Production Run Research Articles

Pengembangan Buku Saku Berbasis Mind Mapping Materi Bentuk Keberagaman di Indonesia Untuk Peningkatan Hasil Belajar PPKn Sekolah Dasar

This research aims to (1) analyze the necessary development, (2) develop, and (3) analyze the reliability of the mind mapping based pocketbook with the materials about the diversity in Indonesia to enhance the fourth graders’ civics learning outcomes in Rara Mendut cluster, Pati . This Research and Development used Borg and Gall model. The data were obtained from the interview, questionnaire, and attitude scale techniques. The results of the research are: First, the Pocketbook development is needed to improve the learning outcome by considering the characteristics of Civics materials and the developed learners’ cognitions at the concrete-operational stage. Secondly, the Pocketbook was successfully developed through 7 stages. Third, the Pocketbook was reliable with a very reliable criterion. N-Gain test on the trial run product obtained a percentage of 0.39. It meant there was an improvement result between the pretest and posttest with a moderate category.

An Imperfect Production–Inventory Model with Mixed Materials Containing Scrap Returns Based on a Circular Economy

The implementation of scrap recovery activities has been shown to improve the financial performance of many firms, and this kind of circular economy (CE) is particularly evident in industries with green manufacturing (GM). In this paper, we consider an imperfect multiple-stage production system that manufactures paired products made from mixed materials containing scrap returns, in which the scrap returns are converted from defective products. The feed rates of scrap returns for two products are different, and the product with the higher feed rate is placed in the second order of the process to avoid unlimited accumulation of scrap returns. The proposed problem is formulated as a joint economic order quantity (EOQ) and economic production quantity (EPQ) model aimed at cost minimization. The decision variables of the proposed model include the production run time of two products, order quantity of new material, and the extent of investment in converted equipment. We also prove that the optimal solution exists uniquely and provide an algorithm for the computation of the optimal solution. Finally, a numerical example involving the pulp and paper manufacturing industry is provided to illustrate the solution process, and the results of its sensitivity analysis are also presented to show some managerial implications.

PENERAPAN CRITICAL CONTROL POINT DAGING RENDANG DI RUMAH MAKAN PADANG TERHADAP NILAI pH DAN MUTU RASA ORGANOLEPTIK

This study aims to compare the production process of rendang at Padang restaurants and the production of rendang itself, namely by observing CCP management in the running production process or not. Observation of the implementation of CCP management was carried out on the pH value and organoleptic values. This study conducted observations on the implementation of CCP management in the rendang production process in Padang restaurants then carried out the production of rendang itself by implementing CCP management and made improvements in the production process so that rendang was analyzed for pH value and organoleptic. The research data were analyzed using the Independent Sample T Test. Data analysis on the organoleptic test used the non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test and continued with the Mann Whitney test. The results of this study indicate that the rendang that is produced by CCP management is better than the rendang produced in Padang restaurants because it does not apply CCP management and has a significant effect (P <0.05) so it has poor test results. The results showed that padang restaurants needed to take corrective action on their tighter production processes so that their food products would be better.

Re-examination of the heterotype solid solution between calcite and strontianite and Ca-Sr fluid-carbonate distribution: An experimental study of the CaCO3-SrCO3-H2O system at 0.5–5 kbar and 600 °C

Abstract Carbonates are excellent carriers for divalent cations such as Ca, Mg, and Sr, and knowledge about their stability and solid solutions is important to understanding the global strontium cycle. To shed light on the topology of the two-phase field between calcite-type and aragonite-type (Ca,Sr)CO3 solid solutions as a function of temperature and pressure, and to learn more about the distribution of Sr and Ca between carbonates and fluid, we studied the system CaCO3-SrCO3-H2O at 600 °C in the pressure range 0.5–5 kbar. Conventional and rapid-quench hydrothermal syntheses were performed using a range of different starting materials. All bulk compositions were within the assumed/postulated two-phase field of calcite-type and aragonite-type (Ca,Sr)CO3 solid solutions. The run products were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and powder X-ray diffraction with Rietveld refinement. The results show that the heterotype solid solution is more extensive than previously assumed, with calcite incorporating up to 20 mol% SrCO3, which is twice as much as previously predicted. The compositional range of the aragonite-type solid solution was identical to that found in the literature. Using the data from this study, an updated version of the phase diagram P-X (Sr) at 600 °C for the CaCO3-SrCO3 system was calculated. The phase diagram does not support a phase transition within the trigonal (Ca,Sr)CO3 solid solution associated with rotational disorder of the CO3-groups. This order-disorder phase transition was previously postulated to explain some observed compositional trends in this system. Our new data are in line with other more recent studies. The distribution of Sr and Ca between the fluid and solid phases D = XSrsolid/XSrfluid is near to 1.0 for calcite-type and on average around 2.0 for aragonite-type solid solutions. This contrasts with silicate-fluid systems in which Sr typically shows a strong preference for the fluid phase compared with Ca.

A high-pressure, clinopyroxene-structured polymorph of albite in highly shocked terrestrial and meteoritic rocks

Abstract Clinopyroxenes with excess Si have been described in run products from high-pressure experiments and inferred to have existed in nature from retrograde transformation phases. Here, we present the discovery of albitic jadeite, (Na,Ca,☐1/4)(Al,Si)Si2O6—the first natural, sodic clinopyroxene with excess Si occupying the octahedral cation site, M1, and a corresponding ¼ vacancy on the M2-site in the Ries impact structure and in a suite of L6 ordinary chondrites, EET 13014, EET 13052, NWA 1662, and TIL 08001. Garnet compositions in these samples indicate shock pressures of 18–22 GPa. Based on our survey, albitic jadeite is likely to be rather common in terrestrial and meteoritic shock-metamorphic environments. Shock-generated jadeite should be reexamined with respect to excess Si.

Zero-error-production through inline-quality control of presshardened automotive parts by multi-camera systems

Visual inspection often represents a bottleneck in the production chain due to limited receptivity and human fatigue. Depending on the inspection task, human classification error decisions greater than 10% are not uncommon. In order to make the manufacturing process more robust and sustainable, this paper presents innovative automated inline monitoring to realize a zero-error strategy in the field of industrial manufacturing. The central idea is to detect surface defects in the running production process by data fusion of a multi-camera system. Due to the required data analysis in conjunction with the targeted high throughput rates in production, this generates large amounts of data to process. Massively parallel hardware structures are used to enable defect detection within the production cycle. The paper especially addresses how to tackle boundary conditions in productive press-lines like the software-based mitigation of placement tolerances of parts and real-time capabilities. As a result, benefits could be achieved in terms of minimum detectable failure sizes and inspection speed, enabling 100% inline inspection of produced parts. The feasibility of the presented approach is demonstrated on realistic press-hardened deep-drawn automotive parts.

Assessment of an Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) Treating Medium-Strength Synthetic Wastewater under Cyclical Membrane Operation.

A lab-scale (6.2 L) anaerobic membrane bioreactor combined with a tubular, cross-flow, PVDF ultrafiltration membrane was developed and operated to assess the long-term fouling behavior of a cyclically operated anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR). The AnMBR was operated at 35 ± 1 °C for 200 days with a synthetic influent of 501 mg·L−1 COD to mimic municipal wastewater. The system exhibited high treatment performance with an average COD removal efficiency of 86.5 ± 6.4% (n = 20) and an average permeate COD concentration of 63.9 ± 31.1 mg·L−1. A clear permeate with an average turbidity of 0.6 ± 0.2 NTU, was achieved. Permeate TN and TP concentrations were 22.7 ± 5.1 mg·L−1 and 6.9 ± 2.0 mg·L−1 corresponding to removal efficiencies of 20.6% and 49.3%, respectively, likely due to membrane rejection of particulate, colloidal, and organic fractions. A stable membrane flux of 4.3 L.m−2.h−1 (LMH) was maintained for 183 days without gas-lift, gas sparge, or chemical cleaning. Cyclical operation with frequent relaxation (60 s for every 30 min of the permeate production run) and periodic permeate backwash (15 s for every 186 min) maintained stable membrane operation with an average TMP of 0.25 bar and a fouling rate of 0.007 kPa/h for the entire operating period. The comparison revealed frequent backwashing and relaxation is a sustainable strategy for operation of the AnMBR.

Large scale manufacturing and potency assay development for hmscs in regenerative medicine

Background & Aim: A consortium of leading human mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (hMSC) therapy developers, Sentien Biotechnologies, GenCure Biomanufacturing and RoosterBio, are developing a large-scale hMSC biomanufacturing process with a deep Quality focus, culminating in a potency assay qualified with human clinical samples. Methods, Results & Conclusion: A Xeno-Free (XF), fed-batch, microcarrier-based bioreactor process for hMSC manufacturing had been developed and optimized [1], and scaled to a 50L process, with demonstrated comparability between the hMSC critical quality attributes (CQAs) from the bioreactor process and from 2D control cells of similar population doubling (PDL) [2]. Based on this previous process development, GenCure and RoosterBio are leading the first stage of biomanufacturing through upstream (2D seed train & bioreactor expansion) and downstream process (continuous counterflow centrigufation, formulation & fill, and cryopreservation). Bioreactor runs at the 50 L scale were performed using the most commonly used hMSC sources in regenerative medicine: bone marrow (BM-MSCs), umbilical cord (UC-MSCs) and adipose (AD-MSCs). Critical process parameters (CPPs) are defined and critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the harvested cell product are characterized. An initial production run produced over 33billion BM-MSCs that passed the ISCT minimal criteria for MSCs. The subsequent expansion of UC- and AD-MSCs will be presented. Sentien's proprietary platform was used to ask questions on how the MSCs reacted to different stimuli with results showing that BM-MSCs were able to sense and respond with different secretomes to inflammatory stimuli. Our data also showed that BMMSCs induced changes in CD4, CD8 and CD19 cells and significantly reduced TNF-a levels in activated PBMCs, demonstrating their immunomodulatory capabilities. The same assays will be performed using the resulting MSCs from umbilical cord and adipose tissue expanded in the 50L bioreactor. Sentien, which has treated 16 subjects with acute kidney injury (AKI, open IND) and is currently running a trial in severe COVID-19 patients with AKI, will contribute biomarker data from the clinical-scale bioreactor and patient samples. Testing the in vitro developed potency hypothesis against the clinical samples will form the basis of a true potency assay. Through this work, the consortium will develop a generalized quality framework for large scale MSC manufacturing and potency assay development for broad use in regenerative medicine.

Flexible time reduction method for burn‐in of high‐quality products

AbstractBurn‐in is an effective method to screen out early failures of electronic devices. Typically, this is achieved by operating the devices under accelerated stress conditions. This paper focuses on a burn‐in concept where a random sample of devices is drawn out of the running production, put to burn‐in, and investigated for early failures. This procedure is called burn‐in study. In parallel, as long as the burn‐in study is ongoing, all other produced devices are subjected to burn‐in screening. In this article, new flexible sampling plans for burn‐in studies are introduced. These are based on the progress of these studies and defined quality targets. Furthermore, these sampling plans enable fast burn‐in time reductions and various time reduction strategies. From a statistical point of view, this requires to combine the proportion of early failures in a population with their lifetime distribution function. The new model is illustrated by case studies and simulations. It contributes to burn‐in cost reductions, while controlling quality levels at the same time.

Performance evaluation of IMERG precipitation products during typhoon Lekima (2019)

It is of great significance to evaluate satellite precipitation products performance for short-duration heavy precipitation in typhoon events. In this study, the performance of GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) IMERG (Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM) with different run products (early run (IMERG-ER), late run (IMERG-LR), and final run (IMERG-FR)) were evaluated when typhoon Lekima landed in the eastern coastal area of China in 2019. Taking the rain gauge data as the reference, we carried out the study by comparing precipitation characteristics, verifying evaluation indices, and analyzing the heavy precipitation process. The differences between IMERG products in different stages and affected areas of the typhoon Lekima were compared. On the whole, the correlation coefficient (CC) of IMERG products was 0.51–0.56, and the IMERG-FR had the best probability of detection (POD, 0.88), followed by IMERG-LR (POD, 0.84) and IMERG-ER (POD, 0.81). With an increase in release latency, the precipitation retrieved by IMERG products increased and gradually approached the rain gauge observations. The evaluation indices result showed that IMERG products tend to underestimate precipitation and failed to show good performance for high-intensity precipitation. The error was positively related to the precipitation intensity. The performance of IMERG-LR was very close to that of IMERG-FR during the typhoon short-duration heavy precipitation, although IMERG-FR had higher latency and more processing.

Higher Productivity In Forming High-alloyed Steel By Temperature Insensitive Friction Behavior

Like in many other production technologies, a broad process window for metal forming is desired. The goal is always a stable process chain. One of the key aspects for metal forming are stable tribological conditions. Instabilities can be caused by, amongst others, different material batches, change in temperature during the production process, different lubricant amounts and different stroke rates. At the beginning of a production run, the tribological stability suffers from transient temperature effects caused by plastic and frictional work and a viscosity drop of the lubricant. To control the tribology, different strategies are suitable: changing the oil type, the oil amount, the blank holder force or the stroke rate. Within the EU-project ASPECT, control strategies on blank holder forces are developed as well as lubricants with improved stability on their behaviour as a function of temperature. This paper will focus on the latter. In preliminary ball on plate test the friction and wear of lubricant formulations were investigated and compared to a Reference lubricant. Followed by strip drawing and forming tests. Finally, the concept is proven in trials on a demonstrator line, which is close to serial production.

Study For Water Shutoff Using Tandem Through Tubing Bridge Plugs Technique, Case Study

Increasing water production rate is from one of the well knownmain problems that face any oil producer in the world. Although this problem is most happen in old wells, this can also happen in new drilled wells as well. It causes differenteconomic problems for oil produced companies. First, increasing water production affectsproduced wells performance and reduced their production lifetime. The high percentage of the water in the wellbore increasing the hydrostatic pressure (weight of the fluid column) which cause increasing in the lifting power required. which increasingoil and gas production cost per barrel and causing toreduce the drawdown. As an example, if the well is gas lift well, the quantity of gas needs to be injected for lifting the fluid from the wellbore to the surface is increasing with the production of heigh water cut than without producing water. Increasing water cut percentage and Water production also increases the possibility of corrosion, scale and has negative effect on the field equipment starting from the wellbore itself to the surface facilities. Also another serious and important problem is increasing produced water separating cost, treatment, and disposal is a great challenge to oil producers budgets. It costs almost $1.1 billion/year in averageforseparation and disposal of the produced water. Found solution for that type of production help in minimizingcost for the operators and increasing the yearly profit of their operations. Then, water shutoff jobs and operations are very essential. Finally, bythe good understandingfor the formation characterizations and otherfield problems of the field, we can avoid un-necessary water production during the wellbore designing stage.Through tubing bridge plugs (TTBPs) as one of water shut-off (WSO) workovers in the Belayim Fields resulted in average gradualproduction increasing of 2450 bopd.The Average water cut percentage (WC) reduced from 54% to 15%. 87WSOworkoversjobs done since December 1991. Technical evaluation and economical income successful evaluation approaches 90%. Just below 4.5 million dollars companies spent for an average cost of 60,500 dollars per job. Costs spent in less than two days equal to using income from a13 dollars per barrel from crude oil price. Depend on achieved results during the last 4.5 years, these WSO (water shut off)workoversdone in Belyim Field as an effective and on-going cases history for running and set zone water production control. Water production probleminBelayim Field gradually increasing during the last 10 years.Which result indropping inoil production rates.Depend on the reservoir characteristics; lower water zone isolated using through tubing bridge plugs (TTBPs)usingSchlumberegerelectric line units. Dump bailer tools used to put a 14 feet cement cap above the TTBPs to have means of a permanent pressure seal. After 24-hourswaiting on cement time, wells returned back to production with a great change and higher oil rate and very good reduction in Water Cut. Rigless cost for TTBP water shut off workover becomes much less than conventional rig water shut offoperations which result in averaged more than 450,000 dollars per job. Before December 1990,conventional rig operationsWSOwasonly the method used in Belayim Field. now, riglessWSOworkovers becomesa very important for reducing cost or to control cost with financial language.Rigless WSOoperations becomes alsovery important reservoir control tool forincreasing oil production and reducing water production which helps to save reservoir energy.

Joint planning of maintenance, buffer stock and quality control for unreliable, imperfect manufacturing systems

A stochastic model is developed in this study for joint planning of maintenance, production and quality control in manufacturing systems. The process may deteriorate during the production and the process state may transit from an in-control to an out-of-control. The state transition time follows a general distribution. Sampling inspections are conducted on the process during the production run and the collected information is plotted on a proper control chart to monitor the process. With respect to the process state, PM action or CM action is conducted on the process. The time duration to conduct maintenance actions was considered as a continuous random variable. During conducting maintenance action the production process is interrupted and the demand is satisfied from a safety stock. The aim of the model is to integrate the decisions on the sampling inspections, control chart design, maintenance schedule and stock level determination to minimize the total cost. A numerical study was conducted and the sensitivity of the model was analyzed for important parameters. A genetic algorithm was applied for optimization and finally, the integrated model of three aspects and the mathematical model of maintenance and production were compared to investigate the impact of joint planning of these aspects on the management of manufacturing systems.

Fluorine partitioning between quadrilateral clinopyroxenes and melt

Abstract Concentrations of fluorine and chlorine were measured in glasses (quenched melts) and coexisting clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase in run products of experiments previously used to measure sulfur partitioning between these phases. The partitioning of F between clinopyroxene and silicate melt was determined in 13 experiments at a variety of pressures, temperatures, and melt compositions ranging from basaltic to dacitic (49 to 66 wt% SiO2) at 0.8 to 1.2 GPa and 1000 to 1240 °C, at hydrous and anhydrous conditions. Additionally, we determined the crystal-melt partitioning of F for 4 experiments with plagioclase, 2 with orthopyroxene, and 1 with olivine. Although Cl was also measured in the experiments, the concentrations in the crystals are close to background concentration levels. The partition coefficients of fluorine between clinopyroxene and melt varied from ~0.09 to 0.29 and were linearly dependent upon the concentration of aluminum in the octahedral M1 site of clinopyroxene. Similar relationships are seen when our results are combined with previous measurements of the fluorine partition coefficient between clinopyroxene and melt, but each study shows its own unique correlation between the F partition coefficient and AlM1. These dissimilarities in correlations with AlM1 are attributed to differing analytical protocols used in the various studies. However, the combined data set demonstrates a linear correlation with AlM1, the inverse of the NBO/T ratio of the melt (T/NBO), pressure and temperature, which can be described as: l n ⁡ ( D F C p x / L ) = ( 0.2298 ± 0.04847 ) ( T / N B O ) - ( 1.029 ± 0.8045 ) ( A l M 1 ) - ( 3889 ± 1803 ) ( 1 / T ) - ( 0.5472 ± 0.1084 ) ( P ) + 0.5871 ± 1.304 , where each uncertainty is 1 standard error in the fit (as calculated by the R-project software), T is in K, and P is in GPa. Although this relationship reproduces 81% of the partitioning data to within 25% (relative), the different linear trends of the partition coefficient, DFCpx/L vs. AlM1 from different laboratories suggest the need for additional investigations and development of clinopyroxene standards with certified fluorine compositions. Nevertheless, we conclude that the self-consistency of each study indicates that F partition coefficients determined using one protocol can be applied to minerals or glasses analyzed using the same protocol and ion microprobe to better understand the storage and transport of fluorine in magmatic systems.

Assessment on IMERG V06 Precipitation Products Using Rain Gauge Data in Jinan City, Shandong Province, China

In this study, a comprehensive assessment on precipitation estimation from the latest Version 06 release of the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) algorithm is conducted by using 24 rain gauge observations at daily scale from 2001 to 2016. The IMERG V06 dataset fuses Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite data (2000–2015) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite data (2014–present), enabling the use of IMERG data for long-term study. Correlation coefficient (CC), root mean square error (RMSE), relative bias (RB), probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio (FAR), and critical success index (CSI) were used to assess the accuracy of satellite-derived precipitation estimation and measure the correspondence between satellite-derived and observed occurrence of precipitation events. The probability density distributions of precipitation intensity and influence of elevation on precipitation estimation were also examined. Results showed that, with high CC and low RMSE and RB, the IMERG Final Run product (IMERG-F) performs better than two other IMERG products at daily, monthly, and yearly scales. At daily scale, the ability of satellite products to detect general precipitation is clearly superior to the ability to detect heavy and extreme precipitation. In addition, CC and RMSE of IMERG products are high in Southeastern Jinan City, while RMSE is relatively low in Southwestern Jinan City. Considering the fact that the IMERG estimation of extreme precipitation indices showed an acceptable level of accuracy, IMERG products can be used to derive extreme precipitation indices in areas without gauged data. At all elevations, IMERG-F exhibits a better performance than the other two IMERG products. However, POD and FAR decrease and CSI increase with the increase of elevation, indicating the need for improvement. This study will provide valuable information for the application of IMERG products at the scale of a large city.

Development, manufacturing, and preliminary validation of a reusable half-face respirator during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread shortages of N95 respirators and other personal protective equipment (PPE). An effective, reusable, locally-manufactured respirator can mitigate this problem. We describe the development, manufacture, and preliminary testing of an open-hardware-licensed device, the "simple silicone mask" (SSM). A multidisciplinary team developed a reusable silicone half facepiece respirator over 9 prototype iterations. The manufacturing process consisted of 3D printing and silicone casting. Prototypes were assessed for comfort and breathability. Filtration was assessed by user seal checks and quantitative fit-testing according to CSA Z94.4-18. The respirator originally included a cartridge for holding filter material; this was modified to connect to standard heat-moisture exchange (HME) filters (N95 or greater) after the cartridge showed poor filtration performance due to flow acceleration around the filter edges, which was exacerbated by high filter resistance. All 8 HME-based iterations provided an adequate seal by user seal checks and achieved a pass rate of 87.5% (N = 8) on quantitative testing, with all failures occurring in the first iteration. The overall median fit-factor was 1662 (100 = pass). Estimated unit cost for a production run of 1000 using distributed manufacturing techniques is CAD $15 in materials and 20 minutes of labor. Small-scale manufacturing of an effective, reusable N95 respirator during a pandemic is feasible and cost-effective. Required quantities of reusables are more predictable and less vulnerable to supply chain disruption than disposables. With further evaluation, such devices may be an alternative to disposable respirators during public health emergencies. The respirator described above is an investigational device and requires further evaluation and regulatory requirements before clinical deployment. The authors and affiliates do not endorse the use of this device at present.

Two echelon economic lot sizing problems with geometric shipment policy backorder price discount and optimal investment to reduce ordering cost

This article presents a single-vendor and a single-buyer joint economic lot size (JELS) production-distribution inventory model with the prime aim on; the effect of the investment on ordering cost reduction, back order price discount and reduction on lead time. The produced items are delivered to the buyer by adopting a geometric shipment policy. Two continuous review models are developed by assuming that the lead time demand follows a normal distribution and distribution-free. Two types of investments are incorporated to reduce the ordering cost. They are (i) logarithmic investment function and (ii) power investment function. The minimax distribution free approach is adopted in the distribution-free model to find the optimal values of the decision variables by minimizing the expected annual total cost of the system. Numerical examples are given to validate the proposed models. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to analyze the behavior of the key parameters on lot size, ordering cost, backorder price discount, the number of shipments from the vendor to the buyer in one production run and the expected annual total cost of the proposed models.

Daily Rainfall Estimate by Emissivity Temporal Variation from 10 Satellites

AbstractRainfall retrieval algorithms for passive microwave radiometers often exploit the brightness temperature depression due to ice scattering at high-frequency channels (≥85 GHz) over land. This study presents an alternate method to estimate the daily rainfall amount using the emissivity temporal variation (i.e., Δe) under rain-free conditions at low-frequency channels (19, 24, and 37 GHz). Emissivity is derived from 10 passive microwave radiometers, including the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI), the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2), three Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounders (SSMIS), the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS), and four Advanced Microwave Sounding Units-A (AMSU-A). Four different satellite combination schemes are used to derive the Δe for daily rainfall estimates. They are all 10 satellites, 5 imagers, 6 satellites with very different equator crossing times, and GMI only. Results show that Δe from all 10 satellites has the best performance with a correlation of 0.60 and RMSE of 6.52 mm, compared with the Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) Final run product. The 6-satellites scheme has comparable performance with the all-10-satellites scheme. The 5-imagers scheme performs noticeably worse with a correlation of 0.49 and RMSE of 7.28 mm, while the GMI-only scheme performs the worst with a correlation of 0.25 and RMSE of 11.36 mm. The inferior performance from the 5-imagers and GMI-only schemes can be explained by the much longer revisit time, which cannot accurately capture the emissivity temporal variation.

The redox dependence of titanium isotope fractionation in synthetic Ti-rich lunar melts

Equilibria between Ti oxides and silicate melt lead to Ti isotope fractionation in terrestrial samples, with isotopically light Ti oxides and isotopically heavy coexisting melt. However, while Ti is mostly tetravalent in terrestrial samples, around 10% of the overall Ti is trivalent at fO2 relevant to lunar magmatism (~ IW-1). The different valences of Ti in lunar samples, could additionally influence Ti stable isotope fractionation during petrogenesis of lunar basalts to an unknown extent. We performed an experimental approach using gas mixing furnaces to investigate the effect of Ti oxide formation at different fO2 on Ti stable isotope fractionation during mare basalt petrogenesis. Two identical bulk compositions were equilibrated simultaneously during each experiment to guarantee comparability. One experiment was investigated with the EPMA to characterize the petrology of experimental run products, whereas the second experiment was crushed, and fabricated phases (i.e., oxides, silicates and glass) were handpicked, separated and digested. An aliquot of each sample was mixed with a Ti double-spike, before Ti was separated from matrix and interfering elements using a modified HFSE chemistry. Our study shows fO2-dependent fractionation within seven samples from air to IW-1, especially ∆49Tiarmalcolite-melt and ∆49Tiarmalcolite-orthopyroxene become more fractionated from oxidized to reduced conditions (− 0.092 ± 0.028- − 0.200 ± 0.033 ‰ and − 0.089 ± 0.027- − 0.250 ± 0.049 ‰, respectively), whereas ∆49Tiorthopyroxene-melt shows only a minor fractionation (− 0.002 ± 0.017-0.050 ± 0.025 ‰). The results of this study show that Ti isotope fractionation during mare basalt petrogenesis is expected to be redox dependent and mineral-melt fractionation as commonly determined for terrestrial fO2 may not be directly applied to a lunar setting. This is important for the evaluation of Ti isotope fractionation resulting from lunar magmatism, which takes place under more reducing conditions compared to the more oxidized terrestrial magmatism.

Evaluation and Hydrological Utility of the GPM IMERG Precipitation Products over the Xinfengjiang River Reservoir Basin, China

As a supplement to gauge observation data, many satellite observations have been used for hydrology and water resource research. This study aims to analyze the quality of the Integrated Multisatellite Retrieval for Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM IMERG) products and their hydrological utility in the Xinfengjiang River reservoir basin (XRRB), a mountainous region in southern China. The grid-based soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was used to construct a hydrological model of the XRRB based on two scenarios. The results showed that on a daily scale, the IMERG final run (FR) product was more accurate than the others, with Pearson’s correlation coefficients (CORR) of 0.61 and 0.71 on the grid accumulation scale and the average scale, respectively, and a relative bias (BIAS) of 0.01. In Scenario I (the SWAT model calibrated by rain gauge data), the IMERG-based simulation showed acceptable hydrologic prediction ability on the daily scale and satisfactory hydrological performance on the monthly scale. In Scenario II (the SWAT model calibrated by the FR), the hydrological performances of the FR on the daily and monthly scales were slightly better than those in Scenario I (the CORR was 0.64 and 0.85, the BIAS was 0.01 and −0.02, and the NSE was 0.43 and 0.84). These results showed the potential of the FR for hydrological modeling in tropical mountain watersheds in areas where information is scarce. This study is useful for hydrological, meteorological, and disaster studies in developing countries or remote areas with sparse or low-quality networks of ground-based observation stations.