Production Test Research Articles

Expert consensus on the technical specifications of the in vitro skin penetration test of cosmetic product by Franz diffusion cell

BackgroundDiffusion cell test is one of the most commonly used in vitro model to detect the percutaneous absorption of cosmetic ingredients. Although PRC State Administration of Quality Supervision and Quarantine has issued the guideline for the in vitro test method for the percutaneous absorption of drug molecules, there is still a lack of guideline for the percutaneous absorption test of cosmetic components. ObjectiveIn order to improve the standardized level and make the in vitro percutaneous absorption test of cosmetic ingredients more comparable, based on the international and domestic experience, Transdermal Drug Delivery Committee of the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies organized the experts to discuss and formed this consensus as reference for the percutaneous absorption test of cosmetic components. Materials and MethodsTo standardize the in vitro diffusion cell test technique for transdermal penetration of functional cosmetic ingredients, the Transdermal Drug Delivery Professional Committee of the World Federation of Societies of Traditional Chinese Medicine has organized many discussions among experts. ResultsThe expert group established this expert consensus by integrating international requirements, domestic practice, and the experience of experts. ConclusionThis consensus provides technical operation recommendations for the detection of cosmetic percutaneous permeation in in vitro diffusion cells to reduce the differences between studies. Cosmetic formulations with different compositions and types may show different release kinetics, and this consensus does not cover all possible situations.

Feasibility of a problem-based social constructivism learning model to improve higher-order thinking skills among primary school students

This research aims to demonstrate the results of an experiment on how the Problem-Based Social Constructivism Learning Model (PBSCL) can be developed to effectively promote Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) among primary school children. The methodology employed in this study was developmental research which involved thorough preliminary studies, meticulous product development and comprehensive product testing stages. Respondents for this study included model experts, language experts, content specialists and practitioners. Data collection instruments used were detailed questionnaires served during the feasibility test. In addition, product testing involved rigorously confirming the findings of product development through extensive expert validation, including learning model expert validation, content or material expert validation, language expert validation and practitioner validation. The results of the assessment on learning design expert validators for the PBSCL learning model indicated that they had high qualifications with the average score being 3.29. Consequently, learning design experts ensured that the criteria were meticulously met by the PBSCL learning model for HOTS improvement. Additionally, subject matter specialists confirmed the appropriateness and effectiveness of using the PBSCL learning model for HOTS improvement. The findings suggest that the PBSCL learning model has significant potential to substantially enhance HOTS among primary school students. However, further investigation is needed to fully validate its effectiveness and practical application in diverse educational settings.

Биологични и стопански показатели на хибриди в първо поколение тютюн Бърлей

An assessment is made the biological and economical chemical indicators of 11 samples Burley tobacco, which 10 new promising hydrides in first generation and standard Pliska 2002 variety. As a result, the study found that the most favorable biometric indicators is presented Hybrid 1595A. With the short vegetative period is characterized Hybrid 1594, and the longest such – standard Pliska 2002 variety. All new selection lines excel at length of the vegetative period standard Pliska 2002 variety. The highest yield is represented by Hybrid 1595A, followed by Hybrid 1593. The highest percentage of first grade is derived from Hybrid 1593А, which gives the lowest percentage of third grade. With favorable ratio of grades is formed and Hybrid 1593. All new lines superior the standard variety Pliska 2002, to as yield, so and percentage of first grade. The studied hybrids, according to their biometric indicators, are grouped into two clusters, and two main components influence the clustering of the hybrids and explain 77.17% of the total variation. Depending on their economic indicators, the hybrids are arranged in two clusters, and in them, too, two main components are the cause of 89.27% of the total variation. Complex assessment of biological and economic indicators shows that with the best parameters differs Hybrid 1593, and work with it should continue with production testing. All new lines superior the standard variety Pliska 2002, to as yield, so and percentage of first grade, which is an indicator of the success of the selection work.

Development of Learning Design Module on P5 Learning: Improve HOTS of Vocational Students

The implementation of Merdeka Curriculum in all educational units in Indonesia has a significant impact on the learning elements in it, including the impact on Vocacional School, which is a school with high demands for learning independence. This research aims to produce a learning design module product on P5 learning, especially the theme of work. Learning design module on P5 learning especially the theme of work has been developed through 3 steps: 1) Preliminary study, 2) Product development, 3) Product testing. The module was developed with the following elements: 1) Module profile and module objectives, 2) Subtheme 1 (self-recognition), 3) Assessment Rubric for Subtheme 1, 4) Reflection Sheet Subtheme 1, 5) LKPD Sub-theme 1, 6) Sub-theme 2 (equip yourself), 7) Subtheme 2 Assessment Rubric, 8) Reflection Sheet Sub Theme 2, 9) LKPD Sub Theme 2, 10) Subtheme 3 (Ability to Communicate Effectively), 11) Subtheme 3 Assessment Rubric, 12) Reflection Sheet for Sub Theme 3, 13) LKPD for Sub Theme 3, 14) Subtheme 4 (Exploration of Local Potential), 15) Rubric for Assessment of Subtheme 4, 16) Reflection Sheet for Sub- theme 4, 17) LKPD Sub Theme 4. Based on the results of product testing by media experts, material experts, and practitioners, it was found that more than 97% of the substance in the module was suitable for use and in accordance with the needs of learners.

PENGEMBANGAN LEMBAR KERJA PESERTA DIDIK (LKPD) BERBASIS ETNOMATEMATIKA PADA MATERI TRANSFORMASI

This study aims to produce teaching materials in the form of ethnomathematics-based worksheets on Lampung batik motifs in understanding valid and practical geometric transformation concepts. The type of research used is Research and Development (R&D). This research produced a product in the form of ethnomathematics-based worksheets on transformation material at SMP PGRI Kesumadadi. The research procedure used is the Borg and Gall development model which goes through several stages including: potentials and problems, data collection, product design, design validation, design revision, product testing, and product revision. In the product trial stage, a limited trial was carried out involving 15 class IX students at SMP PGRI Kesumadadi. The research instruments used were material expert validation sheets, media expert validation sheets, and student response questionnaires. The results of this development research show that the assessment of the material expert validation obtained an average validation result of 88.12% with the validation criterion of "Very Valid". Furthermore, the results of the validation of media experts obtained an average validation result of 91.66% with the validation criterion of "Very Valid". The results of the analysis of the student response questionnaire at the limited trial stage obtained a percentage of 92.6% with the practicality criterion "Very Practical".

Novel dissolution methods for drug release testing of Long-Acting injectables

Long-acting parenteral drug products are a popular choice for therapeutic areas requiring long term treatment. These products range from dispersed systems such as drug suspensions and polymeric microspheres to in situ forming polymeric implants. The lack of reliable drug release testing methods for these drug products not only impedes the development of new drug products but also affects generic drug development. Current release methods suffer from a range of problems such as high variability, poor reproducibility, poor discriminatory ability, lack of depot-like structure formation (that could mimic the in vivo situation). Moreover, shorter duration (less than a week) of release renders them unsuitable for in vitro-in vivo correlations (IVIVCs). To overcome these issues, novel adapters were developed for both USP-type-II & IV apparatus. These adapters were validated and assessed using the long-acting injectable (LAI) suspension drug product Depo Provera 150® as well as its Q1/Q2 equivalents. For USP-type-IV apparatus, two open adapter designs (conical and ellipsoidal shaped cavity with volume capacities of 50 µl and 1 ml, respectively) were developed. A closed conical adapter design with a volume capacity of 0.05 ml was developed for USP apparatus type-II. All three novel adapter designs effectively retained the suspensions, achieved release durations of 3–6 weeks with good reproducibility, minimal variability (RSD≤5%) and had good discriminatory ability. Based on this, the adapter-based dissolution methods were deemed suitable for IVIVC development of long-acting injectables. A successful Level A IVIVC was developed for Depo SubQ Provera 104® and its Q1Q2 equivalents using USP apparatus type IV with a conical adapter design. The closed adapter design for apparatus type-II was also investigated for suitability with risperidone in situ forming implants. The adapter was able to securely retain and maintain the shape of the in situ forming implants and resulted in release profiles of up to one month with good discriminatory ability and low standard error (RSD≤5%). These novel adapters hold promise of wide use for in vitro release testing of different long-acting parenteral drug products.

GazeLink: A multi-language low-cost mobile eye-gesture communication system with large language models for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients who have severe motor and speech impairments mostly rely on their eyes and assistive technology to communicate. However, existing high-tech products are expensive and hard to access, while low-tech products are inefficient and restrictive. To mitigate the limitations, this research proposes GazeLink, a multi-language low-cost mobile application for ALS patients to communicate efficiently with only eye movements. First, the system recognizes user eye gestures like left or up with machine learning and a template-matching algorithm. Then, it converts the eye gestures to words through a keyboard that supports English, Spanish, and Chinese. For efficiency, the system employs Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate a suitable sentence with words typed by the user and the context. Finally, the system provides text-to-speech and social media post services for both verbal and digital eye-gesture communication. Simulations conclude that sentence generation with LLMs can reduce user keystrokes by 81% while maintaining 90% of semantic similarity. Usability studies with 30 participants show that GazeLink can recognize eye gestures with 94.1% accuracy in varying lighting. After rapidly learning the user interface in under 10 attempts, first-time participants typed sentences of various lengths with their eyes at 15.1 words per minute, which is 7.2x faster than the common low-tech solution E-Tran. Experiments demonstrate GazeLinks efficiency, learnability, and accuracy in eye-gesture text entry. The system is extremely affordable (less than $0.1 a month), portable, and easily accessible online. It also supports different users, lighting, smartphones, and languages. Product testing with ALS patients and personalized LLM models will be the next step.

Chromatographic fingerprinting of ipratropium and fenoterol in their novel co-formulated inhaler treating major respiratory disorders; application to delivered dose uniformity testing along with greenness and whiteness assessment

Ipratropium bromide (IPR) and fenoterol hydrobromide (FEN) have recently been combined in a promising inhaler to treat two prevalent inflammatory illnesses of the airways: bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The necessity for a single, sensitive, and trustworthy analytical approach to cover the diverse and necessary tests of in-vitro and in-vivo studies is greatly grown with the rising production of new fixed combinations. Two novel, selective and environmentally friendly LC techniques were developed in order to guarantee precise measurement of IPR and FEN in their challenging formulation. The initial technique involved high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) in conjunction with densitometric quantification. Chromatographic separation was attained on HPTLC plates utilizing ethyl acetate - ethanol - acetic acid (5.0:5.0:0.1, by volume) as a developing system. Densitometric quantification of the separated bands was carried out at 220.0 nm over concentration ranges of 0.50–15.0 µg/band for IPR and 0.50–12.0 µg/band for FEN. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) paired with diode array detection (DAD) was the core of the second technique. The optimized separation was achieved on a Zorbax SB C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column with a combination of 10.0 mM potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate, pH 5.0 ± 0.1, adjusted with o-phosphoric acid and methanol (70:30, v/v) as the mobile phase and pumped at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The peaks were monitored at 220.0 nm using diode array detection, achieving linearity range of 5.0–200.0 µg/mL for both drugs. The ICH criteria have been verified and both methods have been confirmed to be valid, and successfully applied for assay the cited drugs in the Atrovent® comp HFA metered dose inhaler as well as delivered dose uniformity testing of the final product. Finally, whiteness appraisal and several state-of-the-art green evaluation metrics were applied to evaluate the sustainability of the proposed methods. The suggested approaches produced promising results and are the first simple and sustainable methodologies for the simultaneous quantification of both drugs in different real samples, all of which strongly suggest their application in quality control laboratories.

PERANCANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN PENGENALAN BENDERA PADA ANAK KELAS 1 SDIT EL FATAH BERBASIS CONSTRUCT 2

This study aims to design and develop a learning application focused on introducing flags to first-grade students at SDIT EL Fatah. The application is designed using the Construct 2 platform, a tool that allows the development of interactive applications without requiring deep programming skills. This application integrates various interactive features that include learning materials, quizzes, user profiles, and usage instructions. The learning materials are presented in engaging and easy-to-understand slides, while the quizzes are designed to test and reinforce students' understanding of the material they have learned. The user profile feature allows students to track their learning progress, and the usage instructions provide clear guidance for navigating the application.The research method used is Research and Development (R&D), which includes steps such as identifying potential and problems, data collection, product design, design validation, design revision, product testing, product revision, and mass production. The results of this study indicate that this flag introduction learning application is effective in increasing students' interest and understanding of historical material. The application also received positive responses from teachers and students, indicating that the use of technology in learning can enhance student interaction and engagement.Therefore, this application is expected to become an innovative and effective learning solution, particularly in the context of primary education in Indonesia. This study also contributes to the development of technology-based learning methods that can be applied to various other subjects in primary schools

Impact of Phycosphere-Isolated Marine Bacteria on Nutritional Value, Growth, and Nutrient Uptake of Co-Cultured Chaetoceros calcitrans

Microalgae offer distinct advantages as a nutritional source for aquaculture and as a means of wastewater bioremediation. Studying the phycosphere bacteria and understanding their complex interactions is essential to optimizing high-quality biomass growth. This study aimed to isolate, characterize, and identify bacteria from the phycosphere of marine microalgae and to determine their potential to enhance growth, metabolism, and bioremediation capabilities of Chaetoceros calcitrans in stress nutrient-poor media simulating aquaculture wastewater enriched with nitrate, nitrite, or phosphorus. Bacterial characterization included tests for auxin and siderophore production, biofilm formation, amylase activity, phosphate solubilization, mobility, and antagonism evaluation. When Alteromonas macleodii, Bacillus cereus, and Marinobacter sp. were selected and then enriched (107 CFU/mL) in co-culture with C. calcitrans, growth levels significantly increased in four of six Synthetic Aquaculture Wastewater (SAW) media. Pigment levels were higher in five of six SAW media, and lipid levels were higher in SAW rich in nitrite (SAWni50) and phosphorus (SAWpho50). In addition, C. calcitrans with or without the bacterial consortium demonstrated excellent phosphorus bioremediation, achieving 67.6% average removal in SAWpho50. Nitrate and nitrite assimilation rates were approximately 10% in SAWna and SAWni50. This study marks the inaugural identification of these bacteria as microalga growth-promoting bacteria (MGPB) for enhancing growth and lipid and pigment production in C. calcitrans, and it also documents a maximum of 69.13% phosphorus removal.

Mass Balance in Pharmaceutical Stress Testing: A Review of Principles and Practical Applications.

Stress testing (also known as forced degradation) of pharmaceutical drug substances and products is a critical part of the drug development process, providing insight into the degradation pathways of drug substances and drug products. This information is used to support the development of stability-indicating methods (SIMs) capable of detecting pharmaceutically relevant degradation products that might potentially be observed during manufacturing, long-term storage, distribution, and use. Assessing mass balance of stressed samples is a key aspect of developing SIMs and is a regulatory expectation. However, the approaches to measure, calculate, and interpret mass balance can vary among different pharmaceutical companies. Such disparities also pose difficulties for health authorities when reviewing mass balance assessments, which may result in the potential delay of drug application approvals. The authors have gathered input from 10 pharma companies to map out apractical review of science-based approaches and technical details to assess and interpret mass balance results. Key concepts of mass balance are introduced, various mass balance calculations are demonstrated, and recommendations on how to investigate poor mass balance results are presented using real-world case studies. Herein we provide a single source reference on the topic of mass balance in pharmaceutical forced degradation for small molecule drug substances and drug products in support of regulatory submissions with the goal of facilitating a shared understanding among pharmaceutical scientists and health authorities.

Testing of parenteral drug products for visible particles: comparison of the Ph. Eur. method with an alternative method using polarised light

ObjectivesParenteral drug products should be essentially free from visible particulate contamination. To ensure this, every batch produced must be subject to a 100% visual inspection. Monograph 2.9.20 of the European...

Isolation and Identification of Mercury-Resistant Fungi as Bioremediation Agents from Gold Mining

To overcome the pollution problem due to the accumulation of heavy metal Hg, a clean-up or remediation effort is needed from the former landfill for hazardous and toxic waste. In this research, bioremediation experiments will be conducted by inoculating fungi culture that is already known to have the potential to absorb heavy metals Hg. Samples of soil contaminated with heavy metals Hg taken from the tailings of gold mining owned by the people in Kertajaya Village, Simpenan District, Sukabumi Regency. The stages of this study consisted of isolation of fungi, purification and morphology of fungi isolate, screening of fungi isolate, qualitative screening of fungi for ligninolytic activity (laccase), and molecular identification of the isolated fungi. The results of the screening showed that three isolates of potential fungi coded M.2, M.10, and M.13 were able to grow with a mercury concentration of 350 ppm, while one isolate coded R4.28 reached a concentration of 1000 ppm. In addition, isolate M.2 was selected as the best strain compared to isolates M.10, M.13, and R4.28 for the qualitative test of laccase production in ligninolytic enzymes. Based on the molecular analysis of the 18S rRNA gene, M.2 isolates were similar to Trichoderma yunnanense, which was strengthened by a similarity value of 99.66%. Isolate R4.28 was similar to Penicillium soli, which was strengthened by a similarity value of 99.32%.

DNA Barcoding Unveils Novel Discoveries in Authenticating High-Value Snow Lotus Seed Food Products.

Snow Lotus Seed (SLS), esteemed for its nutritional and market value, faces challenges of authentication due to the absence of appropriate testing standards and methods. This results in frequent adulteration of SLS sourced from Gleditsia sinensis (G. sinensis) with other plant seeds endosperm. Traditional chloroplast DNA barcoding methods are inadequate for species identification due to the absence of chloroplasts in G. sinensis seeds endosperm. In this study, the homology of 11 ITS genes among 6 common Gleditsia species was analyzed. Universal primers suitable for these species were designed and screened. A DNA barcoding method for distinguishing SLS species was developed using Sanger sequencing technology, leveraging existing GenBank and Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) databases. Optimized sample pretreatment facilitated effective DNA extraction from phytopolysaccharide-rich SLS. Through testing of commercial SLS products, the species origin has been successfully identified. Additionally, a novel instance of food fraud was uncovered, where the Caesalpinia spinosa endosperm was used to counterfeit SLS for the first time. The study established that the developed DNA barcoding method is effective for authenticating SLS species. It is of great significance for combating food fraud related to SLS, ensuring food safety, and promoting the healthy development of the SLS industry.

Common consumer residual insecticides lack efficacy against insecticide-susceptible and resistant populations of the German cockroach (Blattodea: Ectobiidae).

The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Ectobiidae), is a ubiquitous pest in affordable housing. They represent a major threat to human health due to their contribution of asthma-exacerbating allergens and the potential to transfer pathogenic microorganisms indoors. Despite well-documented pyrethroid resistance, pyrethroid-based broadcast residual insecticide products are often used by residents to control cockroaches in their homes. Additionally, there is little empirical independent testing of these products. Thus, it remains unclear how effective these commonly used do-it-yourself products are at controlling German cockroaches. This study represents a comprehensive examination of the efficacy of these products with direct, limited, and continuous exposure assays on a variety of common household surfaces on field populations of cockroaches with varying levels of pyrethroid resistance. While most products performed well when applied directly to test insects, mortality was substantially lower across all surfaces with limited exposure (30min). In continuous exposure assays on a nonporous surface, products took at least 24hr to cause 100% mortality in a field population, with some products taking up to 5d to achieve 100% mortality. The findings of this study demonstrate a lack of residual efficacy from common pyrethroid-based consumer-use pesticides products. Given that it is not feasible to find and treat every cockroach in a home directly, the residuality of spray-based formulations is critical for products designed to control German cockroaches. Without residual efficacy, as shown in the consumer aerosol and spray products tested, we expect these products to add little to no value to cockroach control.

Fe-O4 Motif Activated Graphitic Carbon via Oxo-Bridge for Highly Selective H2O2 Electrosynthesis.

Carbon-based materials have been utilized as effective catalysts for hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis via two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e ORR), however the insufficient selectivity and productivity still hindered the further industrial applications. In this work, we report the Fe-O4 motif activated graphitic carbon material which enabled highly selective H2O2 electrosynthesis operating at high current density with excellent anti-poisoning property. In the bulk production test, the concentration of H2O2 cumulated to 8.6 % in 24 h and the corresponding production rate of 33.5 mol gcat -1 h-1 outperformed all previously reported materials. Theoretical model backed by in situ characterization verified α-C surrounding the Fe-O4 motif as the actual reaction site in terms of thermodynamics and kinetics aspects. The strategy of activating carbon reaction site by metal center via oxo-bridge provides inspiring insights for the rational design of carbon materials for heterogeneous catalysis.

Fe−O4 Motif Activated Graphitic Carbon via Oxo‐Bridge for Highly Selective H2O2 Electrosynthesis

AbstractCarbon‐based materials have been utilized as effective catalysts for hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis via two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e ORR), however the insufficient selectivity and productivity still hindered the further industrial applications. In this work, we report the Fe−O4 motif activated graphitic carbon material which enabled highly selective H2O2 electrosynthesis operating at high current density with excellent anti‐poisoning property. In the bulk production test, the concentration of H2O2 cumulated to 8.6 % in 24 h and the corresponding production rate of 33.5 mol gcat−1 h−1 outperformed all previously reported materials. Theoretical model backed by in situ characterization verified α‐C surrounding the Fe−O4 motif as the actual reaction site in terms of thermodynamics and kinetics aspects. The strategy of activating carbon reaction site by metal center via oxo‐bridge provides inspiring insights for the rational design of carbon materials for heterogeneous catalysis.

Challenges in Practical Button Cell Testing for Hydrogen Production from High Temperature Electrolysis of Water

High temperature electrolysis of water using solid oxide electrochemical cells (SOEC) is a promising technology for hydrogen production with high energy efficiency and may promote decarbonization when coupled with renewable energy sources and excess heat from nuclear reactors. Over the past several decades there have been extensive scientific and engineering studies on cell materials and degradation behaviors that have greatly improved current density, decreased total resistance, and lowered degradation rates. Although the technology is now at a near-commercial level, maintaining consistency in cell testing and minimizing variance in practical testing environments is an often overlooked but crucial topic. To promote high quality data collection, testing procedures and balance of plant component details are extremely important to consider. This work discusses some key factors affecting the reproducibility of practical SOEC testing on the button cell level, namely current collection layers, cell sealing procedures, the reliability of steam and hydrogen delivery systems, cell testing fixture design, and reduction procedures. To provide a baseline and a level of standardization for the SOEC community, this work also discloses details of the standard operating procedure and techniques adopted for o-SOEC testing at Idaho National Laboratory (INL).

Educational Games based on the Contextual Teaching Learning (CTL) Approach: Increasing Motivation & Critical Thinking for Students in Riau Province

Purpose: This research aims to develop interactive multimedia based on educational games using the Contextual Teaching Learning (CTL) approach to enhance students' learning motivation and critical thinking abilities. Theoretical Reference: Employing the Borg and Gall development model, the study follows stages of identifying potential and problems, data collection, product design, design validation, design revision, product testing, and product revision. Method: The game design meticulously considers content, language, presentation, graphics, and programming aspects. Results and Conclusion: Evaluation results demonstrate that the game is of good quality, effectively supports the CTL approach, and has received positive user feedback. Suggested improvements include enhancements in language and sound, use of animated images, additional material, and mobile use considerations. Implications of Research: The research indicates that further development could make the educational game a valuable tool for increasing student motivation and critical thinking across various educational contexts. Originality/Value: The integration of the CTL approach within an educational game, validated through a systematic model, highlights its originality and potential value in improving educational outcomes.

DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHING MATERIALS BASED ON REALISTIC ALGEBRA AND MEASUREMENT MATERIALS

Students' understanding of mathematical concepts still needs to improve. This problem will spread to other subjects because mathematics is necessary for solving various problems. This research aims to determine the product development process for realistic teaching materials for mathematics, algebra material, and measurement and the feasibility of product development according to expert assessments and responses from potential users. This research is an RND with a 4-D development model which includes Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. The resulting product validator comprises three media, material, and discussion experts. Practitioner response testing was conducted on two 5th-grade teachers at Elementary School (SD) Muhammadiyah Sukonandi 2. The subjects for product testing were 5th-grade students at Elementary School (SD) Muhammadiyah Sukonandi 2. The instruments used in this research were questionnaires in the form of validation questionnaires, practitioner response questionnaires, and potential user responses. The assessment results from media experts scored 4.75 in the very good category, material experts scored 4.75 in the very good category, and language experts scored an average of 4.55 in the very good category. Practitioner response tests and user responses received very good responses.