Shortage Of Products Research Articles

PRODUCT CLUSTERING USING K-MEANS METHOD IN CV. JAYA ABADI

CV. Jaya Abadi is a company engaged in the distribution of goods, or, to be more precise, a distributor of raw materials for making bread. The fluctuating number of requests from consumers results in stock that must be prepared to be unstable. In addition, many types of products make stock management inaccurate. Sometimes we do not want to have a shortage of stock, goods, or certain products when consumer demand is high. The purpose of this research is to analyse sales data mining through the clustering method with the k-means algorithm. The method used for this analysis uses clustering with the k-means algorithm. So that this research is not subjective, the authors also use research methods in the form of observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study were carried out by analysing sales by applying data mining through the clustering method with the k-means algorithm. Data mining that has been going on for a long time can be used as a reference in the management of CV Jaya Abadi. Apart from being used for administrative purposes each period, it can also be used as a decision-making solution in order to maximize existing products and sales at CV Jaya Abadi.

Analysis of Product Inventory Control using Continuous Review System Q Method and Periodic Review System P Method to Minimize Inventory Costs

Store X is a store that sells muslim fashion products. There is a phenomenon that often occurs in one of Store X's branches, such as the shortage of jetblack hijab products in stock. This phenomenon results in the company's loss of opportunity to gain profit and has an impact on high inventory costs. Based on this, it is known that one of Store X’s branches does not yet have a good inventory system, so it is necessary to apply optimal inventory methods and minimize inventory costs. This study uses a quantitative approach to data collection methods of interviews, literature studies, and company historical data. The data analysis method used is the SMA, WMA, and SES methods with each of the two conditions. As well as using the Continuous Review System method (Q method) and the Periodic Review System method (P method) for the calculation of inventory policy and total inventory costs. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the Q method determines the optimal ordering lot quantity and the point of having to reorder goods. This resulted in the stock in the warehouse always being replenished on time so that there were no excess or shortage of inventory and customer requests could be fulfilled so that inventory costs could be minimized. Based on this statement, it is stated that the Q method is suitable for the company because it provides an optimal inventory policy and minimizes inventory costs by 5.90% or IDR 44,771,467 of company costs.

Penerapan Algoritma Apriori Dalam Penjualan Produk

Micro, small and medium enterprises (UMKM) in the shopping sector have great potential to meet the needs of people in the middle to lower and upper economic categories. How ever, small shopsoften experience problems in managing the supply of goods or materials needed by customers. This can lead to a lack of goods that customers want, and ultimately disappoint them. There fore, inventory control is very important in maintaining customer satisfaction and business continuity small shops. To help overcome this problem, research can be carried out using the Apriori algorithm. This algorithm can help identify the most sold products, so small shops can manage optimal inventory. Thus, small shops can meet customer needs effectively and efficiently, and avoid product shortages that can interfere with customer satisfaction. In research, several variables are used to collect data, such as transaction date,product name, and the amount of sales/purchases. This data can then be analyzed using the Apriori algorithm, so that it can be concluded that final result of the confidence or 2 itemset is that if you buy sugar, you will buy rice and if you buy eggs, will you buy rice

Deriving operating rules for inter-basin water transfer projects incorporating a scenario reduction strategy

Streamflow uncertainty is one of the main challenges in managing reservoir systems. To accurately characterize the streamflow uncertainty in a reservoir operation model, numerous streamflow scenarios should be considered, but this results in a huge computational burden for multi-objective optimization. Here, we propose a methodology for deriving the operating rules for an inter-basin water transfer project (IBWT). The methodology adopts a scenario-reduction strategy to balance accuracy against the computational burden. The proposed method first reduces a large number of streamflow scenarios to several typical scenarios and the corresponding occurrence probabilities using a simultaneous backward reduction method. A multi-objective optimal operation model is then formulated to optimize the expected values of performance indices of the IBWT system under the typical scenarios. Finally, a simulation-based optimization framework is adopted to derive the multi-objective operating rules. To test the method, the Han to Wei IBWT project in northwest China is considered as a case study. The results show that the proposed methodology produces effective reservoir operating rules with a relatively low computational burden. After the initial 1,000 streamflow scenarios have been reduced to 20, the model solution time decreases significantly, from 49.17 h to 1.05 h, while the changes in mean value (0.47%) and standard deviation (0.93%) of these scenarios are less than 1%. Compared with an operation scheme that uses only historical streamflow data, the operation performance is further improved in terms of energy production, energy consumption, and water shortage index when the streamflow uncertainty is considered.

Data-Driven Blood Transfusion Thresholds for Severely Injured Patients During Blood Shortages

IntroductionCrises like the COVID-19 pandemic create blood product shortages. Patients requiring transfusions are placed at risk and institutions may need to judiciously administer blood during massive blood transfusions protocols (MTP). The purpose of this study is to provide data-driven guidance for the modification of MTP when the blood supply is severely limited. MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study of 47 Level I and II trauma centers (TC) within a single healthcare system whose patients received MTP from 2017 to 2019. All TC used a unifying MTP protocol for balanced blood product transfusions. The primary outcome was mortality as a function of volume of blood transfused and age. Hemoglobin thresholds and measures of futility were also estimated. Risk-adjusted analyses were performed using multivariable and hierarchical regression to account for confounders and hospital variation. ResultsProposed MTP maximum volume thresholds for three age groupings are as follows: 60 units for ages 16-30 y, 48 units for ages 31-55 y, and 24 units for >55 y. The range of mortality under the transfusion threshold was 30%-36% but doubled to 67-77% when the threshold was exceeded. Hemoglobin concentration differences relative to survival were clinically nonsignificant. Prehospital measures of futility were prehospital cardiac arrest and nonreactive pupils. In hospital risk factors of futility were mid-line shift on brain CT and cardiopulmonary arrest. ConclusionsEstablishing MTP threshold practices under blood shortage conditions, such as the COVID pandemic, could sustain blood availability by following relative thresholds for MTP use according to age groups and key risk factors.

Production of Polyhydroxybutyrate by Genetically Modified Pseudomonas sp. phDV1: A Comparative Study of Utilizing Wine Industry Waste as a Carbon Source.

Pseudomonas sp. phDV1 is a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) producer. The presence of the endogenous PHA depolymerase (phaZ) responsible for the degradation of the intracellular PHA is one of the main shortages in the bacterial production of PHA. Further, the production of PHA can be affected by the regulatory protein phaR, which is important in accumulating different PHA-associated proteins. PHA depolymerase phaZ and phaR knockout mutants of Pseudomonas sp. phDV1 were successfully constructed. We investigate the PHA production from 4.25 mM phenol and grape pomace of the mutants and the wild type. The production was screened by fluorescence microscopy, and the PHA production was quantified by HPLC chromatography. The PHA is composed of Polydroxybutyrate (PHB), as confirmed by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The wildtype strain produces approximately 280 μg PHB after 48 h in grape pomace, while the phaZ knockout mutant produces 310 μg PHB after 72 h in the presence of phenol per gram of cells, respectively. The ability of the phaZ mutant to synthesize high levels of PHB in the presence of monocyclic aromatic compounds may open the possibility of reducing the costs of industrial PHB production.

Socially responsible consumers and stockpiling during crises: the intersection of personal norms and fear

PurposeUrging people to avoid stockpiling was a common declaration made by governments during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, yet empty supermarket shelves and supply shortages of basic products were observed worldwide. This study aims to (a) identify the factors that activate consumer personal norms towards socially responsible behaviours, specifically resisting stockpiling, and (b) examine how fear moderates the link between personal norms and consumer engagement in stockpiling during public crises.Design/methodology/approachThe study recruited a sample of US consumers who were responsible for household grocery shopping during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 593 individuals participated in the study, and the collected data were analysed using structural equation modelling.FindingsThe results show that awareness of the negative consequences of stockpiling and a sense of personal responsibility for those consequences activate personal norms towards responsible shopping during public crises. However, perceived fear has the opposite effect, encouraging stockpiling. In addition, fear weakens the negative relationship between personal norms and stockpiling.Originality/valueThis study extends the norm activation model and indicates that personal norms may not always promote responsible behaviours when fear is high. It is unique in that it sheds light on non-mainstream responsible consumption behaviours (e.g. resisting stockpiling), and the interaction between consumption and social responsibility.

Pediatric Drug and Other Shortages in the Age of Supply Chain Disruption

This Viewpoint lists the top 3 pediatric drugs and product shortages, considers the federal government’s and manufacturers’ ethical duty to protect children, reviews the causes for the shortages, and suggests policy changes that could help fill in the gap.

Adoption of technology to improve self-sufficiency in paddy plantations in Brunei: Challenges and mitigation strategies for intermediate stakeholders.

Rice has always been one of the basic foods in ASEAN Member States. The government typically provides substantial subsidies for this. Shortage of staple food production is one of the top issues being addressed now as the countries face pandemic concerns. Achieving food security is a great concern, particularly for countries where a substantial portion of the population depends on food imports. The countries need to prioritize food security and increase self-sufficiency due to the unpredictable impact of climate change as the food crisis gets worse. In addition, since irrigation plays an important part in paddy farming, efficient and intensive farming, or smart farming, has been required to mitigate the food-supply problem. Smart agriculture with the use of Internet of Things (IoT) is part of the Smart Nation’s initiative to reach Brunei’s 2035 vision. This paper highlights the present status of agricultural condition and practices in Brunei as well as some issues and challenges faced. This paper also analyses the policies for sustainable best practices of growing paddy within the region. Various technology and non-technology strategies to overcome these challenges are defined, especially those dealing with the new norm.

Outbreak of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections in an intensive care unit—Alameda County, California, May–October 2022

Background:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a gram-negative, biofilm-producing bacterium that is ubiquitous in water environments and often associated with healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Outbreaks of S. maltophilia bloodstream infections are a rare event and raise the suspicion of a common source. We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for an investigation of a cluster of S. maltophilia HAIs at a single hospital. Methods: A patient was defined as an intensive care unit (ICU) patient with fever and S. maltophilia isolated from a culture and who was treated for an HAI from May to October 2022. The response to the cluster included an epidemiologic investigation, water infection control risk assessments (WICRA), and environmental sampling. We also conducted WGS to characterize and assess relatedness between clinical and environmental S. maltophilia isolates. Results: From May 5 to October 1, 2022, we identified 11 HAIs due to S. maltophilia: 9 bloodstream infections and 2 ventilator-associated pneumonia cases. The initial epidemiological investigation did not identify common medical products, procedures, or personnel as an exposure source. The WICRA identified several breaches that may have exposed patients to contaminated water from sink backsplashes in the ICU, computerized tomography (CT) rooms, and the emergency department. In the CT rooms, saline bags were sometimes used for multiple patients, as were single-use intravenous contrast solution bottles. No additional cases were identified once infection control breaches were mitigated by installing sink splashguards, disinfecting drains, dedicating sink use for handwashing, and adhering to single-patient use of pharmaceutical products in the CT rooms. Of 46 environmental water samples, 19 were culture-positive for S. maltophilia. Isolates available for WGS included 7 clinical isolates (6 blood and 1 respiratory) and 17 environmental isolates. Among the 24 isolates sequenced, 16 unique multilocus sequence types (MLSTs) were identified. The 6 blood isolates sequenced were highly related (ST239, 0–4 high-quality, single-nucleotide variants [hqSNV] over 98.99% core genome), suggesting a common source. Two clusters of related environmental isolates were identified; however, overall MLST and hqSNV analyses suggested no relatedness between clinical and environmental isolates. Conclusions: An ICU cluster of S. maltophilia bloodstream infections was likely associated with water contamination of room surfaces and use of single-use intravenous products for multiple patients in the setting of a national pharmaceutical product shortage. This investigation highlights the importance of strong surveillance and water infection control, including routine assessment of ancillary areas in which intravenous products are administered and interdisciplinary collaboration to properly mitigate nosocomial transmission.Disclosures: None

Feasibility Analysis of The Investment Project of Additional High Frequency Machinery in Increasing Production Capacity

UD Berkah is a small business, that currently produces surface mats for adult slippers and children's slippers. Hot Embossing is one of a series of processes for making the surface of slippers. The Hot Embossing process requires a High Frequency machine to create a pattern on the printed slipper surface. Currently UD Berkah has 3 units of High Frequency machines to meet consumer demand. Due to the large number of requests, not all of them can be done by the company itself, so it requires the services of subcontractors to meet production shortages. Currently, the company plans to purchase High Frequency machines to overcome this problem. So it is necessary to analyze the feasibility of investment projects by considering several aspects with the Straight Line Depreciation method approach, Payback period, Net Present Value, Profitability Index and Internal Rate of Return. This is done to consider whether the investment in adding High Frequency machines is feasible or not for UD Berkah. Research results with an investment value of Rp. 55,000,000 with an economic life of 5 years, the results for a depreciation of Rp. 7,000,000 every year, NPV of Rp. 477,026,441, payback period results for 1 year and 8 months, Profitability Index value is 11.7, the IRR value shows the result of 37.54%, So it can be concluded that investing in high frequency machines is feasible.
 Keywords: Hot Embossing, High Frequency, Investment, Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return.

ЕКОЛОГО-ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНЕ ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ ПОТРЕБИ В СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ ПЛОЩАХ ДЛЯ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПРОДОВОЛЬЧОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ

The article examines the energy equivalent of the needs in cultivated areas to ensure food security of Ukraine. It was determined that integration into WFE-strategies of food policy requires a comprehensive assessment of the energy component of agricultural production relative to the area of arable land, which will include the productivity of the main crops in the aspect of converting solar energy into food calories. A methodology was created and the efficiency of converting solar energy into the commodity energy value of the products of the grocery basket was calculated: 0.15-0.8% for cereals and vegetables, 0.042-0.054% for meat, 0.015-0.035% for drinks and spices, 0.12 % for dairy products, 0.37-0.93% for eggs. The overall efficiency of human consumption of solar energy through the food chain is 0.22%. To meet these needs, 1,831.3 m2 is needed, which receives 545.8 MW of solar energy during the growing season. It was determined that the yield fluctuations of the main crops are sinusoidal and their use in modeling the need for sowing areas will in the future allow to develop a dynamic model of management of benefits and quotas to stimulate the coverage of a possible shortage of certain main products. Also estimated is the amount of energy that can be used without affecting the yield by renewable energy when using a mobile configuration of its placement (or, on the contrary, directed to artificial lighting of the crop under stationary systems). As a result, basic indicators were obtained, which can be relied upon when developing a food security strategy for cities, and it was also determined that a standard household plot of 0.25 hectares fully covers the needs of one person with a surplus.

COVID-19 AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: A STATISTICAL REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA

Nigeria depends on agriculture in sustaining the economy. Over 70% of Nigerians are employed directly or indirectly in the agricultural sector which provides raw materials, employment, food and income and serves as a foreign exchange earner. The discovery of crude oil in the late 1950s dwindled government attention on agriculture. This has left the Nigerian economy with shortage of food production to feed the growing population. The agricultural business environment in Nigeria is frustrated by series of inhibiting factors; poor income, inadequate access to loan and credit facilities and insufficient legislations and government policies. The incidence of pandemic presented new dimension of challenges. The outbreak of the virus placed restrictions such as isolation, quarantine and total lockdown that invariably affected agricultural output. Research is being conducted in the academic world focusing on the pandemic. This research lends contribution in this regard to ascertain the effects of the pandemic on agricultural production. This research adopted a desktop approach in reviewing the documents of National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Centre for Disease Control, online statistical repositories and literature used as secondary sources of data. The review made conclusion and recommendations based on empirical review

FOOD INSECURITY IN POST COVID-19: THE ROLES OF HOME ECONOMICS

This research investigated the influence of food insecurity in the post-corona virus era, and the perceivedissues that came with it. The Government of Nigeria decided to impose and implement limited mobility orlockdown due to the unexpected coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak and its infectious transmissionrate. The government's order for a lockdown had a severe influence on people's lifestyles and welfare,particularly with relation to food security and the contribution of home economics activities to appropriatedietary needs. The study was guided by two research questions and one hypothesis. Through the use ofstraightforward random sample methods, a total of 162 respondents were included in the study. This wasdone to check for the prevalence of depression symptoms related to insufficient feeding that happened duringthe lockdown and movement restrictions. This brought about shortage of food, lack or unavailability andinsufficient food production and its impact on Post-Covid -19 homes and families. The study's findingsinclude an increase in consumers' need for food, a shortage in food supply that results in insufficient feedingin homes, and a rise in food shortage levels in various families in the post-Covid -19 period. It was observedthat the pandemic had impact on food security in the form of food chain disruption, unequal food conditions,and uneven food distribution. The effective adoption of more comprehensive and focused social protectionprograms was advised in order to increase everyone's access to wholesome foods, even in times of need ordisaster. Governmental bodies should also make sure that the food system is effective and that, in terms ofsustainable food security, national legislation should be duty bound to recognize and incorporatesindividuals' rights.

ASSESSMENT OF CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE SKILLS OF BADAGRY ASO-OKE WEAVERS IN THE UTILIZATION OF RECYCLED PLASTICS IN POST COVID-19 FOR WEALTH CREATION

This research investigated the influence of food insecurity in the post-corona virus era, and the perceivedissues that came with it. The Government of Nigeria decided to impose and implement limited mobility orlockdown due to the unexpected coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak and its infectious transmissionrate. The government's order for a lockdown had a severe influence on people's lifestyles and welfare,particularly with relation to food security and the contribution of home economics activities to appropriatedietary needs. The study was guided by two research questions and one hypothesis. Through the use ofstraightforward random sample methods, a total of 162 respondents were included in the study. This wasdone to check for the prevalence of depression symptoms related to insufficient feeding that happened duringthe lockdown and movement restrictions. This brought about shortage of food, lack or unavailability andinsufficient food production and its impact on Post-Covid -19 homes and families. The study's findingsinclude an increase in consumers' need for food, a shortage in food supply that results in insufficient feedingin homes, and a rise in food shortage levels in various families in the post-Covid -19 period. It was observedthat the pandemic had impact on food security in the form of food chain disruption, unequal food conditions,and uneven food distribution. The effective adoption of more comprehensive and focused social protectionprograms was advised in order to increase everyone's access to wholesome foods, even in times of need ordisaster. Governmental bodies should also make sure that the food system is effective and that, in terms ofsustainable food security, national legislation should be duty bound to recognize and incorporatesindividuals' rights.

Optimization of Food Supply Management under the Pandemic in China

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, quarantines, mask mandates, product shortages, and business closures have caused serious impact in virtually all regions of the world. The COVID-19 has devastated the modern society and economy, which is particularly detrimental to the food supply chain industry. The crisis is expected to be long-lasting, which demands the food supply chain industry to responsively adapt and evolve through transformation and optimization of its management model. This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food supply chain in China regarding its disruptions as well as challenges and explores the potential optimization solution to recalibrate its management model. Specifically, it looks at the phenomenon of delays and stoppages in food factories, shortage issues in an imported food market, rising costs and alarming food safety concerns that food supplies encountered, vexing food transportation issues, and the domino effect within the entire industry. To better cope with these problems, the study also aims at developing practical solutions to optimize the supply chain across sectors, including building and maintaining a cooperative relationship with suppliers, initiating contingency plans, and employing effective tools to maximize food traceability. Furthermore, study limitations and future research directions are discussed.

111 Forage Mass and Nutritive Value of Cool-Season Grass-Legume Mixtures Overseeded into Bahiagrass Pastures

Abstract Warm-season perennial pastures are the base of livestock production systems in lower Alabama. To overcome the shortage in forage production during the late fall and winter months, during bahiagrass dormancy, overseeding pastures with cool-season annuals can be used as an option for providing forage during this period. Diverse forage mixtures of multiple species and functional groups have gained popularity in use among forage-livestock producers, but few evaluations have been conducted in overseeded sods. The objective of the study was to evaluate forage mass and nutritive value of cool-season forage mixtures overseeded into bahiagrass pastures. Six, 0.40-ha paddocks of ‘Pensacola’ bahiagrass were overseeded with one of three cool-season forage mixtures (n = 2 paddocks/treatment) on November2, 2021: 1) oat (Avena sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and balansa (Trifolium michelianum), red (Trifolium pratense), and white clover (Trifolium repens; ‘clovers’); 2) oat, cereal rye (Secale cereale), and clovers; and 3) cereal rye, annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), and clovers. When forage mixtures reached a target grazing height of 20 cm, paddocks were managed using flash mob stocking with beef cow-calf pairs to graze to a target height of0 cm. Herbage mass, nutritive value, botanical composition and height samples were collected pre- and post-grazing events. There was no treatment (P = 0.240) or treatment × harvest (P = 0.4239) effect on forage mass. Harvest date affected (P = 0.029) forage mass, with greater forage mass at late harvest (1,903.33 kg DM·ha-1) than at early (1,253.33 kg DM·ha-1) in the growing season. There were no treatment effects observed for species components (P > 0.05), although grasses dominated the forage mixtures with an average of 80% grass presence. Legume establishment was poor (less than%) and the remaining species composition consisted of weed species (19%). There was a treatment effect (P = 0.003) on CP, where oat-rye-clovers had the greatest CP and rye-ryegrass-clover had the least CP. Oat-wheat-clover mixtures had greater TDN (79.2%), less NDF (39.8%), and ADF (18.7%) than cereal rye-ryegrass-clover (75.4%, 46.1%, and 22.2% for TDN, NDF, and ADF, respectively), but did not differ from oat-cereal rye-clover mixtures (76.6%, 45.7%, 21.0% for TDN, NDF, and ADF, respectively). In year of this study, overseeding bahiagrass supported forage production over a 2-month period and can be a management tool used to reduce the need for supplementing in the dormancy periods of warm season perennial grasses.

Data Analyzation using Regression (Sales Prediction)

Abstract: This model is made for overcoming the excessive production of any product that occurs by inappropriate analysis of data. Sometimes the requirement is more but product shortage always leads companies to suffer from various types of branding losses because demand for and shortage of products are at the same page of a company's reputation.Our motto is to minimize the advertisement pricing and also preding the demand of time.

Sources of strawberry resistance to late blight leathery rot for the Middle Urals

The results of the study of strawberry hybrids for further breeding in the period of mass spread of diseases contributing to the shortage of berry products - gray and late blight leathery rot of berries - are presented. The studies were carried out in a field experiment at the Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station on the collection of live plants in the open ground in 2018-2021. The objects of the study are eight elite hybrids of medium and late maturity, originating from the families Solovushka x Totem, Solovushka x Dukat, Solovushka x Marmolada, Amulet x Marmolada. The check varieties are Geyser and Borovitskaya. The hybrids were studied in accordance with the generally accepted methods for the complex of economically valuable characters and the degree of infestation by the fungal disease. In the conditions of the Urals, gray rot is observed almost annually, and the late blight on berries - in some years. In the years favorable for the development of the late blight, yield losses in the varieties that are not resistant to the disease of medium and medium maturity dates can be significant. In the Middle Urals, the disease is also observed on the late varieties of strawberries. It was found that resistance to late blight leathery rot is controlled polygenetically through the additive effect of several genes and does not depend on the races of the pathogen. Since there is no immunity to this disease in strawberries, work was carried out with the use of resistant varieties isolated when studied in the field. As a result of the research the resistant (with yield loss up to 10%) medium-maturing hybrids 2-45-10 and 2-54-11 were identified, which will be involved in the breeding process for the trait of resistance to late blight leathery rot.

What can stockouts tell us about inflation? Evidence from online micro data

We use a detailed micro dataset on product availability and stockouts to construct a direct high-frequency measure of consumer product shortages during the 2020–2022 pandemic. We document a widespread multi-fold rise in stockouts in nearly all sectors early in the pandemic. Over time, the composition evolved from temporary to more permanently discontinued products, concentrated in fewer sectors. We show that unexpected shocks to stockout levels have significant inflationary effects within three months. These effects are larger and more persistent for imported goods and import-intensive sectors. We develop a model of inventories in a sector facing both demand and cost disturbances, and use the observed joint dynamics of stockouts and prices to show that these effects can be associated with elevated costs of replenishing inventories and higher exposure to trade.