Productive Property Research Articles

New characterizations of the Shapley value using weak differential marginalities

The principle of differential marginality for cooperative games states that the payoff differential of two players does not change whenever their productivity differential, measured by the differentials of their marginal contributions to coalitions containing neither of them, does not change. The hypothesis of differential marginality is satisfied if and only if the two players are symmetric in the difference of the two games under consideration. In this paper we introduce two weakened variants of differential marginality in which symmetric players in the difference of the two games are replaced by mutually dependent players and necessary players, respectively. By combining these weakened versions of differential marginality with the standard axioms: efficiency and either the null player out property or the disjointly productive players property, we provide two new characterizations of the Shapley value for the setting of variable player sets.

Reduction in Interferon-Stimulated Genes Contributes to High-Yield Production of Influenza Virus in Suspension MDCK Cells.

Compared with the traditional vaccine produced in embryonated chicken eggs, cell-based manufacturing represented by the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line has a larger production scale and reduces the risk of egg shortage in a pandemic. Establishing a culture system that enables high production of the influenza virus is a key issue in influenza vaccine production. Here, a serum-free suspension culture of MDCK (sMDCK) cells was obtained from adherent MDCK (aMDCK) cells by direct adaptation. Viral infection experiments showed that viral yields of influenza A/B virus in sMDCK cells were higher than in aMDCK cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed that numerous interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) exhibited reduced expression in sMDCK cells. To further clarify the mechanism of high viral production in sMDCK cells, we demonstrated the antiviral role of RIG-I and IFIT3 in MDCK cells by knockdown and overexpression experiments. Furthermore, suppression of the JAK/STAT pathway enhances the viral accumulation in aMDCK cells instead of sMDCK cells, suggesting the reduction in the JAK/STAT pathway and ISGs promotes viral replication in sMDCK cells. Taken together, we elucidate the relationship between the host innate immune response and the high viral productive property of sMDCK cells, which helps optimize cell production processes and supports the production of cell-based influenza vaccines.

Investor personhood: the case against paternalism and welfarism in corporate law

ABSTRACT Equity investment is seen in both dominant and critical corporate law literature as a passive act that carries exclusively instrumental value. This conceptualisation legitimises shareholder paternalism in current UK law and provides support for stakeholder welfarism reforms. Engaging with cogent emerging evidence on the preferences, motivation, and behaviour of contemporary individual investors, we demonstrate that, for the majority of them, equity investment is increasingly experienced as a choice instantiating their personhood, identity, and moral agency, and thus carrying inherent value. Drawing on Hayek's epistemology, we propose a novel interpretation of Rawls's theory of justice, and argue that freedom to own productive property must be included in the list of basic liberties under Rawls's first principle of justice. Therefore, corporate law cannot continue imposing paternalistic restrictions on the configurations of shareholder rights that investors may rationally choose from, and pleas for stakeholder welfarism within corporate law must be rejected.

Adam Smith's moral foundations of self‐interest and ethical social order

AbstractThis article draws on textual evidence from The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations to address mistaken interpretations of Adam Smith's fundamental concept of self‐interest as greed that has been said to have had a corrosive influence on markets, commercial behaviour, and widening inequality. To the contrary, Smith's complex set of human motivations, including self‐interest, his economic system that is based on free markets, and institutional frameworks governing productive property rights and the rule of law are argued to increase aggregate wealth, improve the position of those least well off, and maintain ethical social order.

From Agricultural to Landless: Studi Dampak Pembangunan Bantul Kota Mandiri

The land crisis that occurred in Yogyakarta is increasing every year. An area that is experiencing an increasing agricultural land crisis is the Bantul Regency. The Bantul Regency Government supports land conversion by issuing local regulations concerning the development of Bantul Kota Mandiri (BKM). As stated in the regional regulation, the western part of Bantul is designated for elite housing, recreation, trade, education, and others. More than 100 hectares of community land were prepared for the realization of the program. This ethnographic study takes place in the Merindu Village part of the BKM Area. It involved six females and three males as main informants and several people who take part in incidental interviews. Data were collected using in-depth interviews to cultivate the impact society faces and strategies in managing land compensation. While participatory observation is carried out by participating in the daily activities of the Merindu village community, such as arisan, attending parties, social gatherings, etc. This research also uses data from the media to give a perspective of the government plan. BKM establishment not only affects the reduction of agricultural land but there will be a job change, an increasing flow of population, and will cause social and culture shock for the local people. The social impact has already happened. Compensation money received by residents, especially the young generation, is used for consumptive property not for productive property. They choose to become laborers in the industrial sector rather than work on their farmland. From this point, Bantul will face a consumptive young generation and a land crisis.

Dead Labor: Mortality Inequities by Class, Gender, and Race/Ethnicity in the United States, 1986-2019.

Objectives. To estimate social class inequities in US mortality using a relational measure based on power over productive property and workers' labor. Methods. We used nationally representative 1986-2018 National Health Interview Survey data with mortality follow-up through December 31, 2019 (n = 911 850). First, using business-ownership, occupational, and employment-status data, we classified respondents as incorporated business owners (IBOs), unincorporated business owners (UBOs), managers, workers, or not in the labor force (NLFs). Next, using inverse-probability-weighted survival curves, we estimated class mortality inequities overall, after subdividing workers by employment status and occupation, and by period, gender, race/ethnicity, and education. Results. UBOs, workers, and NLFs had, respectively, 6.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = -8.1, -4.6), 6.6 (95% CI = -8.1, -5.0), and 19.4 (95% CI = -21.0, -17.7) per 100 lower 34-year survival rates than IBOs. Mortality risk was especially high for unemployed, blue-collar, and service workers. Inequities increased over time and were greater among male, racially minoritized, and less-educated respondents. Conclusions. We estimated considerable mortality inequities by class, gender, and race/ethnicity. We also estimated that class mortality inequities are increasing, threatening population health. Public Health Implications. Addressing class inequities likely requires structural, worker-empowering interventions. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(6):637-646. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307227).

The Emergence of Capitalism in Early America

The title of this book promises too much, as it is a discussion of five different small groups of political economists writing in the United States between 1820 and 1860. Christopher W. Calvo argues that antebellum Americans did not unquestioningly embrace Adam Smith and subsequent classical economists. A wide spectrum of economic thought existed during the antebellum period. Even those who celebrated free trade did so in regionally informed American ways. Calvo discusses northern liberal free traders, southern free traders, southern conservative anticapitalists, northern laborite anticapitalists, and protectionists—the heroes of his story—whom he calls hybrid capitalists. The chapter on northern free traders is the strongest. Calvo shows that thinkers such as Francis Wayland and Henry Vethake brought a distinctly American emphasis to laissez-faire. Unlike the classical economists, they continued to emphasize the seamless compatibility of free trade and Christianity. They also insisted that exceptional American conditions of widely available productive property produced a harmony between capital and labor, allowing for individual liberty, prosperity, and morality, desirable outcomes that only artificial political intervention in the market could upset. Northern liberal free traders rejected Thomas Malthus's gloomy population predictions and the dismal science quality of Ricardian classical political economy.

Assessment of land reclamation status using remote sensing and GIS in territory of Pakhtakor district of Uzbekistan

The importance of land distribution across all sectors of the national economy cannot be overstated, particularly in agriculture. Agricultural land plays a critical role in meeting the population's food needs and satisfying the demand for raw materials in the industry. The fertility of the land is the main productive property in agriculture. Continuous improvements in land productivity, combined with the adoption of innovative technologies, are key factors in modern agriculture development. However, natural and anthropogenic factors are negatively impacting agricultural land productivity, leading to a decrease in productivity. To prevent this, urgent measures must be taken to improve the reclamation conditions of agricultural lands, develop regions following climate change, and effectively organize cadastral reclamation activities. Additionally, monitoring the reclamation condition of agricultural lands is crucial in times of scarcity. This research focuses on the assessment of the melioration condition of agricultural land in the Pakhtakor district of the Republic of Uzbekistan, using geoinformation technologies and remote sensing data. These technologies enable the low-cost, timely, and high-accuracy measurement of changes in soil conditions over large land areas. By continuously monitoring the earth's surface, we can identify existing problems and develop timely solutions to address them. In research, enhancing agricultural land productivity is a critical task for modern agriculture development. Innovative technologies and effective monitoring strategies, such as geoinformation and remote sensing techniques, are essential to achieving this goal. Through this research, we hope to contribute to the continued improvement of land management practices and sustainable agriculture in Uzbekistan.

On FNS - Compactness in Fuzzy Neutrosophic Supra Topological Spaces

In this paper, we introducing fuzzy neutrosophic supra first countable (FNS - FCS), fuzzy neutrosophic supra second countable (FNS- SCS) and fuzzy neutrosophic supra compactness (FNS- compactness), fuzzy neutrosophic supra Qμ - compactness (FNS - Qμ - compactness) in fuzzy neutrosophic supra topological space (FNSTS). we derive the union of two FNS – compact spaces is also FNS – compact space and similarly the union of two FNS - Qμ - compact spaces is also FNS Qμ - compact space. Also we define some theorems using finite intersection property and productive property. Finally we observe that our notions preserve under one – one, onto and continuous mapping.

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Republic

I reconstruct the civic republican foundations of Eugene Debs’s socialist critique of capitalism, demonstrating how he uses a neo-roman conception of freedom to condemn waged labour. Debs is also shown to build upon this neo-roman liberty in his socialist republican objections to the plutocratic capture of the law and threats of violence faced by the labour movement. This Debsian socialist republicanism can be seen to rest on an ambitious understanding of the demands of citizen sovereignty and civic solidarity. While Debs shares some of the commitments of earlier American labour republican critics of capitalism, he departs from them in his thoroughgoing commitment to common democratic ownership of productive property. His socialist republicanism remains valuable today for its ability to illuminate features of plutocratic control, judicial autocracy, and the regime of property best suited to suppressing economic domination. I conclude that Debs not only deserves a prominent place in an emerging radical republican canon but presents a distinctive contrast with many of his Marxist contemporaries and offers a compelling challenge to recent liberal, plebeian, and socialist forms of republicanism.

Impacts of boycotts concerning the Shapley value and extensions

If a player boycotts another player, it means that the cooperation gains of all coalitions containing both players vanish. In the associated coalition function, both players are now disjointly productive with respect to each other. The disjointly productive players property states that a player’s payoff does not change when another player who is disjointly productive to that player is removed from the game. We show that the Shapley value is the only TU-value that satisfies efficiency and the disjointly productive players property and for which the impact of a boycott is the same for the boycotting and the boycotted player. Analogous considerations are made for the proportional Shapley value and the class of (positively) weighted Shapley values.

Transforming Oligarchic Capitalism in Post-Soviet Space into Social-Democratic Capitalism: Words of Wisdom from Post-Keynesian Institutionalist Forerunners and Early Contributors

That the predatory capitalist orders in the emerging markets of the former Soviet Union require progressive reform is evident. To outline a framework for starting that comprehensive reform, this article begins with key insights from the work of Post-Keynesian Institutionalist forerunners and early contributors. Since important features of many Post-Soviet economies have much in common with the earlier era of Western industrial capitalism on which the founders of traditional Institutionalism and originators of Post-Keynesian Institutionalism primarily focused, their analyses are particularly useful. The resultant template for progressive reform assumes as given that a forced fragmentation of large companies is unwise, given their important role in alleviating market uncertainties, stabilizing the economy, and promoting investment spending. Instead, the proposed reform includes comprehensive democratization of the relations of large-scale productive property, progressive regulation of industry by the democratic state, and the nurturance of all-encompassing participatory processes throughout the economy.

STRATEGI PENGELOLAAN WAKAF PRODUKTIF DALAM RANGKA PEMBERDAYAAN UMAT DI KECAMATAN PANGKAJENE KABUPATEN PANGKEP

This study aims to determine the management strategy of productive waqf in the context of empowering people in Pangkajene District, Pangkep Regency. This study uses field research with a descriptive qualitative approach. The research location is centered in Pangkep Regency, Pangkajene District, South Sulawesi. The data used are primary data directly from those who manage productive waqf in Pangkep and secondary data from reference books, journals and so on. Data collection techniques ranging from interviews, observation and documentation. The management of productive waqf in Pangkajene District in its implementation is in accordance with Law Number 41 of 2004 concerning waqf but in the management of productive waqf it is still not optimal. In the management of productive waqf property as waqf by the wakif, so far the KUA of Pangkajene Sub-district has never interfered with all management affairs entirely left to the nadzir who has been appointed by the wakif himself. Productive waqf in Pangkajene District is classified as absolute waqf practice, Nazhir makes productive efforts so that waqf assets can be maximized in a way that is mostly achieved by renting out waqf assets.

A study on compactness in intuitionistic fuzzy topological spaces

The purpose of this paper is to introduce and study the compactness in intuitionistic fuzzy topological spaces. Here we define two new notions of intuitionistic fuzzy compactness in intuitionistic fuzzy topological space and find their relation. Also we find the relationship between intuitionistic general compactness and intuitionistic fuzzy compactness. Here we see that our notions satisfy hereditary and productive property.

Estado y Constituciones en Paraguay: un análisis de las Cartas Magnas de 1844, 1870 y 1940

This work proposes a comparative study of constitutional texts from three different but consecutive moments in the political history of Paraguay. We inquire into the Constitutions of 1844, 1870 and 1940, being the first the pioneer, the second the result of an occupation process because Paraguay was defeated in the War against the Triple Alliance, and the last one a legal tool that helped to the permanence of authoritarian and dictatorial governments. This constitutional exegesis was carried out from four specific axes that will seek to identify the forms that the State presented in those Constitutions, both in the effects they wanted to generate when they were put into effect, and in the situation framework that it expresses when it is sanctioned. These axes are: the political organization of power, recognized social subjects and assigned rights, the relationship with the Church, and the design of a productive, economic or private property matrix.

Civilizing swamps in California: Formations of race, nature, and property in the nineteenth century U.S. West

This paper examines the production of settler ecologies through nineteenth century swamp reclamation projects in California. It focuses on the transformation of inland swamps into agricultural land and San Francisco salt marshes and tidelands into urban real estate. I argue that swamp reclamation was both an economic and a racial project. Swamp reclamation sought to transform perceived wastelands into productive property. Swamp reclamation was also a racial project, in at least three ways. First, it aimed to transform colonial environments for the health of the white settler body. Second, draining swamps and making solid land depended on a racialized labor force. Third, swamp reclamation was accelerated through government subsidies that largely benefitted white settlers at the same time the state of California disenfranchised Black, Chinese, and Indigenous residents and supported racial immigration policies. These formations of race, nature, and property were established by law and political economy, and undergirded by settler epistemologies of space and nature. By studying the discourses and practices of swamp reclamation in nineteenth century California, this paper contributes to scholarship on the production of settler ecologies under conditions of racial capitalism.

Property Rights: Long and Skinny

This paper explores the relationship between private and common property. It starts with the state of nature, works its way through Roman law, and finishes with a discussion of the application of these principles in a modern context. It explains how the intensification of property use often leads to the need for a public trust doctrine for common pool assets, and explains why long and skinny assets have single dedicated uses, chiefly for communication and transportation which enable them to link together productive property sites used for residence, manufacture, and farming. These long and skinny assets have a large perimeter relative to area, which makes them difficult to defend on the one side, and often exposes them to multiple legal regimes with inconsistent commands. It deals with such specific issues as the distinction between alluvion and avulsion, and offers a detailed analysis of the difficulty of permitting oil and gas pipelines in the United States.

Balance energético como indicador de sostenibilidad en sistemas de producción agrícola

Agricultural production systems are currently facing difficulties from the point of view of the energy balance, due to the increase in consumption of fossil fuels and the decrease in crop production. The objective of the descriptive study was to compare the energy efficiency of agro-ecological and conventional production systems by means of a balance of the energy consumed and produced in the cultivation of maize; to this end, surveys were applied to decision makers in each production system, determining the absolute and relative frequencies related to human and animal labour activities; and the use of seeds, agricultural machinery, fertilizers and pesticides, in addition to energy efficiency. In the agro-ecological production system, for each kcal consumed in the production process of 1 ha of corn, 6.3 kcal were produced (positive balance) and in the conventional system where chemical inputs external to the productive property are used, for each kcal consumed, 0.75 kcal were produced (negative balance). The positive energy balance influences the sustainability of the system in the medium and long term; and the care of the environment, not so in the conventional production system where the environment is affected.

Assessing the Impact of Microfinance Services at Individual Level: A Comparative Study of Women Empowerment in Pakistan

Background/Objectives: Some recent studies have empirically proved that micro-finance schemes launched for women empowerment have failed to attain their required goals as women are just used as a tool to get loans; In this context, the present study is undertaken to verify the usefulness of microcredit for women empowerment in Pakistan. Methods/Statistical analysis: Quantitative approach is used to assess the impact of microfinance loan services on women economic empowerment and to see whether members of microfinance institutes are equally empowered to the nonmembers. For this purpose, survey was conducted in Multan District of Punjab, Pakistan. Independent sample t-test is used to estimate the difference between two independent groups of participants. In a sample size of 300 women, 200 are participants of MFI while rest of the 100 are non-participants. The data has been analyzed by using Independent-samples t-test, as it is the comparison of two different independent groups. Findings: The study shows that women members of micro-finance institutions (MFIs) are more empowered compared to non-members. Overall, the results show that there is a positive relationship between MFI and women economic empowerment in Multan. Women participants of MFI have greater role in decision-making, more autonomy in mobility, greater control over income and savings generated from income generating activities, more role in employment generation and increased ownership of productive assets and property than non-member MFIs. Novelty/Applications: The current study presents a case for a nuanced and more-sophisticated analysis of the linkages between MFIs memberships and women\'s empowerment. Empowerment alone may not automatically lead to empowerment, but networks and guidance also important factors that can determine the success or failure of the empowerment approach. Thus, MFIs should hold meetings with women to guide them about the proper use of loan in their business activities. Keywords: Gender; independent-samples t- test; microfinance institutes; women-empowerment; Multan

On Q-Compactness in Intuitionistic Fuzzy Topological Spaces

In this paper, two new notions of Q-compactness in an intuitionistic fuzzy topological space has been introduced. These two notions satisfy hereditary and productive property. Also it is shown that under some conditions Q-compactness preserved under continuous, one-one and onto function. Further some of their features have been introduced.
 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 43, No. 2, 197-203, 2019