Production Rules Research Articles

Designing a semi-automated decision-making system for selecting recipients of social services

The object of this research is the decision-making process in the context of selecting recipients of social services using a semi-automated expert system. The main focus is on improving the mechanisms of assessment and selection of candidates eligible for assistance, in order to ensure a more efficient and objective allocation of resources. The problem addressed in this study is the need to improve the accuracy and efficiency of decision-making processes in social services through the implementation of semi-automated systems. In particular, reducing subjective influence in selection processes, as well as reducing the time and resources required to process applications. The study shows that the introduction of a semi-automated system can significantly reduce the response time to applications, increase the accuracy of candidate selection and ensure greater transparency in the decision-making process. The system, based on data analysis algorithms and production rules, is able to adapt to changing conditions and requirements, providing solutions based on up-to-date information. The effectiveness of the semi-automated system is due to the use of modern technologies for processing large volumes of data and the use of complex mathematical models for the analysis of this data. The implementation of a modular system with individually adjustable parameters allows the system to accurately evaluate each case based on the expected criteria, ensuring a high level of adaptability and accuracy. The results of the research can be applied in practice in various social security institutions, where there is a need to automate the processes of selection and decision-making. Important conditions for the effective implementation of the system are the availability of sufficient technical support, a high level of qualification of the personnel engaged in putting the system into operation, as well as a clear understanding of the rules and procedures that regulate social protection. In addition, to guarantee the successful application of the system, it is necessary to ensure compliance with all regulatory and legislative requirements, especially regarding the protection of personal data.

Procedure for describing traffic situation scene development

PurposeThis study aims to comprehensively address the challenge of delineating traffic scenarios in video footage captured by an embedded camera within an autonomous vehicle.Design/methodology/approachThis methodology involves systematically elucidating the traffic context by leveraging data from the object recognition subsystem embedded in vehicular road infrastructure. A knowledge base containing production rules and logical inference mechanism was developed. These components enable real-time procedures for describing traffic situations.FindingsThe production rule system focuses on semantically modeling entities that are categorized as traffic lights and road signs. The effectiveness of the methodology was tested experimentally using diverse image datasets representing various meteorological conditions. A thorough analysis of the results was conducted, which opens avenues for future research.Originality/valueOriginality lies in the potential integration of the developed methodology into an autonomous vehicle’s control system, working alongside other procedures that analyze the current situation. These applications extend to driver assistance systems, harmonized with augmented reality technology, and enhance human decision-making processes.

Challenges When Assessing Water-Related Environmental Impacts of Livestock Farming: A Case Study of a Cow Milk Production System in Catalonia

Water availability is a local issue of growing importance in Mediterranean areas where water scarcity linked to climate change and population growth is already leading to increased competition for this resource. This study is aimed at the following: (i) assessing the water-related environmental impacts (water use, freshwater ecotoxicity and eutrophication, marine eutrophication, acidification, human toxicity, and ionizing radiation) along the production chain of cow milk in Catalonia, northeastern Spain; and (ii) addressing the issues encountered (modelling choices, data gaps and inconsistencies) which t can affect the quality of results when performing a water-footprint comprehensive assessment, focusing on water use and associated water scarcity impacts. The scope included the process from the extraction of raw materials up to the distribution of the packaged fat- and protein-corrected milk to the distribution centres of the supermarket chains and markets. Results showed the farm stage to be determinant (contributing to over 60% of the impact), due to the impact of feed production. Impact results were in the range of the European benchmark given by the Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules for dairy products, except for the water scarcity footprint which was one order of magnitude larger than the reference value, due to water scarcity in Spain. Considering compound feed ingredients with a lower water scarcity footprint, and research into slurry treatment for its use as irrigation and cleaning water (without compromising safety and health) could help reduce this impact. Water accounting and traceability along the production chain could support the dairy industry to take responsibility for the consequences of their production choices.

Zagreb Topological Properties of Hexa Organic Molecular Structures.

In connection with the study of chemical graph theory, it has been explored that a single number can capture the numerical representation of a molecular structure, and this number is known as a topological property (index). This study aimed to explore a few Zagreb topological properties for four hexa organic molecular structures (hexagonal, honeycomb, silicate, and oxide) based on the valency and valency sum of atoms in the structure. We employed the technique of partitioning the set of bonds according to the valency and valency-sum of end atoms of each bond and then performed the computation by using combinatorial rules of counting (that is, the rule of sum and the rule of product). The obtained results were also compared numerically and graphically. Exact values of five valencies based and five valency-sum-based Zagreb topological properties were found for the underline chemical structures.

The Triple Product Rule and the Subtleties of the Mathematical Tools Used in Thermodynamics

We have clarified several formulas from mathematics and physics. Specifically, we have shown that several standard concepts from thermodynamics, which have been recently investigated and rejected in some papers, continue to be valid. Thus, we have studied the triple product rule, the first law of thermodynamics, Mayer's relation, work, function of state, the relationship between the coefficient of thermal expansion, coefficient of isothermal compressibility and thermal coefficient of pressure. We have used multivariable calculus and properties of Jacobians and other mathematical tools. Likewise, we have provided several didactic examples concerning the interpretation of thermodynamical and mathematical formulas. We have concluded that the basement of several thermodynamical formulas is correct but full of subtleties. Thus, those formulas continue to be valid despite some claims in the recent literature.

Iterative-Epoch Online Cycle Elimination for Context-Free Language Reachability

Context-free language reachability (CFL-reachability) is a fundamental framework for implementing various static analyses. CFL-reachability utilizes context-free grammar (CFG) to extend the expressiveness of ordinary graph reachability from an unlabeled graph to an edge-labeled graph. Solving CFL-reachability requires a (sub)cubic time complexity with respect to the graph size, which limits its scalability in practice. Thus, an approach that can effectively reduce the graph size while maintaining the reachability result is highly desirable. Most of the existing graph simplification techniques for CFL-reachability work during the preprocessing stage, i.e., before the dynamic CFL-reachability solving process. However, in real-world CFL-reachability analyses, there is a large number of reducible nodes and edges that can only be discovered during dynamic solving, leaving significant room for on-the-fly improvements. This paper aims to reduce the graph size of CFL-reachability dynamically via online cycle elimination. We propose a simple yet effective approach to detect collapsible cycles in the graph based on the input context-free grammar. Our key insight is that symbols with particular forms of production rules in the grammar are the essence of transitivity of reachability relations in the graph. Specifically, in the graph, a reachability relation to a node v_i can be "transited" to another node v_j if there is a transitive relation from v_i to v_j, and cycles formed by transitive relations are collapsible. In this paper, we present an approach to identify the transitive symbols in a context-free grammar and propose an iterative-epoch framework for online cycle elimination. From the perspective of non-parallelized CFL-reachability solving, our iterative-epoch framework is well compatible with both the standard (unordered) solver and the recent ordered solver, and can significantly improve their performance. Our experiment on context-sensitive value-flow analysis for C/C++ and field-sensitive alias analysis for Java demonstrates promising performance improvement by our iterative-epoch cycle elimination technique. By collapsing cycles online, our technique accelerates the standard solver by 17.17× and 13.94× for value-flow analysis and alias analysis, respectively, with memory reductions of 48.8% and 45.0%. Besides, our technique can also accelerate the ordered solver by 14.32× and 8.36× for value-flow analysis and alias analysis, respectively, with memory reductions of 55.2% and 57.8%.

РОЗРОБКА FRAMEWORK ДЛЯ КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНОГО ПРОЕКТУВАННЯ СИСТЕМ РЕАЛЬНОГО ЧАСУ (FCD_RTS)

The paper proposes new results in improving the CoDeCS framework for the conceptual design of complex systems. A new architecture consisting of a subsystem for generating variants of enterprise information architectures (GEntA) and a subsystem for conceptual analytics (ConAn) for characterisation of real-time computer systems (RTSCS) is considered. Both subsystems rely on a common intellectual knowledge bank consisting of a base of facts, a base of production rules and a base of goals formed on the basis of the known experience of conceptual design of complex information-management computer systems. The paper describes the information-technological structures of formalised production lines and presents the first results of subsystems development.

Diastereoselective Dearomatizing Cyclizations of 5-Arylpentan-2-ones by Samarium Diiodide - A Computational Analysis.

This study analyzes the samarium diiodide-promoted cyclizations of 5-arylpentan-2-ones to dearomatized bicyclic products utilizing density functional theory. The reaction involves a single electron transfer to the carbonyl group, which occurs synchronously with the rate determining cyclization event, and a second subsequent proton-coupled electron transfer. These redox reactions are accurately computed employing small core pseudo potentials explicitly involving all f-electrons of samarium. Comparison of the energies of the possible final products rules out thermodynamic control of the observed regio- and diastereoselectivities. Kinetic control via appropriate transition states is correctly predicted, but to obtain reasonable energy levels the influence of the co-solvent hexamethylphosphortriamide has to be estimated by using a correction term. The steric effect of the bulky samarium ligands is decisive for the observed stereoselectivity. Carbonyl groups in para-position of the aryl group change the regioselectivity of the cyclization and lead to spiro compounds. The computations suggest again kinetic control of this deviating outcome. However, the standard mechanism has to be modified and the involvement of a complex activated by two SmI2 moieties is proposed in which two electrons are transferred simultaneously to form the new C-C bond. Computation of model intermediates show the feasibility of this alternative+ mechanism.

Why Isn't There an Inverse Quotient Rule?

When learning Calculus, students are taught how to undo the Chain Rule through u-Substitution and may have been introduced to Integration by Parts as a way to undo the Product Rule. This paper describes analogous integration techniques to undo the Quotient Rule and argues that the “Inverse Quotient Rule” is a worthwhile technique to teach in Integral Calculus. An appendix includes 26 textbook-style exercises for interested students.

The Enumeration of (⊙,∨)-Multiderivations on a Finite MV-Chain

In this paper, (⊙,∨)-multiderivations on an MV-algebra A are introduced, the relations between (⊙,∨)-multiderivations and (⊙,∨)-derivations are discussed. The set MD(A) of (⊙,∨)-multiderivations on A can be equipped with a preorder, and (MD(A)/∼,≼) can be made into a partially ordered set with respect to some equivalence relation ∼. In particular, for any finite MV-chain Ln, (MD(Ln)/∼,≼) becomes a complete lattice. Finally, a counting principle is built to obtain the enumeration of MD(Ln).

Development of decision-making technology for the provision of services in project implementation

The object of research is decision-making processes regarding the provision of services within the framework of cross-border projects. To achieve the aim of the research, an analysis of the service provision market was first conducted, its features have been revealed and problems arising in the processes of its functioning have been identified. The main problem is to find the optimal distribution of services between performers in the service management system. A mathematical model of the problem of single- and multi-criteria optimization has been developed, where the problem is decomposed into independent sub-problems. The problem is presented in the form of a linear programming problem. Various efficiency criteria of the found distributions are proposed. Depending on the number of criteria, the problem will be a single-criteria Boolean programming problem or a multi-criteria optimization problem. An iterative method for finding the optimal distribution of services has been created, and individual methods are laid out in the form of production rules, which is understandable and allows to gain new knowledge. Based on the obtained data, a decision-making technology has been developed regarding the distribution of service consumers between performers. At the same time, decision-making methods were used, which allow optimizing the processes of service provision. A systematic approach was used when designing information technology. This made it possible to create an effective and problem-relevant technology that helps in making informed decisions about the distribution of services between participants of cross-border projects. A structural and functional diagram of the decision support system has been developed. Its structural elements are detailed. The obtained results reflect a thorough analysis of the current state of the services market and the development of effective decision-making technology, which contributes to the optimization of work in the field of cross-border projects. This approach can be useful for various subjects involved in the implementation and coordination of international projects.

Decision Support in Problems of Course Selection During Personalization of Learning Based on the Fuzzy Logic Method

The article is devoted to the actual problem of designing information systems for automated selection of courses using fuzzy logic, which take into account the personal characteristics of students. As part of the study, a decision-making system was implemented through the educational platform of personalized learning to determine the compliance of elective course packages. Elective courses developed as content for this platform are conditionally divided into 4 packages, reflecting certain personal characteristics of students. The system offers students the most suitable package of courses. Within the framework of the article, a model of fuzzy inference is described and a base of production rules is presented.

The counting principle makes number words unique

Abstract Following Ariel (2021. Why it’s hard to construct ad hoc number concepts. In Caterina Mauri, Ilaria Fiorentini, & Eugenio Goria (eds.), Building categories in interaction: Linguistic resources at work, 439–462. Amsterdam: John Benjamins), we argue that number words manifest distinct distributional patterns from open-class lexical items. When modified, open-class words typically take selectors (as in kinda table), which select a subset of their potential denotations (e.g., “nonprototypical table”). They are typically not modified by loosening operators (e.g., approximately), since even if bare, typical lexemes can broaden their interpretation (e.g., table referring to a rock used as a table). Number words, on the other hand, have a single, precise meaning and denotation and cannot take a selector, which would need to select a subset of their (single) denotation (??kinda seven). However, they are often overtly broadened (approximately seven), creating a range of values around N. First, we extend Ariel’s empirical examination to the larger COCA and to Hebrew (HeTenTen). Second, we propose that open-class and number words belong to sparse versus dense lexical domains, respectively, because the former exhibit prototypicality effects, but the latter do not. Third, we further support the contrast between sparse and dense domains by reference to: synchronic word2vec models of sparse and dense lexemes, which testify to their differential distributions, numeral use in noncounting communities, and different renewal rates for the two lexical types.

Assessment of Implementation of GMP Rules Requirements at Pharmaceutical Drugs Production Enterprises in Kyrgyz Republic

As everyone knows, since May 29, 2014, the Kyrgyz Republic has been a member of the Eurasian Economic Union. With its accession to the EAEU, the Kyrgyz Republic joined international treaties concluded by the EAEU member states, which were harmonized with each other and, together with other agreements, uniform rules for the pharmaceutical drugs production were adopted. It should be noted that according to the bill “On the circulation of pharmaceutical drugs”, in accordance with the provisions of the acts of the EAEU, until 2026, all entities engaged in the pharmaceutical drugs production must implement the appropriate GMP standards, which means a complete transition in the sphere of circulation of pharmaceutical drugs from the concept of “quality control” to concept of “quality assurance”.

Units Coordination, Combinatorial Reasoning, and the Multiplication Principle: The Case of Ashley, an Advanced Stage 2 College Student

ABSTRACT The multiplication principle (MP) is foundational for combinatorial problem-solving. From a units-coordination perspective, applying the MP with justification entails establishing unit relationships between the number of options at each independent stage of a counting process and the total number of combinatorial outcomes. Existing research literature, however, has not captured, generally, how students establish these unit relationships. We provide a second order model of an advanced stage 2 college student, Ashley, who had no prior combinatorics instruction, as she engaged in solving combinatorics problems that we considered to involve the MP. Our findings suggest that Ashley began by interpreting combinatorics problems using her whole number iterative units coordination scheme. Through engagement with the teacher-researcher, Ashley constructed combinatorial composites using a pairing operation, units coordination, and units simplification. We also found that Ashley was able to create a three-level-of-unit structure in activity, and to use notation that she produced to re-instantiate the reasoning that produced this unit structure. Doing so provides novel insights into how advanced stage 2 students, especially those at the college level, can use notation to manage complex unit relationships.

The H∞\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$H^\\infty $$\\end{document}-Functional Calculi for the Quaternionic Fine Structures of Dirac Type

In recent works, various integral representations have been proposed for specific sets of functions. These representations are derived from the Fueter–Sce extension theorem, considering all possible factorizations of the Laplace operator in relation to both the Cauchy–Fueter operator (often referred to as the Dirac operator) and its conjugate. The collection of these function spaces, along with their corresponding functional calculi, are called the quaternionic fine structures within the context of the S-spectrum. In this paper, we utilize these integral representations of functions to introduce novel functional calculi tailored for quaternionic operators of sectorial type. Specifically, by leveraging the aforementioned factorization of the Laplace operator, we identify four distinct classes of functions: slice hyperholomorphic functions (leading to the S-functional calculus), axially harmonic functions (leading to the Q-functional calculus), axially polyanalytic functions of order 2 (leading to the P2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$P_2$$\\end{document}-functional calculus), and axially monogenic functions (leading to the F-functional calculus). By applying the respective product rule, we establish the four different H∞\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$H^\\infty $$\\end{document}-versions of these functional calculi.

Too Many Meetings? Scheduling Rules for Team Coordination

Workers in knowledge-intensive industries often complain of having too many meetings, but organizations still give little thought to deciding when or how often to meet. We investigate the efficiency and robustness of various coordination scheduling rules. We consider workers who are engaged in a common activity (e.g., software programming) that can be divided into largely independent, parallel production tasks, but that necessitates periodic coordination. Coordination enables workers to address issues they have encountered in their independent work but takes time away from production. Using a stylized game-theoretic model, we show that small teams allow a more fluid, that is, worker-driven, approach to scheduling coordination, such as preemptive coordination (or production), under which any worker can impose coordination (or production). In larger teams this becomes inefficient. Several approaches can mitigate this effect. One option is to allocate the decision rights to produce or coordinate to the most productive worker. A more general version is to implement a voting-based scheme, where a minimum number of workers from a predetermined subset choose to coordinate. A third approach is to modify the preemptive coordination and production rules by adding time-based controls, to reserve some minimal amount of productive time or to enforce coordination after some point. Finally, a fixed-interval meeting schedule works well for very large teams. Our research helps formalize the tension between meeting (coordinating) and producing and indicates how to adapt team coordination scheduling rules to the degree of worker heterogeneity and team size. This paper was accepted by Jay Swaminathan, operations management. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.03227 .

Experimental research on instrumentation for measuring automotive exhaust particle concentrations

Due to the absence of domestic automotive exhaust measurement methods, this paper, based on the principle of condensation nucleus growth counting, has developed a nanoparticle counter suitable for automotive exhaust detection. The paper incorporates the peak value counting method and conducts comparative experiments between different counting methods of the nanoparticle counter and the results obtained by electrostatic counting, as well as parallel experiments with a TSI CPC. The following results were obtained: (1) Compared to the traditional rising edge counting method, the peak value counting method significantly improves counting accuracy. (2) When the concentration is below 12, 500 P/cc, the peak value counting method can count more particle signals. (3) In the testing of complex particle clusters in automotive exhaust, the nanoparticle counter can be used for measuring automotive exhaust emissions.

The empirical study on the results of the certification of enterprises from the Republic of Moldova in the ISO 22000 and ISO 22005 systems

The European Union's food safety policy aims to protect consumers' health by ensuring compliance with production and control rules, hygiene of agri-food products and preventing their contamination with harmful substances. In its first stage, this objective can be applied in the Republic of Moldova, an EU candidate country, by implementing the ISO 22000 and ISO 22005 food safety management system, which establishes the basic requirements for the design and application of a traceability system for food and agri-food products. The study focused on identifying food and agri-food enterprises in the Republic of Moldova, which are certified by the ISO 22000 and ISO 22005 international standards. The advantages of these certifications and the barriers encountered were identified as well. In order to achieve this objective, there was carried out the survey according to the Computer Assisted Web Interviewing (CAWI) method, based on the completion of an online questionnaire created with the help of Google Drive.

Unified Entropy-Ruled Einstein's Relation for Bulk and Low-Dimensional Molecular-Material Systems: A Hopping-to-Band Shift Paradigm.

We present a unified paradigm on entropy-ruled Einstein's diffusion-mobility relation (μ/D ratio) for 1D, 2D, and 3D free-electron solid state systems. The localization transport in the extended molecules is well approximated by the continuum time-delayed hopping factor within our unified entropy-ruled transport method of noninteracting quantum systems. Moreover, we generalize an entropy-dependent diffusion relation for 1D, 2D, and 3D systems as defined by , where heff and d are the effective entropy and dimension (d = 1, 2, 3), respectively. This generalized relation is valid for both equilibrium and nonequilibrium transport systems since the parameter heff is closely connected with the nonequilibrium fluctuation theorem-based entropy production rule. Importantly, we herein revisit the Boltzmann approach using an entropy-ruled method for mobility calculation for the universal quantum materials that is expressed as , where is the diffusion constant for band transport systems and η is the chemical potential. According to our entropy-ruled μ/D relation, the Navamani-Shockley diode equation is transformed.