Productive Apparatus Research Articles

Road safety control based on a mobile application

Introduction: The smart city paradigm is made up of a set of actors who must operate jointly to guarantee road flow. However, sometimes there are accidents, and they affect productive apparatus, cause minor or temporary injuries and sometimes death of the individuals involved. Problem: Events occur for multiple reasons and the authorities have difficulties in implementing controls that minimize their occurrence since they do not have the necessary tools to capture and analyze timely information on the claims that have been presented. Objective: The objective is to increase road safety control and safeguard mobility in Bucaramanga. For this, a mobile application is designed to capture accident data by implementing the Flutter framework and the Model- View design pattern methodology. Controller (MVC). Methodology: The development of software to analyze the large amount of information on road events. A da- tabase is developed where said information is stored and processed using programming languages, coding and data hosting. Design and process factors are also considered according to the user’s needs, which will determine the interface and expected performance. Results: A structured system for data capture with the ability to integrate the general community, streamline the availability of information and facilitate decision making that deals with the problem in real time. Conclusion: It is concluded that its implementation in the city fosters self-care for pedestrians and drivers, facilitating the design of effective control measures by territorial entities, bringing the city of Bucaramanga closer to sustainability. Originality: This methodology for integrating events is unique in the country and is developed based on the city’s own characteristics. Limitations: The lack of information provided by the government actors.

Migration, Informality, and Unequal Exchange in the Context of the Mexico–US Regional Integration Process

This paper analyzes the complex relationship between migration and informality in the context of the Mexico–US asymmetric and subordinated regional integration process under neoliberalism. It argues that one of the main drivers of contemporary Mexican migration is the uneven distribution of the informal sector—and more precisely, the industrial reserve army of labor—among both countries. In this regard, Mexico operates as a strategic zone of reserve and social reproduction of workforce to satisfy the growing labor demand in the United States through migration. This reveals that the reproduction of the reserve labor army is essentially transnational in nature. The main link between migration and informality from below is through remittances: they serve as a fundamental component for family reproduction and for the procreation of a transnational core labor force that exerts pressure on wages on both sides of the border. Within the framework of the dynamics of informality from above, a growing flow of skilled and highly skilled Mexican migration to the United States has been unleashed, accompanied by aggressive government policies to attract talent in synchronization with the strengthening of innovation and knowledge-intensive activities in that country. We conclude that a critical aspect of informality from above, which reinforces informality from below, is the dismantling and disarticulation of Mexico’s productive apparatus in order to rearticulate it to the United States economy through the installation of export-oriented platforms that operate under an enclave logic, with imported components and under tax exemption regimes.

Motivations for University-Industry Interaction: A Typology of Academic Scientists at the National University of Colombia

In recent decades there has been an intensification of reflections on university-industry interaction as a mechanism for promoting innovation in countries, especially those characterized by a fragile collaboration between science and technology organizations and the productive apparatus. This article examines Colombian academic scientists who collaborate with industry, understanding their motivations and the interaction channels they use. To do this, a qualitative-type research study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with fifteen scientists and three employees involved in technology transfer programs at the National University of Colombia. As a result, we identified heterogeneous positions regarding the university-industry interaction and proposed four groups: i) “Circumstantial collaborators,” who have sporadic contact with industry; ii) “Independent,” who develop their own initiatives through spin-offs with sporadic contacts with industry; iii) “Integrated,” who see industry as a strategic partner and do not wish to undertake entrepreneurship; and iv) “Academic entrepreneurs,” who create spin-offs and see industry as a strategic partner. The main contribution of this work is the typology of academic scientists in the context of a Latin American country, which has implications for technology transfer offices in universities, with a recommendation towards creating typology-based programs, since the incentives that work for one type of scientist may not be the right fit for others.

Comportamiento del mercado laboral profesional en la ciudad de Quito

This publication is the result of an investigation carried out from the application of a survey to a sample of 79 companies, from different economic sectors, in the city of Quito, in order to determine the profile of professionals demanded by the organizations consulted. From the application of a descriptive and correlational approach, properties and characteristics required of human talent could be determined. As a conclusion, from the present research work, it was established that the university has to train professionals trained both in the use of disruptive technological tools and in the programming of managerial information that supports decision making, data administration, the generation of reports of an executive nature, that present a strong conviction towards aspects related to professional ethics, human, social and corporate values and that adapt to the growth needs of the national productive apparatus.

Competitiveness and Productivity of the Colombian Economy by Means of Competitive Routes and Clusters

The paper shows the state of the art of identification, formation and development of the clusters in Colombia, collecting topics from the decentralization process in Colombia, the fiscal decentralization and the economic growth; a period of economic changes in the country begins from these two topics, the productive apparatus is prepared to compete with the most demanding markets of Europe, Asia and North America. For carrying out this, it was necessary to change the culture of production, it is not a matter of doing what the entrepreneur wants but to propose new goods and services to the global market, generating a brand value and differentiating them from international competitors; Colombia in the twentieth century opened its doors to foreign trade, and started working on the proposal of economic opening, it was necessary to work on the new Political Constitution of Colombia, from that time there is a change, a work of the National Planning Department, in conjunction with the National Council for Competitiveness, the work is based on proposing new productive bets, this as a strategy to face the competition that was seen coming to the country, with the risk of losing national entries in the market by national companies and on the contrary the international companies would arrive at the national market with new products, innovated and of low price, the national industry would not be able to produce and compete at the prices of the imported goods. One of the initiatives is to form associativity, by means of which productive processes could be improved, more advanced technology would be handled, joint research would be carried out, and work would be done to transfer knowledge, strengthen the productive chain and within the organizations would improve the value chain as a strategic tool, through which the company's activities and sources of competitive advantage are analyzed; from this, the clusters are being worked on another proposal, which began to revolutionize Colombia's economic change by moving from an economy based on extractive and mining activity to offering differentiated products with added value, quality was considered an integral part of the good and with a specialized human resource, in this way the regions have made a great social leap, since from this new chain the regions begin to strengthen their economy, to improve their human talent, to manage the supply chain, and above all to export non-mining energy products that in short only leave shortages of products from the family basket, depletes and impoverishes the productivity of their soils, contributing a negative GDP, because in the long time, the land where the mineral exploitation as oil and coal become sterile for that, although at one point they can represent an important sector for the economic activity of the country and reflects in its GDP an important percentage to the economy, this type of economic activity destroys the country's competitiveness in the long term, so in the medium term can be seen as a lever for economic and social development. The clusters represent a new production alternative for the country as a strategy for local growth, for the Colombian economy in global scenarios means diversification in the exportable supply; for this, it is necessary to define strategies that enable productive transformation in the country, this will provide tools and sophisticated knowledge allowing the productive sector to obtain greater profitability and sustainability over time, to offer products, bines and high quality services [28]. The aim that the cluster network has been working for is the generation and exchange of knowledge among the different actors that are part of the productive alliance formation and cluster dynamization. This objective is evidenced by the success it has had in the Valle del Cauca with the cluster of sugarcane, medical excellence, macrosnacks, care and beauty, white protein, among others.It is for all the above that this work wants to show the importance of the diversification of goods and services of an economy from the synergetic and pooled work that the clusters provide, it is well known that the economies that diversify are those that can compete in the global market since its economic component is not only based on sometimes non-renewable natural resources such as hydrocarbons, but they work with the most important resource that an economy has its human talent, this resource is renewable and it is not exhausted, on the contrary it is transformed, updated, qualified, transferred and it is a know-how for international trade, this term can be understood as preexisting knowledge not always academic, which includes techniques, secret information that is known and handled efficiently and with experience, which has become a valuable intangible asset, this includes the most appropriate way to mix components, equipment used, this personnel that knows how to perform the tasks; all this is mixed in a cluster.

Colombia – north triangle FTA: an example of south-south commercial development

This article analyzes the behavior of the Free Trade Agreement signed between Colombia and the Northern Triangle countries. It is based on the hypothesis that, because there is an agreement between countries of the South, similar global development conditions reduce the asymmetries in terms of trade, characteristics of North-South agreements. To evaluate the hypothesis, this article analyzed the trade flows of the last ten years (2010 – 2019), and different international trade indicators are estimated. The results indicate that the agreement has been favorable for Colombia, generating a surplus trade balance and an increase in exports of products with high added value and complementarity between trade partners. It is suggested to deepen and expand this agreement and promote its use by the national productive apparatus.

IDE, Spillovers Technologiques et Performances Exportatrices des Économies Émergentes et en Développement

Foreign direct investments could be a privileged instrument for the mitigation of the technological gap, the dynamization of technological and industrial catch- up and the consolidation of the technological and scientific content of national industrial production, in addition to the modernization of productive apparatus, the expansion of industrial exports, and the celerity of their technological rise in the economies in a position of industrial takeoff. The internationalization of production favored by the rise of global value chains, as part of the process of international segmentation of production processes, has undeniably propelled the emergence of new industrial specializations and the restructuring of organizational models of production, namely in emerging countries as well as in developing countries, based on a heap of factors of attractiveness and exploitation of factorial and productive advantages, both comparative and competitive. The objective of this paper is to highlight the factors that motivate the choices and scenarios for the redeployment of production sites at the international scale, while measuring the impact of inward FDI on the scope of the export performance of host economies, by exploring the resulting effects on the level of industrial competitiveness, creative, research and development activities and inventive capabilities, total factor productivity, externalities and the absorptive capacity of technology transfer in the local productive system, through the ordinary least squares methodology over an analytical span of nearly three decades and a panel of 10 emerging and developing economies.

Increase of Tangible and Intangible Fixed Assets in the Manufacturing Industry in Romania under the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment

The article deals with the main aspects of the materialization of foreign direct investment (FDI) made in the component activities of the manufacturing industry in tangible and intangible fixed assets (TIFA), that serve the development of productive processes in those activities. Starting from the idea that for manufacturing activities the importance of each of the two categories of fixed assets varies depending on the specifics of each activity, the analysis reveals the existence of significant differences between the materialization of FDI in TIFA in these activities and the gross value added generated by them, as well as between the stock of tangible assets realized by FDI and the total value of TIFA registered in the manufacturing activities. The conclusion of the analysis is that the TIFA made by FDI substantially improved the quality of the productive apparatus of the manufacturing activities and, implicitly, their productivity and competitiveness; the activities with the greatest benefits in this regard were Machinery and equipment, Means of transport, Computers, electronic, optical and electrical products, and Crude oil processing, chemical products, rubber and plastics.

Caracterización de las metodologías de investigación en finanzas bursátiles en Colombia del 2015 al 2020

El objetivo de este artículo consiste en caracterizar las metodologías de investigación utilizadas por los artículos en finanzas bursátiles entre los años 2015 y 2020 en Colombia, mostrando de dichas metodologías cuáles han sido los enfoques, el alcance, el diseño y los métodos de recolección de información empleados por los autores, todo esto, a través de una revisión de literatura que aplica un enfoque de investigación cualitativo con alcance descriptivo. De manera general, se encuentra que el enfoque de investigación cuantitativo predomina en las investigaciones financieras bursátiles colombianas durante el periodo de estudio; a su vez, este enfoque en la mayoría de las veces se combina con un alcance correlacional o explicativo, con un diseño metodológico longitudinal de corte no experimental o de corte transversal y con métodos de recolección de información basados en indicadores o pruebas estandarizadas.

Expert technical evaluation model for modeling and monitoring services of Technology Information and Communication services in a Social Security Institution of the Federal Public Administration

Social security services are transcendental worldwide activities with significant impact on critical variables for the rest of the productive apparatus and consumption of a nation. The indicators of this category are always significant to locate the level of development and social consciousness of a country. Expert opinion assessments of the modeling and monitoring of Information Technology and Telecommunications services are intended to provide an assurance initiative as an external control system intended to guarantee the organizational continuity of Information Technology services, and serve as a countermeasure to guarantee the goals and objectives of public organizations related to social security services that are to be provided to a significant portion of Mexico’s citizens. This study focuses on one of the major social security institutions in Mexico, which uses the capability assessment model and the specifications of best practices related to assurance model framework provided by COBIT.

Modelo de integración de la alianza del pacífico y mecanismos de difusión de los programas de transferencia condicionada en la región caribe colombiana

El modelo de integración de la alianza del pacífico constituye un esfuerzo por articular oportunidades económicas, sociales y políticas de los países signatarios del acuerdo internacional (Colombia, Chile, México y Perú) conocido como alianza del pacífico (AP); dichos países buscan complementar sus economías y superar la estrecheces del aparato productivo y el mercado, en sus respectivos países; para el ejercicio de esta modalidad de integración profunda entre países, se requiere un nivel de participación de distintos actores del sector público y privado, así como la construcción e implementación de instrumentos y mecanismos requeridos para el éxito del proceso. Uno de éstos instrumentos de gestión se conoce como Programa de Transferencia condicionada (PTC). El trabajo realiza una caracterización del proceso de integración AP; presenta el modelo PTC propuesto con eje de desarrollo territorial en la región caribe colombiana a modo de plan piloto.

Overvaluation in a non-optimal currency area

The devaluation tool in an optimal currency area allows economic policies to adjust relative costs in front of economic shocks. Devaluation risk is due to the relationship of domestic inflation with that of a nation's trading partners. If the gap between them is not adjusted by depreciation, it will start a process of overvaluation of national currency which ends in a trade deficit, reduced gross domestic product (GDP) and rising unemployment. Devaluation or depreciation would restore the competitiveness of the productive apparatus. However, in a non-optimal currency area - as a country unilaterally dollarised - this adjustment may be made by abandoning the anchor coin and adopting a new national currency, what it has been called ‘demonetisation’ (Encinas-Ferrer, 2003a, 2003b). The Eurozone experience from 2011 shows us that abandoning a non-optimal currency area and establishing a new national currency is a decision that no one has dared to take.

Overvaluation in a non-optimal currency area

The devaluation tool in an optimal currency area allows economic policies to adjust relative costs in front of economic shocks. Devaluation risk is due to the relationship of domestic inflation with that of a nation's trading partners. If the gap between them is not adjusted by depreciation, it will start a process of overvaluation of national currency which ends in a trade deficit, reduced gross domestic product (GDP) and rising unemployment. Devaluation or depreciation would restore the competitiveness of the productive apparatus. However, in a non-optimal currency area - as a country unilaterally dollarised - this adjustment may be made by abandoning the anchor coin and adopting a new national currency, what it has been called ‘demonetisation’ (Encinas-Ferrer, 2003a, 2003b). The Eurozone experience from 2011 shows us that abandoning a non-optimal currency area and establishing a new national currency is a decision that no one has dared to take.

Particularities of the Recent Evolution of Higher Education in Romania. Analysis and Forecasts

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this article is to present a brief analysis of the Romanian higher education system from the perspective of basic indicators, as well as the use of Markovian techniques for studying the evolution of the schooling process. Methodology: The descriptive statistical analysis was mainly used to visualize and synthesize the information extracted from the data on the Romanian higher education system. Markovian methods were used to study and predict the evolution of the schooling process. Findings: The rapid dynamics of the number of students in Romania in the last two decades has been accompanied by a series of structural changes, of which the most important are: a) constantly increasing the degree of feminisation of student achievements and b) increasing the relative importance of economic studies, legal studies and other social sciences, while reducing the relative importance of technical sciences and of medical-pharmaceutical studies within university specialties. Also, the distribution of the graduates’ specializations correlated to a very small extent with the requirements of economic and social activity. It can be said that the development of tertiary education in Romania was stimulated mainly by the action of factors of social and cultural nature and only at second level by the demand for qualified personnel generated by the productive apparatus. Value Added: This study highlights the current state of Romanian higher education. The fact that the evolution of tertiary education has been “explosive” over the past two decades makes some econometric methods, involving the use of stationary data or which have a high degree of complexity, more difficult to use. In this context, the use of Markovian modelling methods for studying and forecasting the evolution of the schooling process can contribute to improving access to and participation in higher education. Recommendations: In the current conjucture, when trying to increase the insertion of graduates into the labour market, it is natural for decision-makers to use various estimation methods and techniques that allow them to correlate university study programs with the needs of the labour market and at the same time provide them with scientific support for their prognosis.

Citizen participation in the design of public policy through ICTs in Colombia

The growing development and social appropriation of ICTs nowadays represent a means that facilitates the participation of citizens in the design and management of public policies. The objective of this research was to assess the contribution generated by the use of a digital platform as a means to design and execute public policies aimed at strengthening the productive apparatus in the tourism and cultural industry of the Tolima region within the “Tolima Vive Digital”-TVD (Tolima Lives Digitally) project developed between 2013 and 2014 within the framework of the “Vive Digital” (Live Digitally) initiative by the National Government. Through an evaluative research model, structured surveys and in-depth interviews were applied to beneficiaries linked to the tourism and culture sector in the region, as well as to facilitators-experts in the operation of the platform. The results of the evaluation show the positive contribution of ICTs to the processes of citizen participation in the design of public policies by facilitating the participation and inclusion of citizens from remote regions, by enabling a more efficient systematization and integration of citizen demands and by generating a new communication channel between Government and citizens. In this way, the experience of the Tolima region represents a reference point for other government managers, and becomes a complementary contribution to the evaluation of the strategy for the digitalization of the public service in Colombia.

МОДИФІКАЦІЯ МОДЕЛІ ВПЛИВУ КЛІМАТИЧНИХ ФАКТОРІВ НА ФОТОСИНТЕЗ СОСНИ В УМОВАХ ПІВДНЯ УКРАЇНИ

The article describes the method of calculation of plant vegetation photosynthesis and its modification to the spikes in the South of Ukraine. The object of the study is the Tsyurupinsk forest-hunting farm, which is located in the Kherson region, on the Nizhnedneprovsky sands. Artificial forest in the Steppe zone of Ukraine is of interest as a factor influencing the climate of this area. The subject of the study is pine needles, which is dominant. The place of simulation is determined as the driving force behind the development of science. The existing modeling methods that are most often used in practice are described. Existing models of calculation of photosynthesis are presented and the second is specified сonsidered what are the models based and what results can be obtained for their use. Component of the method of calculation of vegetation photosynthesis, developed by Polevoy A. M, is demonstrated. The proposed method is implemented in Fortran language using standard agrometeorological information. The data can be used both for a single station and average characteristics for areas, regions and soil - climatic zones. The blocks of data necessary to calculate the intensity of photosynthesis are shown. The data necessary for the implementation of this model is drawn up. The modification of the method to the studs, which were chosen as the object of research, is described. For the subject of research, the pinholes of studs are chosen, because it is a productive assimilation apparatus. The calculations of this modification are shown in the form of tables. They allow us to see the influencing agrometeorological factors and the area, growth, photosynthesis of the research subject. The results of the simulation are presented separately for the Crimean pine and for the common pine. The average of the decade's effective temperature for this region of the study varied from 3,3 to 12,2 °C. The sum of effective temperatures with an increasing amount during the growing season of the needle increased from 36,3 to 517,5 °C. The average per decade intensity of the FAR over the shoots for both types of hairpins varied from 0,25 to 0,33 cal/cm2 min. For the decade, the intensity of the FAR in the shoots of the Crimean pine needles was from 0,12 to 0,5 cal/cm2, while in the pine usual 0,17-0,09 cal/cm2 min. The results of the calculation of the area, photosynthesis and growth of the needle pin are different. The area of the Crimean pine needles varies from 2,3 to 5 mm2, and the pine is usual from 0,9 to 2 mm2 during the first six decades. The difference in the area of the needles of the studied studs is 3 mm2. The intensity of photosynthesis under optimal conditions on the temperature and humidity of the soil for both studs is 1,2 СО2/dm2 h. The intensity of photosynthesis in the field conditions in the Crimean pine grows during the first three decades from 0,1 to 0,3 СО2/dm2 h., аnd in the pine common from 0,1 to 0,2 СО2/dm2 h. during the first four decades. Photosynthesis of shoots per day differs by 0,7 g/m2. The height of this indicator is observed during the first three decades: in the Crimean pine from 0,2 to 1,2 g/m2, and in the pine common from 0,1 to 0,5 g/m2. The indicator of the growth of the total mass of shoots for a decade in the Crimean pine increases from 2,1 to 8,8 g/m2, and in the pine usual from 0,8 to 3,5 g/m2. The growth of the Crimean pine needles is 5,3g/m2 larger. An analysis is made of the results obtained in the modification of the model for the calculation of photosynthesis. A conclusion is made on the success of the modification of the method for calculating vegetation photosynthesis to the hairpin.

Los nuevos frutos de oro. Aparato productivo de piña y naranja en la Zona Norte, Costa Rica (1974-2015)

Se analiza la evolución piñera y naranjera en la Zona Norte Norte, mediante la construcción del aparato productivo mediante la prosopografía y la metodología relacional de los derechos humanos. El modelo de desarrollo implementado desde los ochenta ha facilitado la instalación de compañías agroindustriales para la exportación, con unos US$101 millones de naranja y unos US$800 millones de piña para 2015, principalmente en el norte, y acumuladas en pocas élites-personas con gran influencia política y económica. Esto incide para que esta sea una de las zonas agroindustrialmente más productivas y, al mismo tiempo, una de las de mayor desigualdad y pobreza. Se vuelve necesario enfrentar las adversas situaciones con acompañamientos alternativos ligados a la autonomía alimentaria y laboral.

La Biopolítica de la Deuda: Relación Acreedor-deudor

La sociedad actual está inmersa en la economía de la deuda, entendida ésta en palabras de Lazzarato (2013), como una promesa de reembolso en un futuro más o menos lejano pero siempre imprevisible. “El crédito o deuda y su relación acreedor-deudor constituyen una relación de poder específica que implica modalidades específicas de producción y control de la subjetividad (una forma particular de homo oeconomicus, el “hombre endeudado”)” (Lazzarato, 2013, p. 36).Los préstamos se han convertido en la acceder una formación profesional, en la nueva forma de financiación de sus carreras, Biopolitica de la gestión de su fuerza productiva pues ya "Michel Foucault, a través del concepto de biopolítica, nos había anunciado desde los años setenta lo que hoy día va haciéndose evidente: la "vida" y lo "viviente" son los retos de las nuevas luchas políticas y de las nuevas estrategias económicas. En la actualidad los créditos universitarios se han configurado como la principal fuente de financiación de los estudios profesionales, siendo el endeudamiento la nueva realidad en la vida de los jóvenes. “La llamada “financiación” constituye no tanto una modalidad de financiamiento de las inversiones, sino un enorme dispositivo de gestión de la deudas privadas y públicas y, por ende, de la relación acreedor-deudor, gracias a las técnicas de titulización” (Lazzarato, 2013, p. 28-29). Palabras Claves: Biopolítica, Acreedor – Deudor, Pedagogía de la deuda, subjetividad.

La relación comercial de México con Estados Unidos y China en el siglo xxi: efectos en la integración local del aparato productivo mexicano

The article studies the commercial integration of Mexico with the United States and China and its effects on the local integration of the Mexican productive apparatus. Information is presented for 220 industrial classes, covering the period 2003-2014. Based on different typologies, it is shown how China's entry into the WTO in 2001 deepened the import dependence of the Mexican manufacturing apparatus, both in the export industries and domestic market industries. Among other outcomes, China has directly displaced the United States as the main importer in 152 industries operating in Mexico, of which 62 are export oriented and 87% of them are destined for the United States. This phenomenon reveals the emergence of an industrial organization that has been established between Mexican industries with China and the United States, with adverse effects in local productive linkages. The remaining 90 industries have strong local production chains and are relevant in employment generation; in these industries, the massive entry of Chinese imports has displaced investment, employment and local supply. Current macroeconomic and mesoeconomic policy has encouraged this special kind of local-global integration.

Anclaje profesional y valores relacionados al trabajo en el Perú

El propósito del presente artículo es reflexionar por qué en el Perú se hace complicado para los profesionales lograr sus objetivos en las organizaciones y por qué éstas difícilmente logran fidelizar a sus colaboradores. Existen factores como: la situación de ruptura, entre los estudios realizados y la ocupación ejercida; la falta de adaptación del sistema educativo a las necesidades del aparato productivo; el prejuicio del empleador sobre la procedencia formativa de su posible empleado. Frente a esta realidad laboral, las organizaciones deben reconocer la importancia de poner atención a un capital humano alineado con las estrategias de la empresa. Enfocándonos en las personas, algunas tienen una clara potencialidad para desarrollar sus competencias profesionales y el entorno organizacional propicio, sin embargo no logran conseguir el despliegue profesional esperado. En este sentido, la Teoría sobre los Anclajes de carrera de Schein, genera un nuevo panorama, se refiere al autoconcepto ocupacional que explica el desarrollo, estabilidad, restricciones e integración de la carrera profesional del trabajador y la teoría de valores relacionados al trabajo de Schwartz, como factores que guían en las decisiones de las personas, condicionando a la hora elegir sus estudios, escoger y desarrollar una determinada profesión.