Production Units Research Articles

A data-driven model for the optimization of energy consumption of an industrial production boiler in a fiber plant

Energy consumption represents a considerable concern for industries in terms of cost and the need to adopt future green energy sources. As a result, several recurring research initiatives seek to reduce it. In this work, we propose a data-based approach to optimize the overall process of fiberglass manufacturing, aiming to reduce the energy consumption of an industrial boiler. Initially, the process parameters with the most significant impact on the plant’s energy consumption were identified. A machine-learning model was developed using the historical factory data collected for these parameters. Then, we formally relate these parameters to the energy consumption of the analyzed system. With this, an approach based on genetic algorithms was used to search for the ideal values of the model’s input parameters that optimize energy consumption for particular production demands. As a result, we have formulated an operational approach that effectively guides the daily functioning of the modeled system, contributing to the reduction of energy consumption per unit of production. We show that simple learning techniques, such as decision trees, can efficiently model this class of problems. This is a crucial design requirement as the tool can be deployed on IoT devices with limited processing resources. The application of our study made it possible to save thousands of dollars in boiler energy consumption costs. The results show that monthly savings can reach $8440.

Life cycle assessment for producing monocrystalline photovoltaic panels: a case study of Brazil

ABSTRACT Energy generation from photovoltaic panels provides for clean, renewable, low environmental impact energy. However, such characteristics are only related to products already in operation, as they do not apply to their production process. In this study, Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) was conducted to quantify 11 environmental impacts caused by the production of monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panels in Brazil, considering raw material extraction, material processing, construction, and part production. The LCA showed that the photovoltaic panel production process has several environmental impacts that can be minimized by implementing changes to the production chain, especially to reduce the generation of greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming. It was observed that the solar cell production stage contributes to the environmental impacts the most, especially to those referring to abiotic depletion (84%) and to all stratospheric ozone layer depletion (62%). The potential impacts estimated were 9.43 × 10−2 kg Sbeq and 5.34 × 10−4 kg CFC-11eq, respectively. With relation to global warming, Greenhouse Gases (GHG) were emitted with a corresponding value of 3.23 × 103 kg CO2 eq, it was caused by CO2, CH4, HFC-134a, nitrous oxide, HFC-23, CFC-13 gases. To reduce impact per unit of production, it is suggested that the monocrystalline silicon panel production be substituted for polycrystalline, and more incentives be provided to increase large-scale panel production, making it cheaper.

FMEA Model in Risk Analysis for the Implementation of AGV/AMR Robotic Technologies into the Internal Supply System of Enterprises

In the evolving economic landscape, Industry 4.0 emphasizes strategic planning and operational progress for large enterprises. This transformation relies on smart robotization technologies like AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles) and AMRs (Autonomous Mobile Robots) for reducing transportation time, thereby reducing energy costs per unit of production, increasing energy efficiency, as well as replacing combustible-fuel-powered tools with electric ones. A number of concerns arise with their introduction into the production cycle. This research aims to provide a methodical basis for averting substantial mistakes when executing projects centered around the incorporation of AGVs/AMRs into in-house logistics systems. The FMEA method and empirical analysis were employed to achieve a more accurate risk assessment. APIS and MS Excel softwares were chosen. We investigated the potential hazards related to the incorporation of mobile robotic solutions and identified both external and internal threats. To streamline and improve project efficiency, a risk management algorithm for high-tech projects is presented in the paper. Integrating FMEA into projects implementing robotic technologies can lead to significant enhancements in risk reduction, and therefore cost savings, efficiency, safety, and quality, while fostering a culture of collaboration and problem solving. The research contributes to the literature by introducing an AMR planning and control framework to guide managers in the decision-making process, thereby supporting them to achieve optimal performance. Finally, we propose an agenda for future research within the field of interest.

GEOINFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE TRAINING OF FUTURE MINING ENGINEERS

Modern world cannot live without digital technologies. Digital technologies have reached an unprecedented flourishing. The constant growth of information has led to the emergence of many opportunities for digital transactions in various professions, one of which is the mining engineer. The process of reforming this profession requires more efficient use of digital technologies in the environment, ensuring information management through the introduction of innovations, creation of databases, programs, the implementation of which will improve the quality of management of innovation processes. One of the promising directions of solving this problem is the use of geoinformation technologies. Ukraine's interest in increasing the number of engineers is manifested, in particular, in measures to encourage applicants to enter higher education institutions for engineering specialties by providing additional benefits. In the professional activities of mining engineers, information technologies make it possible not only to consider the location of production units of a mining company, mineral warehouses and rock dumps of a mining company at any required level of detail, but also to help meet the basic environmental requirements in the field of mining. The program of experimental research to test the effectiveness of methods of using Geoinformation technologies in the formation of environmental competence was implemented in three stages: analytical and stating, design and search and forming and generalizing. The discrepancies identified at the analytical and stating stage of the pedagogical experiment required the development of a new competence system with separate components of environmental competence. Multifunctional geographic information systems were used in the laboratory classes of the control groups, and multifunctional GIS, mining and environmental GIS and the software component of the methodological complex "EcoKryvbas" were used in the experimental ones. Upon completion of the experimental training, it was found that 49.33% of the students in the control groups reached an average level of environmental competence, 20% reached a sufficient level, while in the experimental groups 37.33% of the students reached a sufficient level and 36% reached an average level. In the continuation of scientific research of this problem, it is advisable to develop a methodological system of teaching Geoinformation technologies for students of specialty 122 "Computer Science".

Benchmarking the Performance of Productive Units Using Cross-Efficiency Techniques: An Empirical Approach for Water Companies

Benchmarking the Performance of Productive Units Using Cross-Efficiency Techniques: An Empirical Approach for Water Companies

청동기시대 주거의 증축과 사회경제적 의미

Looking at the area distribution of South Korean Bronze Age dwellings, the area distribution varies from very large to small throughout the entire period. Large residential areas disappear in the later period, but the area of residence is still not uniform even in the villages in the later period. This means that the extension of dwellings was common throughout the entire period. In the archaeological data, many dwellings that have been interpolated throughout the entire period from the early to the late period are identified, and the expansion patterns show differences depending on the period. There is no significant change in the minimum residential area from the early stage to the late stage, but the maximum extension limit is 200㎡ in the early stage, 80㎡ in the early stage, and 60㎡ in the late stage. According to this, the family size is estimated to be 2 to 50 people in the early stage, 2 to 40 people in the first half, and 4 to 12 people in the later stage. The difference in expansion patterns according to the period reflects the social demand of the residence style, from the early to early ‘large family joint residence’ to the later ‘generational independent residence’. In addition, ‘collaboration and labor intensification’ is interpreted as a socio-economic background that requires ‘large family co-residence’, and ‘differentiation of production units and strengthening of household independence’ are interpreted as a socio-economic background that requires ‘independent residence by household’.

Influence of Hydraulic Oil Brands on the Completeness and Accuracy of Diagnostics of Hydraulic Units of Russian and Foreign Production

Introduction. Russian and foreign manufacturers of volumetric hydraulic drives recommend using hydraulic oils (working fluid) from certain manufacturers for their hydraulic units: Lukoil, Gazpromneft, Mobil, Hydrau Gard, SHELL, Total, etc. The oils have different physicochemical properties, because of different additive packages in their composition. However, changes in these properties during operation are a negative factor. In this regard, the physicochemical properties of the power fluid will affect the determination of diagnostic parameters, namely their accuracy and reliability. Therefore, when monitoring the technical condition of volumetric hydraulic drives in bench equipment, it is necessary to use hydraulic oil, with constant physico-chemical properties. To select power fluid for determining the parameters of diagnosing new and existing volumetric hydraulic drives of Russian and foreign production with a minimum error, it is necessary to conduct experimental studies. Aim of the Article. The study was aimed at determining the dependence of changes in the parameters of diagnosing new and operating hydraulic units of Russian and foreign production on the power fluid temperature. Materials and Methods. As power fluid there were used Hydraulic oils MGE-46B and SHELL TELLUS S2 V46 recommended by manufacturers for volumetric hydraulic drives НST-90, НST-112 and Danfoss Power Solutions 90-series respectively. During the experiment, the volume efficiency and torque of volumetric hydraulic drives were tested as diagnostic parameters. The tests were carried out on specialized bench equipment in accordance with the requirements (methodology) of the manufacturers. Results. Experimental studies presented in the article have shown that the changes in the temperature of the power fluid affect significantly the accuracy of the diagnosed parameters of hydraulic units under study. It was found that the power fluid SHELL TELLUS S2 V46 allows reliably determining the diagnostic parameters of new and having operating time domestic hydraulic units. Optimal temperature ranges equal to 60...69 °C were obtained for power fluid – MGE-46V when testing new and having operating time foreign hydraulic units Danfoss Power Solutions 90-series. Discussion and Conclusion. It has been found that the power fluid MGE-46B in optimal temperature ranges ensures the completeness and high accuracy of diagnosing new and having operating time hydraulic units of Russian and foreign production in accordance with the requirements of GOST 17108 and manufacturers. Therefore, this hydraulic oil can be used as a universal power fluid for monitoring the technical condition of various hydraulic units at repair enterprises.

MEMBER PERCEPTION OF CASSAVA FARMER GROUP PERFORMANCE IN SUNGAI BULUH UTARA VILLAGE, BATANG ANAI DISTRICT, PADANG PARIAMAN REGENCY

This research was conducted from January to February 2022 in Buluh Utara Village, Batang Anai District, Padang Pariaman Regency. The aim was to analyze members' perceptions of the performance of cassava farmer group. The number of farmer group members in Sungai Buluh Utara Village is 119 cassava farmers who are from four farmer group, namely the Women Farmer Group (Kelompok Wanita Tani, KWT) of Kampung Apar, Kampung Apar, Maju Sepakat and Harapan Baru. The number of respondents was 54 people obtained by the Slovin formula and taken proportionally from each farmer group. The performance of farmer group assessed by members includes the role or function of farmer group as Learning Classes, Cooperation Forums and Production Units. Farmers' perceptions of the performance of farmer group were measured using a Likert scale and then grouped into three categories namely Not Good, Quite Good and Good. The results showed that most of the members (61.11%) gave the perception that the performance of the cassava farmer group as a Learning Class was in the good category, while for the Cooperation Forum r the majority (74.08) of the members rated it was less good and for the role as a Production Unit is also viewed as unfavorable by as many as 66.67% of members.

A Tale of Two Strawberries: Conventional and Organic Open-Field Production in California

Organic produce in general is perceived as environmentally superior to conventional produce. This perception is what partially drives some consumers to pay a price premium for organic food. To understand the environmental impact across various categories of both production systems, we performed a life cycle analysis on organic and conventionally produced strawberries in California, following input estimates from extension reports. This study found that organic strawberries performed worse than conventional strawberries in almost all environmental impact categories by unit of land and unit of production. Organic strawberries generate 46% more carbon footprint than conventional strawberries. One of the main environmental impact contributors of organic production is the effect of transportation of compost, manure, and other organic inputs, which are required in large volumes per ha. The contribution of input delivery to total carbon footprint per ha of organic strawberry production is 33%, and for conventional strawberry production the contribution is 8%. Post-harvest processing of strawberries is the activity in both production systems that contributes the most to total GWP per ha of production, up to 40% for organic and 60% for conventional strawberries.

Value added of teaching factory learning in services production unit to prepare graduate work readiness

Teaching Factory Learning (TEFA) is a bridge to train students' skills to have work qualifications according to industry needs. The study examined the perspectives of students on TEFA learning in service production units in vocational schools to prepare the graduate work readiness (GWR). Research informants were students of Vocational Schools in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The research was a qualitative descriptive approach. The data collection techniques were interviews and observations. Then, the collected data were validated using source triangulation. The research showed that students' perspectives on TEFA learning provided added values in 3 domains: 1) knowledge, 2) skills, and 3) Attitudes. Moreover, TEFA learning was able to prepare students to have competencies according to the needs of performance criteria in the industrial world, increase self-confidence and learning motivation, and foster a mental attitude of independence, responsibility, and industrial work culture.

Modelling and capacity allocation optimization of a combined pumped storage/wind/photovoltaic/hydrogen production system based on the consumption of surplus wind and photovoltaics and reduction of hydrogen production cost

To achieve “carbon neutrality”, clean energy such as wind and solar energy is being developed, but due to the random and intermittent characteristics of wind energy and photovoltaics, the instability of grid connections and the abandoning wind and photovoltaics need to be addressed urgently. This paper proposes a method to solve the problems of grid connection and abandonment in wind and photovoltaic generation systems, that is, to establish a combined pumped storage/wind/photovoltaic/hydrogen production system through the pumped storage and hydrogen production system. The system consists of a pumped storage/wind/photovoltaic complementary subsystem and a hydrogen production subsystem. First, different models in the system are modelled using Simulink and the characteristics of the models are analysed. Subsequently, the wind turbine model and the PV model are simulated to derive the wind-PV complementary characteristic curves, and it is found that the load demand cannot be met by relying on wind-PV complementary power generation alone. To achieve system stability and economy, pumped storage is configured to smooth the output of wind power and PV. After comprehensive consideration, the optimal pumped storage capacity is determined to be 1000 MW. Then, through the simulation of the pumped storage/wind/photovoltaic system, it is found that even though pumped storage can absorb the wind and photovoltaic outputs, there is still a surplus when the wind and photovoltaic outputs are in excess. Therefore, this surplus energy is used for hydrogen production and the configuration of the hydrogen production system is optimized using a particle swarm algorithm to minimize the cost per unit of hydrogen production. After particle swarm optimization, it was determined that the unit cost of hydrogen production was minimized to 3.54 CNY/Nm3 for the configuration of 55 electrolysis tanks of 4 MW and 219 lead-acid tanks of 1 MW/2 MWh. Meanwhile, the electrolysis tank simulation model and the lead-acid battery simulation model were used to obtain maps of their operating conditions, hydrogen production and hydrogen storage tank pressure. In view of the addition of an energy storage system to the wind and photovoltaic generation system, this paper comprehensively considers the two energy storage modes of pumped storage and hydrogen production, and proposes a corresponding capacity optimization configuration scheme, which has reference value for improving the consumption and stability of wind and photovoltaics and realizing the sustainable utilization of clean energy.

EVALUASI IMPLEMENTASI PRINSIP TRANSPARANSI DAN AKUNTABILITAS PADA BADAN LAYANAN UMUM DAERAH PENDIDIKAN (Studi Kasus : SMK Negeri Mandiri ‘X’ Jakarta)

The establishment of the Regional Public Service Agency (BLUD) SMK in DKI Jakarta Province was carried out as part of the Regional Strategic Activities (KSD) Revitalization of Vocational High Schools (SMK) program, which aims to improve the quality and competitiveness of Indonesian human resources. However, the implementation of BLUD SMK faces challenges in optimizing the sales results of the production unit, achieving performance targets, and the availability of competent human resources. This study aims to analyze the challenges of implementing the principles of transparency and accountability in accordance with Good School Governance at BLUD SMK Mandiri 'X' Jakarta. This research uses a case study research method. The type of data used is primary data obtained directly from informants through in-depth interviews. The analysis results show that there are operational problems that have not been fully resolved, such as the absence of updating the service rates of SMK production units stipulated in the Governor's Regulation of DKI Jakarta Province. Additionally, newly established BLUD SMKs do not yet have a tariff gubernatorial regulation that serves as the basis for determining the selling price of the products/services offered.

Analisis Peran Kontribusi Koperasi Syariah dalam Pengembangan UMKM di Kota Pekalongan

Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are productive business units that can stand alone and are carried out by individuals or business entities in all economic sectors that have been able to survive amid the economic crisis that has hit since 1997 and have even become a lifeline for the country's economic recovery. In the city of Pekalongan, cooperatives can play an important role in community businesses, such as MSMEs. This is an effort to overcome poverty in society. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The data used in this research is primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from interviews with MSMEs in Pekalongan City and secondary data was obtained from various sources, namely from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), the Financial Services Authority (OJK), journals and articles relevant to research. Sharia cooperatives have products and mechanisms that are based on the Koran and the hadith of the Prophet. In its implementation, the cooperative system is able to provide loans that are far from the interest element which is clearly prohibited by the Shari'a. Cooperatives have various contracts that can guarantee the smooth transaction process for MSMEs that need funds or MSMEs who want to save their funds. From these interviews, the role of cooperatives in terms of MSME capital has great potential. Cooperatives can be a driving force in the growth of the real sector, especially MSMEs. With the presence of cooperatives, it helps the community, especially MSMEs, in realizing and developing their business. Apart from that, cooperative activities do not contain elements of usury, gharar and maysir.

Economic efficiency of growing winter barley in the Southern Steppe zone of Ukraine under the influence of variety and biological preparations

The relevance of the article lies in the determination of the most optimal varieties and biopreparations that ensure high yield and profitability of growing winter barley. The purpose of the research was to determine the main indicators of the economic efficiency of the elements of the technology of growing winter barley for foliar fertilizing of plants in the main periods of vegetation with biological preparations. When conducting research, generally accepted methods were used: systematic approach and systematic analysis, field and statistical. The article provides data on the economic efficiency of the elements of winter barley cultivation technology based on the results of research conducted with four varieties of the crop in the conditions of the Educational and Scientific Practical Center of the Mykolaiv National Agrarian University in 2016-2019. The impact of variety selection, foliar fertilizing with modern bacterial preparations on the main indicators of the economic efficiency of growing winter barley was analysed. It was established that the cost of the grown grain depended on and changed under the influence of the features of the variety, biological preparation and the number of fertilizing. Obtaining the maximum cost of grain ensured the cultivation of winter barley varieties Valkyrie and Oscar for carrying out foliar feeding in the phase of tillering and emergence of plants in the tube with the biological preparation Organic Balance: 26.5 and 26.3 thousand hryvnias/ha, respectively. The same varieties, in case of two-time fertilization with Azotophyt, formed the value of grain at 25 thousand UAH/ha, and in controls – 20.1 and 21.1 thousand UAH/ha, respectively. Indicators of conditional net profit and level of profitability also changed with a similar dependence. Values of the cost of growing a unit of production of winter barley had the opposite dependence. The obtained scientific research results and definitions will contribute to the cultivation of winter barley on the basis of resource conservation with the use of biological preparations to increase productivity and the main factors of economic efficiency

Solution strategies for integrated distribution, production, and relocation problems arising in modular manufacturing

Recently, there has been a paradigm shift by certain energy companies towards modular manufacturing, whereby transportable modular production units can be relocated between production facilities to meet the spatial and temporal changes in the availabilities, demands, and prices of the underlying commodities. We refer to the optimal distribution, production, and storage of commodities, including intermediary commodities, and the relocation and operation of the modular production units as the dynamic multiple commodity supply chain problem with modular production units. To this end, we present a “flow-based” and a “path-based” mixed-integer linear programming formulation to model the problem. In an effort to solve large-scale instances of the problem, we propose an iterative three-stage matheuristic for the “path-based” formulation. In the first stage of the matheuristic, a feasible solution to the problem is generated by an integrated column generation and Lagrangian relaxation based heuristic. In the second stage of the matheuristic, a path-relinking procedure is utilized as a local search heuristic to further improve the solution. And in the final stage of the matheuristic, the Lagrangian multipliers are updated via a subgradient method. The effectiveness of the matheuristic is illustrated through numerical experiments with a set of randomly generated test instances. For the large-scale test instances, the results show that the matheuristic produces quality solutions orders of magnitude faster than a “state-of-the-art” mixed-integer linear programming solver.

A Study on Two-Warehouse Inventory Systems with Integrated Multi-Purpose Production Unit and Partitioned Rental Warehouse

A study of two warehouse inventory systems with a production unit is developed in this article with some constraints which are of practical applicability to optimize the total production cycle and its cost. A production unit evolves in three different states to retain its quality and prolong its lifetime: the state of producing items, the state of reworking the identified defective items, and the state of being idle. It processes the items up to a certain time point. The screening process starts immediately after a product comes out of the production unit. The classified non-defective items are first stored in own warehouse (OW), after filling to its maximum capacity, and the remaining items fill in the first block RW1 of the rental warehouse RW. All identified defective items are stored in the second block RW2 of RW. The holding cost of an item is higher in RW than OW. All defective items are sent to the production unit for re-do processes as a single lot immediately after the stop of the production and re-do items are stored in RW1 to satisfy the demand. The items in the RW1 are of higher priority in satisfying the demands after the stop of the production unit in producing new items as to deduce the total cost. Demand is assumed as both time and advertisement dependent and is encouraged once production starts. The deterioration rate differs in both warehouses. No backlog is entertained. The study is directed to achieve optimum total cycle cost towards the attainment of the optimum production time slot and the entire cycle of the system. We have arrived at explicit expressions for the total cost function of the entire production cycle. An analytic optimization process of the discriminant method is employed in the form of an algorithm to arrive at the optimum total cost. It provides a numerical illustration of a specific environment. The implications of the current research work are as follows. The optimum utility of production units in three different states in arriving at the optimum total cost is extensively studied with respect to deterioration, demand, and production rates. It also examined the influence of fluctuating deterioration, demand, and production parameters in arriving at optimum deterioration cost, holding cost, and total cycle cost, as they have important managerial insights. The effect of rental charges on the optimum total cost is examined as the system is used for multi-purpose storage.

Establishment of District-Led Production of WHO-Recommended Alcohol-based Hand Rub (ABHR) during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Model for Improving Access to ABHR during Health Emergencies.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we established and sustained local production of alcohol-based handrub (ABHR) at district scale for healthcare facilities and community, public locations in four districts in Uganda. District officials provided space and staff for production units. The project renovated space for production, trained staff on ABHR production, and transported ABHR to key locations. The production officer conducted internal ABHR quality assessments while trained district health inspectors conducted external quality assessments prior to distribution. Information, education, and communication materials accompanied ABHR distribution. Onsite ABHR consumption was monitored by site staff using stock cards. On average, it took 11 days (range: 8-14) and 5,760 USD (range: 4,400-7,710) to set up a production unit. From March-December 2021, 21,600L of quality-controlled ABHR were produced for 111 healthcare facilities and community locations at an average cost of 4.30 USD/L (range: 3.50-5.76). All ABHR passed both internal and external quality control (average ethanol concentration of 80%, range: 78-81%). This case study demonstrated that establishing centralized, local production of quality-controlled, affordable ABHR at a district-wide scale is feasible and strengthens the ability of healthcare workers and community locations to access and use ABHR during infectious disease outbreaks in low-resource countries.

Experimental investigation and 2D mathematical modelling of copper foams packed with Rh-Al2O3 catalysts for the intensification of methane steam reforming

Efficient heat transfer is a crucial factor in the design of compact methane steam reformers for delocalized hydrogen production. The use of copper packed foams was proposed few years ago by our group to strongly intensify heat transfer in these systems, allowing the design of small-scale units with minimal radial temperature gradients. In this study, a new experimental campaign was performed to demonstrate the concept potential under industrially relevant heat fluxes and to establish an experimental foundation for validating a 2D mathematical model of the process. Copper open-cell foams were packed with a Rh/Al2O3 egg-shell catalyst and loaded into a 29.5 mm diameter tubular reactor, which was heated using a lab-scale oven. By leveraging the combined benefits of enhanced heat transfer, granted by the copper foam, and the high activity of the Rh-based eggshell catalyst, experiments were successfully performed at gas hourly space velocities (GHSV) ranging from 10 to 30 Nm3/h/kgcat, with heat duties of up to 9 MW/m3. These experiments lead to a methane conversion close to thermodynamic equilibrium while maintaining limited radial gradients within the system (maximum 20 °C across the mid-radius). A predictive pseudo-heterogeneous 2D reactor model was developed and validated against experimental data. The model accurately captured the observed trends in temperature profiles and outlet concentrations, and can be utilized for optimized design, paving the way for the development of efficient small-scale hydrogen production units.

PERAN KELOMPOK TANI DALAM USAHATANI PADI SAWAH DI DESA SEKERAT KECAMATAN BENGALON

The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the role of farmer groups in paddy rice farming, and (2) determine the level of motivation of farmers in participating in Tirta Benua farmer group activities in Sekerat Village. This research was conducted from April to July 2021 in Sekerat Village, Bengalon District, East Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan. Sampling for farmers used the saturated sample method or census with 47 rice paddy farmers as respondents. Data analysis was done using a quantitative descriptive analysis method, scoring, and a Likert scale. The study's results were the value of the role of farmer groups based on aspects of member cooperation, production units, and farm workability included in the high category. The motivation of farmers to participate in farmer group activities is seen from the aspects of economic aspects and sociological aspects. In the economic aspect, the percentage of farmer motivation is 84.7% which includes a very high category, while the percentage of sociological motivation is 90.5% which also includes a very high category.

Strategic investment planning for the hydrogen economy – A mixed integer non-linear framework for the development and capacity expansion of hydrogen supply chain networks

This work presents a novel Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) modeling and optimization framework for the investment planning of large-scale hydrogen economy envelopes. The scope of the model includes the design, synthesis, and long-term capacity expansion of hydrogen supply chain networks (HSCN) that include hydrogen production, purification, storage, transportation, and distribution, subject to environmental sustainability considerations. Production and carbon capture units are represented using surrogate models derived from rigorous simulations to capture important process non-linearities. This framework provides an optimal roadmap for the 10-year plan of hydrogen infrastructure development in the state of California, that demonstrates the important trade-offs between investment decisions, economic incentives, and regulatory carbon emissions constraints. It is shown that the development of the hydrogen production and distribution networks can be achieved over a 10-year horizon in an economically profitable way, while achieving a 90 % reduction in carbon emissions and satisfying all state regulatory mandates.