companies displayed an average carbon footprint of approximately 10.17 kg CO2 eq.l−1, while cooperatives recorded 8.68 kg CO2 eq.l−1. The second scenario, excluding export-related emissions, unveiled companies with an average carbon footprint of 3.71 kg CO2-eq.l−1 and cooperatives with 6.32 kg CO2-eq.l−1. The third Scenario, concentrating solely on scopes 1 and 2, indicated companies with an average estimated carbon footprint of 1.31 kg CO2 eq.l−1, and cooperatives with approximately 3.01 kg CO2 eq.l−1.Delving deeper into the intricacies of emissions by scenario and oil-producing organizations, our findings underscore the substantial impact of electricity consumption on the overall carbon footprint of Argan oil. For companies, electricity consumption contributed between 10.84% (first scenario) and 66.97% (third scenario), while for cooperatives, the range was 26.97% (first scenario) to 75.57% (third scenario).To optimize the carbon footprint, our study recommends strategic interventions such as reducing electricity and butane consumption. Moreover, adopting sustainable practices, including leveraging photovoltaic electricity and synthetic gas from the pyrolysis of Argan byproducts, can significantly curtail the average carbon footprint of companies and cooperatives, charting a trajectory toward environmental sustainability. Specifically, a reduction of 37.05% and 40.75% (second scenario) and an impressive 71.66% and 77.01% (third scenario) for companies and cooperatives, respectively, could be achieved after a 30-year amortization period of photovoltaic panels.These findings not only contribute valuable insights into the environmental impact of Argan oil production but also pave the way for future in-depth studies and the formulation of sustainable pathways to optimize the carbon footprint of this critical industry.

Technological frontier in Uruguay's beef cattle production: An analysis of technical efficiency and its main drivers

AbstractGlobally, livestock grazing is a major land occupier and is often criticized for its environmental impact. To address these concerns, enhancing livestock productivity is crucial to mitigate these impacts, boost farm competitiveness, and increase food production. The understanding of production variability is key to this endeavor. This paper assesses the technical efficiency of cow‐calf beef production units in Uruguay, excluding dairy and feedlot operations. Using data from the 2016 National Livestock Survey and Wang's frontier model, we estimate a translog stochastic production frontier, incorporating bovine livestock units, land area, and equivalent working units as key inputs. This model also controls soil productivity, improved grazing areas, productive orientation (beef‐cattle systems or beef cattle‐ovine mixed systems), beef production system (cow‐calf, full cycle, and fattening operation), access to electric power, and agroecological regions. Furthermore, it explores factors affecting technical inefficiency, such as ownership (individual, corporate without contract, and corporate with contract) and land tenure types (owner, tenant, or other types), besides the presence of third‐party owned cattle, technical assistance (including veterinarian and agronomic), and specific beef cattle technologies (such as continuous bull presence, artificial insemination, ovarian activity diagnosis, pregnancy diagnosis, use of scales for classifying females, temporary and early weaning, and cows and heifers grazing together). Findings indicate an average technical efficiency of 71.3%. Notably, factors such as agronomic and veterinary assistance, artificial insemination, weaning practices, third‐party‐owned cattle presence, pregnancy diagnosis, land tenure, and ownership type significantly impact technical efficiency. Our findings suggest that within the specific segment of cow‐calf operations in Uruguay, there is a potential to enhance beef production by 40.2% through improvements in farm management. [EconLit Citations: Q12, D24].

The exploitation of mountain natural resources during the Iron Age in the Eastern Pyrenees: the case study of production unit G at Tossal de Baltarga (Bellver de Cerdanya, Lleida, Spain)

The Iron Age site of Tossal de Baltarga (Bellver de Cerdanya) was a large Iberian residential complex occupying a strategic position in the middle of the Eastern Pyrenees. It was destroyed by fire in the second half of the 3rd century BCE, preserving an important volume of archaeological and bioarchaeological material in certain areas. This is the case of Building G, a two-story construction whose violent blaze has offered the possibility of analyzing a precise moment in the history of an Iron Age productive unit. The existence of a stable on the lower floor, where four sheep, a goat, and a horse were documented, and an upper floor, where textile production and storage were evidenced, allows us to analyse the complexity of the economic activities and exploitation of local resources, such as livestock, agriculture, forestry and mining.

Optimizing Renewable Energy Integration for Sustainable Fuel Production: A Techno-Economic Assessment of Dimethyl Ether Synthesis via a Hybrid Microgrid-Hydrogen System

This study offers an in-depth analysis and optimization of a microgrid system powered by renewable sources, designed for the efficient production of hydrogen and dimethyl ether—key elements in the transition toward sustainable fuel alternatives. The system architecture incorporates solar photovoltaic modules, advanced battery storage solutions, and electrolytic hydrogen production units, with a targeted reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and the enhancement of overall energy efficiency. A rigorous economic analysis was conducted utilizing the HYSYS V12 software platform and encompassing capital and operational expenditures alongside profit projections to evaluate the system’s economic viability. Furthermore, thermal optimization was achieved through heat integration strategies, employing a cascade analysis methodology and optimization via the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), yielding an 83% decrease in annual utility expenditures. Comparative analysis revealed that the energy requirement of the optimized system was over 50% lower than that of traditional fossil fuel-based reforming processes. A comprehensive assessment of CO2 emissions demonstrated a significant reduction, with the integration of thermal management solutions facilitating a 99.24% decrease in emissions. The outcomes of this study provide critical insights into the engineering of sustainable, low-carbon energy systems, emphasizing the role of renewable energy technologies in advancing fuel science.

CARBON STOCK AND DYNAMICS IN NATURAL REGENERATION IN MANAGED FOREST IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON

Around 2% of the living biomass above ground is found in the natural regeneration of tree species. Despite being a relatively low value, diagnosing the lower stratum of the forest is important in the current context of climate change. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of forest management on the carbon stock and dynamics of natural regeneration 20 years after logging in a forest in the Central Amazon. Data collection was carried out in three Annual Production Units (APU) that received exploration in the years 1996, 1997 and 1998. Data from continuous forest inventories carried out in 41 sampling units were used, with four measurement periods: a pre-exploratory and three other post-forest exploration. The carbon stock was estimated in trees with a diameter at breast height between 5 and 15 cm and the Annual Periodic Increment in carbon (APIc) and the carbon entry and mortality rates were calculated. The carbon stock ranged from 10.80 ± 1.27 Mg ha-1 to 14.86 ± 0.81 Mg ha-1. The APIc ranged from 0.18 ± 0.03 Mg ha-1 year-1 to 0.59 ± 0.25 Mg ha-1 year-1, with an entry rate of 0.00% to 3.26% and mortality between 3.35% and 13.84%. The carbon stock and APIc were not significantly influenced by the forestry management applied to the forest, with only time as a determining factor in its dynamics. Considering natural regeneration, it is concluded that the managed forest is capable of recovering the carbon stock lost during the forest management process.

LA GANADERÍA DOBLE PROPÓSITO EN TRÓPICO SECO: DIVERSIDAD DE UNIDADES DE PRODUCCIÓN Y ORIENTACIÓN PRODUCTIVA

<p><strong>Background.</strong> Dual-purpose livestock farming in the dry tropics is considered a relevant economic activity, characterized by the diversity of production units (PU), by the amount of milk and meat it provides, by the generation of employment in rural areas and by the production seasonal lack of forage to feed livestock, which limits their development. <strong>Objective.</strong> Typify dual purpose (DP) livestock PU in the southeast of the state of Michoacán. <strong>Methodology</strong>. Information on the structure, livestock management and economic indicators of the UP was obtained through structured surveys applied through direct interviews to 93 farmers. The data were analyzed by multivariate statistical methods. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to standardize the information and a Cluster Analysis (CA) to typify UP. <strong>Results</strong>. Three types of DP PU were identified: a small-scale group oriented to the breeding and sale of calves and are more representative of the system, called subsistence (SPU); a second group with greater orientation towards milk production and diversification of the activity, called family (FPU) and a third group characterized by greater specialization in the meat sale, a greater number of animals and surface area and identified as business (BPU). <strong>Implications</strong>. The work made it possible to identify types of PU and the factors that favor or limit its development. <strong>Conclusions</strong>. The subsistence and family-type PUs predominate in these production systems, although their development is limited, while the more specialized PUs is not very representative of the livestock system under study but show better development indicators.</p>

Manajemen Operasional Kantor Jasa Penilai Publik (KJPP) Dalam Melakukan Prosedur Penilaian Properti Sederhana

This study aims to analyze how the operational management of Public Valuation Service Office (PVSO) Fuadah Rudi and Partners performs simple property valuation procedures. The type of research used is qualitative research with a case study approach. The results of this study indicate that PVSO Fuadah Rudi and Rakan have implemented operational management standards in simple property appraisal procedures. The operational management used is divided into 2, namely design and operation. The design is divided into 5 parts: a) Selection and design of products, processes, and equipment, b) Appointment of company locations and production units, c) Layout design, d) Design of tasks and work, e) preparation of production strategy and capacity selection. Operation is divided into 5 parts: a) Preparation of production plans. b) Planning, procurement, and control of inventory or materials, c) Machinery and equipment maintenance, d) Quality control, e) Human resource management. PVSO Fuadah Rudi and colleagues use mediation as a meeting point between the client and the office in case of a discrepancy.

Analysis of Deep Peak Shaving Methods for Thermal Power Generation Units Based on the Improved Energy Consumption Framework

Because thermal power producing units account for a large portion of the world's energy consumption, their energy consumption is a major concern. Reducing energy consumption and raising the overall efficiency of thermal power production units has become more and more important in recent years. Reducing energy consumption during peak hours is known as bottomless peak shaving, and it is one way to accomplish this. An enhanced framework for energy consumption is presented in this study to assess and examine deep peak shaving techniques for thermal power plants. The framework takes into consideration the various factors that affect energy consumption, such as fuel type, plant size, and external conditions. It also considers the different aspects of peak shaving, such as intensity and duration. Through the use of this framework, various deep peak shaving methods, such as thermal storage systems, load shifting, and demand response, are evaluated. The effectiveness of these methods is assessed based on their impact on energy consumption, cost, and environmental considerations. The framework also takes into account how feasible and useful it would be to apply these techniques in various kinds of thermal power generating units. The analysis's findings demonstrate that deep peak shaving techniques can dramatically lower energy use during peak hours, which can save money and possibly have positive effects on the environment. The best approach would rely on the unique qualities of every thermal power generating unit.

Impact of Drip Irrigation on Crop Growth, Yield, Water Productivity, and Weed Dynamics: A Review

The global water scenario indicates efficient water management practices are required to sustain agricultural productivity. The scarcity of groundwater resources is a global issue that is caused by increasing global population and climate change in the form of global warming. To alleviate the issue, the major water-consuming area implemented drip irrigation projects. It is recognized for its water-saving potential and gained prominence in crop cultivation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of drip irrigation on the growth, yield, water productivity, and weed dynamics of various crops. Results revealed that wheat under drip irrigation exhibited enhanced growth parameters, including increased plant height, leaf area index, and dry matter accumulation attributed to optimized soil moisture content. Drip irrigation significantly improved yield and yield attributes compared to traditional irrigation methods. Importantly, drip irrigation increased water productivity while reducing water use per unit of production. These findings highlight the potential of drip irrigation to reduce water shortages and increase crop output in the current global water context.

Economic effects of the hydrogen fuel cell sector in South Korea: An input-output analysis

The South Korean government plans to deploy approximately 200–300 MW of hydrogen fuel cells (FCs) annually from 2023 to 2036, all of which will be connected to the national power system, not used for self-consumption. The government is requesting quantitative information on the economic effects of the FC sector. In response to this request, this study delves into the four economic effects of expanding FC use in South Korea adopting the input-output (IO) approach for the first time in the literature. More specifically, it investigates how much investment or production in the FC sector affects other sectors. Economic performance, such as production, value-added, jobs, and wages, is the subject of investigation. The FC sector is dealt with separately as the FC-manufacturing (FC-M) sector and the FC-equipping and operating (FC-E&O) sector. The 2019 IO table, 34-sector classification, demand-driven model of the IO approach, and exogenization of the FC sector are used. The results show that each unit of investment or production in the FC-M and FC-E&O sectors triggers 2.328 and 1.793 units of production, 0.785 and 0.967 units of value-added, and 0.346 and 0.575 units of wages, for each sector, respectively, across the economy. KRW 1 billion of production or investment in the two sectors creates approximately 7.7 and 3.8 jobs, respectively. These figures can be useful for exploring the economic effects of FC deployment in the future on the South Korean economy.

Economic justification of recycling in the processing industry

The article outlines the prerequisites for implementing the principles of the circular economy in the activities of enterprises in the processing industry, and defines the peculiarities of the circular economy functioning. The absolute dynamics of environmental pollution were investigated, the average annual rate of increase in the volume of pollution, structural shifts in the use of waste by region, and the environmental friendliness of the products of the processing industry were analyzed. The methods of assessing structural changes make it possible to determine the nature of the changes that occurred within the hierarchy of priorities. On the other hand, methods of scenario analysis changes in the environmental pollution amount per unit of production of the processing industry were applied. The concept of closed ecological and economic cycle development in the processing industry is proposed, which combines modern practical experience of the circular economy implementation and economic and mathematical methods and models, allows to perform a quantitative assessment of the impact of the proposed measures on the environment and to adopt reasoned more balanced decisions. Recommendations for the implementation of the ecological and economic cycle in the processing industry of Ukraine were provided.

Analysis of air quality and ventilation systems in production working areas of PT. A

PT. A is a manufacturing industry specializing in plastic-based cosmetic packaging. The work area of blow molding and injection molding 1 & 2 is the center of the company's main activity, involving many employees with diverse roles. The high density of work activity and heat-generating machines pose significant challenges to the workspace temperature, impacting worker health and well-being. Indoor air pollution levels, 2 to 10 times higher than outside, raise serious concerns, given people's prolonged indoor exposure. Poor air quality can lead to discomfort, health issues, and work accidents, affecting company operations and customer confidence. Three production units of PT. A were analyzed, focusing on air quality and ventilation systems. Primary data collection involved observations and interviews with four company informants regarding the ventilation system. Secondary data included direct measurements of air pollutants, dust particles, and environmental conditions by designated third parties. PT. A has implemented multiple mechanical ventilation systems to enhance airflow within the production area. Although the air quality in the blow molding and injection molding 1&2 workspaces meets the standards of the Minister of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia No. 5 of 2018, the working climate in these three production areas exceeds the specified thresholds. Engineering interventions are recommended to address this issue and improve worker safety, health, comfort, and productivity without long-term consequences.

Importancia de las unidades productivas en el desarrollo rural del cantón Guano, Ecuador

Productive systems, in the rural context, acquire importance from a social and economic perspective; their approach as a study phenomenon allows us to observe and identify weaknesses and opportunities in the actions of local productive activity. Thus, the productive system of the Guano canton in Ecuador is a structured set of agricultural, livestock and, to a lesser extent, industrial activities. The research aims to determine the strategies for generating business units in the rural productive activity of the Guano canton, is based on a non-experimental research method, descriptive type, and assumes a qualitative and quantitative approach. The sample was of 244 producers out of a population of 21 851. To obtain data, a survey was applied with dichotomous, structured questions and a Likert scale. The results show that family organization, investment and incentives to the rural productive sector are the strategies that contribute significantly to the establishment of productive units. Consequently, the importance of productive units in the rural development of the Guano canton is relevant.