Water Production Process Research Articles

Design, simulation and investigation of the tri-generation process of fresh water, power and biogas using solar thermal energy and sewage sludge

To address the high demand for energy and fresh water, the effect of global warming and pollution generated by fossil fuels consumption needs to be minimized and replaced with alternative renewable energy. Hybrid renewable energy systems using solar energy and biomass will become more crucial. In this study a new design for continuous production process of power, biogas and fresh water is proposed. The challenge of the present research is to use different sources for energy production from renewable resources simultaneously including solar and biomass to produce power, fuel and fresh water, using 4-stage Multi Effect Distillation (MED) for desalination of seawater. To cope with constant and stable energy production required for renewable solar power plants at night, due to lack of sunlight, co-consumption of hybrid solar and biomass feedstocks is considered in this paper. The associated challenge is discussed by the assessments of Solar Heat transfer fluid (SHTF), Sewage sludge flowrates, biogas production, output waste stream of gasification reactor, power and fresh water production using ASPEN Plus software. The sensitivity analysis was performed to demonstrate the viability of the designed process and the resulting products. The gasification process produced 76.8586 tonh syngas (CO and H2). Also, 34.547 MW of power with about 783 m3h of fresh water were produced with the overall exergy efficiency of 35.51 %, 52.260 MW exergy destruction and desalination efficiency of 52 %. Only 25 MW of solar power were necessary due to proper energy recovery throughout the entire process. The productivity of fresh water production was 50 %. 38908 m2 of Parabolic trough collector (PTC) was needed to supply required solar energy during day light hours. It was revealed that the hybridization of solar & biomass energy resources for producing power, fresh water, and biogas could be a sustainable approach to cope with the increasing demand for fresh water, electricity, and fuel.

Quantifying microbial risk from drinking water production process under changing climate and socio-economic conditions

Consumption of drinking water containing pathogenic microorganisms may pose serious health risks from waterborne diseases. Quantifying such risks is essential for guiding interventions and policy decisions. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is a very useful method to estimate the public's risk of infection from disease-causing microorganisms in water sources. QMRA of drinking water production process is limited worldwide and so far no such QMRA study has been conducted in Bangladesh. Moreover, climate and socio-economic changes may impact waterborne pathogens and associated health risks, but to what extent remains unclear, because comprehensive QMRA by taking into account combined impact of climatic and socio-economic factors has never been done worldwide so far. In this study, the Swedish QMRA tool was applied to evaluate public health risk from drinking water production process in Dhaka, Bangladesh as a case study. At first, current risk was quantified, and then the potential future risk was projected by taking into account climate and socio-economic factors. The results revealed that the annual infection risks at the current (2020s) baseline condition were below the acceptable risk threshold 10–4 infections per person per year (as proposed by several USEPA scientists) for all three pathogens Salmonella, norovirus and Giardia. However, after extreme events with sewer overflow and agricultural runoff, norovirus violates the acceptable risk thresholds, and the risks for Salmonella and Giardia are in borderline. The selected sustainable future scenario showed some improvement in terms of annual infection risks, while the uncontrolled scenario resulted in substantially higher infection risks both in the near and far future compared to the current scenarios. installment of a UV treatment step as an additional treatment barrier resulted in significant infection risk reduction. According to the sensitivity analysis results, socio-economic factors such as human population, livestock, and pathogen removal in wastewater were found to have greater influence on the infection risks, compared to climate change. The study can help policy makers and water managers to identify interventions to reduce the burden of disease on the population. The tool can be used to assess the health risk associated with drinking water production process in other areas of the world with similar characteristics.

Facility layout design improvement in bottled drinking water at teaching factory

The Bottled Drinking Water Teaching Factory (Tefa) at State Polytechnic of Jember (Polije) produces mineral water packaged in several sizes of bottles, glasses, and gallons. The efficiency and effectiveness of the bottled drinking water production process is influenced by the layout of production facilities. The mismatch of machine layout arrangement and the number of unused equipment causes material flow to be longer. This study aims to redesign the layout of the Tefa Bottled Drinking Water facility to maximize area utilization and reduce empty space. This research provides recommendations for facility layout improvements using the Systematic layout planning (SLP) method. Alternative designs were proposed and compared the performance of each design with the initial layout. The results of the proposed method’s distance processing affect the total material handling cost. The total distance of the proposed method facility is 11.7 meters while the distance of the current facility is 28.8 meters so that can save material handling costs by 59%.

Influences of Heavy Metals in Water Treatment Chemicals on Drinking Water Quality and Risk Management

Water treatment chemicals (WTCs) are important raw materials during the drinking water production process. Occasionally unqualified WTCs with heavy metals were provided to Water Treatment Plant（WTP） by supplier during emergency situation，such as earthquake, typhoon and city block for epidemic disease, just because it cannot obtain the qualified WTCs. The harmful heavy metals in WTCs may expose a certain health risk to the quality of drinking water. In this paper, the influence of heavy metals in WTCs on the quality of drinking water was explored and the feasible management measures are proposed, taking the ILha Verda Water Plant (IVP) in Macao as an example. The study was based on the testing results of heavy metals in WTCs and treated water from 2017 to 2022 in IVP. A series of mathematical models were established to evaluate the content of heavy metals in water brought by WTCs. The removal rates of the water treatment process to the heavy metals were calculated at same time. The maximum allowable concentrations of heavy metals in WTCs were calculated and accessed. The results show that the drinking water is safety if the heavy metals in unqualified WTCs are under the maximum allowable concentrations. Then it is proposed for the classification of WTCs and risk management. The study will provide theoretical and technical support for water quality safety supervision and water supply management.

Kajian hazard analysis critical control point pada proses produksi air minum dalam kemasan

Bottled drinking water is raw water that has been processed and packaged properly so that it is safe for direct consumption. One of the concepts and strategies for ensuring food safety and quality that is considered more effective and has been recognized for its reliability internationally is the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) food safety management system. This research aims to determine how to implement Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) in the demineralized water production process at CV. Tirta Guna Mandiri. The method used in the research is the descriptive method which describes the objects in the research. The data collection technique used is by conducting library studies, interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and documentation. The research results show that CV. Tirta Guna Mandiri has implemented 12 steps to implement HACCP which include establishing a HACCP team, product description, intended use, flow diagram verification, hazard analysis, determining Critical Control Points (CCP), determining critical limits, establishing a monitoring system, determining corrective actions, verification procedures, and establishing documentation

Application of Hotelling T2 Control Diagram to Analyze Drinking Water Quality Control at Perumda Tirtauli Pematang Siantar City

Water is the most important element in supporting human life and other living creatures, where the role of water cannot be replaced by other elements. Various human activities always require large amounts of water to meet their daily needs. People really need good water quality because it has a big impact on health. However, many people complain that the water quality at PDAM Tirtauli Pematang Siantar, the water production they get is less than satisfactory, meaning that the water production at PDAM Tirtauli Pematang Siantar is of poor quality because they have not been able to distribute water production in accordance with the wishes of the community.This study aims to determine the process of controlling the quality of clean water production at PDAM Tirtauli Pematang Siantar with the Hotelling T2 control diagram. T2 hoteling is a multivariate analysis technique used to compare two groups of samples using an average vector, each consisting of two or more variates. The data used in this study is drinking water production data during June-July 2022. Based on the analysis that has been done, it is found that on the T2 hoteling control map, the results show that the drinking water production process at PerumdaTirtauli, Pematang Siantar city is statistically controlled because there are no points that cross the upper control limit or the lower control limit on the T2 Hotelling control map.

Exploring time-dependent seawater desalination capacity of terracotta clay soil and coconut shell charcoal

A study assessed the effectiveness of two locally available materials, terracotta clay soil, and coconut shell charcoal, as desalination membranes. The research also explored the impact of exposure time on the desalination process. The study employed a 3 × 3 factorial experiment using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. It compared three different desalination membranes: pure clay, pure charcoal, and a combination of clay and charcoal in a 2:3 ratio. Additionally, three exposure times of seawater to the membranes were examined: 4 h, 8 h, and 12 h. The findings revealed that the different desalination membranes significantly affected (p < 0.05) the salinity level and the treated seawater's sodium and chloride ions content. Notably, clay soil demonstrated higher effectiveness in desalinating water than charcoal and the combination of clay and charcoal. However, the exposure time to the membranes did not significantly affect any of the parameters studied. Based on these results, it is evident that clay soil possesses the potential to serve as a desalination membrane, attributed to its higher Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and efficiency in reducing salinity. Future research could investigate ways to improve the efficiency of this material, study the effects of various parameters on the desalination process, and explore scaling up the desalination process for large-scale water production. Overall, this study contributes to developing cost-effective and sustainable methods for providing clean water to areas facing limited access to fresh water.

Understanding the effect of the condensation temperature on solar-driven reverse distillation for enhanced water production

Reverse distillation driven by solar energy decouples light-incoming and evaporation–condensation regions that are integrated together in conventional solar distillation, thereby providing diverse choices in materials and structures for enhancing vapor condensation. However, detailed experiments and discussion are scarce in exploring how condensation temperature influences the solar-to-water energy conversion efficiency in the reverse-distillation process and may thus constrict the further understanding and application in water production processes. A common impression is that a low temperature is good for vapor condensation and performance improvement but that may not be the case. An interesting conclusion from both experimental and theoretical exploration in this research is that the efficiency of the reverse-distillation device first increases and then decreases with the condensation temperature, indicating an optimal condensation temperature for obtaining the best water production performance. In indoor experiments with one-sun illumination, the reverse-distillation device with natural air cooling shows a distillate yield of 1.04 kg⋅m−2⋅h−1 and a solar-to-water energy conversion efficiency of 68.8 %, which is 9.4 % and 6.3 % more than that of a device with enhanced cooling by water flow and inhibited cooling by thermal insulation, respectively. In the outdoor experiments, the increase in efficiency using natural air cooling is 4.9 % and 7.1 % compared with the enhanced and inhibited cooling measures, respectively. The conclusion is further explained from the perspective of heat-and-mass transfer, which may provide meaningful guidance for designing a high-efficiency reverse-distillation system. In future water production, cooling measures should be cautiously considered according to the device structure and the actual working conditions to achieve better performance.

A computational ascertainment of Hall and ion slip implications over a stretched regime with chemical reaction and internal heat source

This study is inspired by the emerging importance of micropolar fluids in a variety of scientific and technical fields due to varied uses and effective thermal activities. Potential applications of these fluids include cancer treatment, magnetic refrigeration, drug delivery and magnetic resonance imaging. Hall and ion repercussions on unstable magneto micropolar liquid beyond a stretched sheet are described in this article. By using the bvp4c, the resulting non-sequential coupled PDEs are transfigured into a system of coupled non-consecutive ODEs, which are remedied by a numerical procedure. An impact of various governing non-dimensional factors on velocity, angular momentum, temperature, concentration, wall friction, couple stress, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, is indicated graphically. The main finding specifies that Hall and Ion impacts influence velocity and with increased Hall and Ion effects, velocity raised as well as thermal boundary layer reduced. When compared to previous findings in the literature, the current findings indicate a splendid agreement. The predominant uses of this issue are in solar cell systems, such as solar water pumps, manufacturing and production processes, motion in plasmas, furnace design, nuclear power plants, and solar aircraft wings.

Effects of Dipping and Folded Structure on Gas Production from Hydrate-Bearing Sediments

Summary Due to a dipping and folded structure, hydrate-bearing sediments (HBS) have obvious fluctuation characteristics, and the internal temperature and pressure of HBS are unevenly distributed. Subsequently, gas and water production of natural gas hydrate (NGH) is affected. When using a numerical simulation method to predict effectively the productivity of HBS, it is necessary to establish a conceptual model that considers the formation fluctuation. However, few reported studies accurately describe the fluctuation characteristics of HBS in numerical simulation models. Therefore, the spatial evolution of gas production, water production, and seepage parameters of each model was compared by establishing the initial temperature and pressure model of each representative model pair, using the TOUGH + HYDRATE (T + H) code for a long-time simulation; the production process of gas and water and spatial evolution of seepage parameters of each model were compared; and then the spatial evolution of gas production, water production, and seepage parameters of the different dipping/folded HBS was obtained. The spatial evolution of water production and seepage parameters for different dipping/folded HBS is obtained. (a) The dipping and folded structure had an obvious influence on the spatial distribution of the initial temperature and pressure of HBS. (b) The limits of heat supply and seepage capacity of the fluctuating HBS gave lower gas production than in horizontal HBS. There should be more emphasis on heat supply conditions and the formation of secondary hydrates. (c) The additional pore water in fluctuating HBS is not conducive to the discharge of methane. Consequently, the development of improved water blocking measures is significant for the future large-scale production of NGH.

Fate of low molecular weight organic matters in reverse osmosis and vacuum ultraviolet process for high-quality ultrapure water production in the semiconductor industry

Ultrapure water (UPW) is essential in the semiconductor industry for rinsing and cleaning products. With the growing demand for UPW, various feed water sources such as tap water, surface water, and wastewater are utilized to produce UPW. However, these feed water sources contain various low molecular weight organic matters (LMWOMs), which can adversely affect the quality of semiconductors when present in treated UPW. Therefore, achieving the complete removal of LMWOMs is crucial in the UPW production process. However, the current reverse osmosis (RO) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) processes employed for UPW production have limitations in achieving complete LMWOM removal. Therefore, this study is conducted to investigate the mechanisms of LMWOM removal in RO and the performance of VUV for high-quality UPW production. Six LMWOMs found in the semiconductor industry were tested for lab- and pilot-scale experiments. The result showed that size exclusion is the main mechanism of LMWOM removal in the RO process. However, methanol, ethanol, and urea were not efficiently removed by RO membranes. In addition, a lab-scale VUV experiment was performed under accelerated conditions to examine the oxidation mechanism of LMWOM. The LMWOM with low reactivity to hydroxyl radicals, such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and urea, were not removed perfectly within 60 min and 180 min, respectively. Furthermore, a pilot-scale VUV experiment was performed to examine the oxidation of LMWOM under real UPW production conditions. Despite observing a correlation in the pseudo-first-order rate constants between the lab-scale and pilot-scale experiments, the removal of TMAH and urea was still not achieved even with a lamp power of 320 W. As urea was not completely removed by either RO or VUV, strategies for UPW production using current water sources are discussed to develop future UPW technologies.

Residential swimming pools maintenance under an environmental perspective

Swimming pools provides various benefits for users, but their owners need to carry out constant maintenance to ensure water quality and user safety. This paper goal was to assess the maintenance process of residential swimming pools, through Life Cycle Assessment based on NBR ISO 14040:2014 and NBR 14044:2014. The standard steps were followed and primary data on materials and quantities for the treatments were collected during 2022. The purchase costs of the treatment process were obtained, which based the cost analysis. The Impact Assessment Method used was the ReCiPe Endpoint (H) 2016, which assesses damage across three categories. The water, electricity and hypochlorite production processes were the most impactful in the categories of damage to human health, ecosystems and resources availability. These inputs production have an intense natural resources consumption and causes emissions into the environment. The highest expenses in pool maintenance were associated to human resources (worker) and chlorine purchase, followed by electricity. Scenarios were created to identify feasible changes to reduce the impacts. The waiver of water for replacement in the rainy season had greater potential for reducing impacts than the consumption changes in electricity and chlorine.

Analisa Pemborosan Pada Proses Produksi Air Minum Dalam Kemasan Dengan Metode Value Stream Mapping Dan Waste Assesment Model Di CV Dafista Mulia

CV Dafista Mulia is a drinking water producer company located in Lamongan Regency. The problem that is often faced by companies is the amount of waste that occurs in the process of producing bottled drinking water. The most critical percentage of waste in the bottled water production process (AMDK) is waste overproduction with a weighting percentage of 25.4%; waste defet with a weighting percentage of 16.2%; waste inventory with a weighting percentage of 14.9%; waste unnecessary motion with a weighting percentage of 14.1%; waste transportation with a weighting percentage of 11.7%; waste waiting with a weighting percentage of 9%; and waste excess processing with a weighting percentage of 8.7%. The initial activity time before the repair was 466 minutes (7 Hours 46 Minutes) and after the repair was reduced to 416 minutes (6 Hours 51 Minutes). Based on the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), it is known that the root cause of the problem with the highest waste is Overproduction, namely production planning that is not quite right with a Risk Priority Number (RPN) score of 396. Recommendations for improvements that can be proposed are to carry out production planning using data - historical data that exists and is adjusted to balance the purchasing of raw materials with orders from consumers so that the results of the Overproduction can become a safety stock so that the Overproduction can function in the next consumer order.

Multi-objective study and optimization of a solar-boosted geothermal flash cycle integrated into an innovative combined power and desalinated water production process: Application of a case study

Zero-emission hybrid renewable energy resources have been introduced as a viable solution for international programs aimed at eliminating greenhouse gases. Consequently, this research is motivated to propose a novel solar-boosted integrated geothermal flash cycle-driven combined system for the simultaneous production of electricity, heating load, and desalinated water. The system comprises the integration of a geothermal flash cycle, a solar power tower, a dual-loop organic flash cycle, a humidification-dehumidification desalination cycle, and a multi-effect desalination unit. The proposed model is evaluated from three perspectives: energetic, exergetic, and economic. A seasonal case study is conducted for Jiangsu, China. The results demonstrate a generated desalinated water rate of 28.46 kg/s, a total exergy destruction of 4517 kW, an exergetic efficiency of 21.9%, and a payback period of 4.74 years. Furthermore, a combined MOPSO and LINMAP method is employed to optimize the proposed model in three scenarios. In the first scenario, the objectives are defined as the exergetic efficiency and the exergy destruction rate of the system, which yield optimal values of 22.39% and 4310.21 kW, respectively. The second scenario focuses on the rate of generated desalinated water and the rate of exergy destruction of the system, resulting in objective function values of 27.94 kg/s and 4451.34 kW, respectively. In the third scenario, NPV and exergy destruction rate are the objective values with obtained values of 1.983 $M and 4420 kW, respectively.

Analisis Kelayakan Investasi Pemasangan Sensor Level Pada Clearator Tank PDAM Surya Sembada Surabaya

The occurrence of problems in the production process is something that must be resolved immediately so it to disrupt the smooth protracted production process, as is the case with process disturbances that occur in the clean water production process at PDAM Surya Sembada Surabaya. In the process of water flow being processed from the filter tank to the clearator tank, water overflow often occurs due to a sudden increase in water discharge without monitoring. As a result of this overflow of water, production materials are wasted and of course also results in wasted costs. This problem was tried to be solved by installing a level sensor on the tank clearator so that the water level could be monitored by the monitoring team. Warning when the water level approaches the threshold will help the operator to immediately reduce the water discharge coming out of the tank filter so that there is no wasted overflow of water. Feasibility analysis of investing in the installation of level sensors carried out to find out for sure whether from an economic point of view this level sensor provides benefits for the company. By calculating the Net Present Value (NPV) and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), it will be known how the investment feasibility of installing the level sensor.

Production of Biofir Bottled Drinking Water in UD. Sumber Mubarokah Sidoarjo Perspective of Islamic Economic System

The research conducted aims to determine the production process of BIOFIR bottled water in UD. Sumber Mubarokah Sidoarjois reviewed from the principles of Islamic production and the implementation of the Islamic economic system regarding the basic and instrumental values of Islamic economics. Research methods used in research conducted on UD. Sumber Mubarokah Sidoarjo uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a type of case study research on objects. The data collection techniques are through interviews with informants, both in person and online media, direct observation at the informant's place, documentation in the form of photos related to drinking water production business activities carried out by UD. Sumber Mubarokah Sidoarjo as complementary evidence in the research, and triangulation of the methods used by researchers to unearth the truth of business owner informants. The results of the research obtained in this study are the production process of BIOFIR bottled drinking water at UD. Sumber Mubarokah Sidoarjohas been quite good and meets the provisions of production in an Islamic manner. Other results show that islamic principles of production have been applied and the basic and instrumental values of Islamic economics have been applied to the factors of production.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Production, Bottled Drinking Water and Islamic Economic System.

High recovery reverse osmosis design to minimize wastewater of ultra-pure water production process

High recovery reverse osmosis design to minimize wastewater of ultra-pure water production process

Process of Quality Control of Bottled Water at PT. Tirta Purbalingga Adijaya, Bogor

Quality control is important in the drinking water production process. Drinking water sourced from nature, of course, contains a variety of minerals, ions, and even microorganisms, so it needs to be processed first so that it meets the needs of the human body and is safe for consumption. PT. Tirta Purbalingga Adijaya, Bogor in producing bottled drinking water refers to SNI 3553: 2015 concerning requirements for drinking water quality, as well as in processing it refers to the Regulation of the Minister of Health No.32 of 2017 concerning Standards for Quality Standards for Environmental Health and Water Health Requirements for Sanitation Hygiene Purposes , Swimming Pools, Solus Per Aqua, And Public Baths. PT. Tirta Purbalingga Adijaya, Bogor implements the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system where both raw water, processing and finished products are quality controlled every hour by water treatment operators and the results are verified by Quality Control analysts. Important things that become critical control points are filtering with carbon filters and ozone injection. If these two things are not controlled, it will affect the quality content of the drinking water produced and cause hazards such as residual chlorine and microbial contamination so that the product does not meet standards and cannot be marketed. The tests carried out were physical tests such as organoleptic tests, chemical tests such as chlorine content, ozone, metals and others as well as microbiological tests such as total microbes, fungi, coliform and pseudomonas aeruginosa. Based on the analysis that was carried out for 1 week on January 9-14 2023, it was concluded that the Prim-A brand bottled drinking water produced by PT. Tirta Purbalingga Adijaya, Bogor has met the standards set in Indonesia and is safe for human consumption.

Recognition of the Interaction Mechanisms between Water and Land Resources Based on an Improved Distributed Hydrological Model

Conflicts between humans and land use in the process of using water and conflicts between humans and water resources in the process of using land have led to an imbalance between natural ecosystems and socio-economic systems. It is difficult to understand the impact of the processes of water production and consumption on land patches and their ecological effects. A grid-type, basin-distributed hydrological model was established in this study, which was based on land-use units and coupled with groundwater modules to simulate the water production and consumption processes in different units. By combining land use and net primary productivity, the runoff coefficient and the water use efficiency (NPP/ET) of different land units were used as indicators to characterize the interaction between water and land resources. The results showed that the average runoff coefficients of cultivated land, forest land and grassland were 0.7, 0.5 and 0.9, respectively. Moreover, the average runoff coefficients of hills, plains and basins were 0.7, 0.7 and 0.8, respectively. The NPP produced by the average unit, evapotranspiration, in cultivated land, forest land and grassland was 7 (gC/(m2•a))/mm, 0.7 (gC/(m2•a))/mm and 0.2 (gC/(m2•a))/mm, respectively. These results provide quantitative scientific and technological support in favor of the comprehensive ecological management of river basins.

Modification of fluorescence staining method for small-sized microplastic quantification: Focus on the interference exclusion and exposure time optimization

Microplastics are an emerging pollutant of global concern, and fluorescence staining as an efficient method for small-sized microplastic qualification often undergoes the serious interference from external environments. The key steps affecting the accuracy of fluorescent staining and the corresponding quality assurance measures were rarely known. Therefore, this study took the Nile Red/DAPI co-staining method as an example to explore the key factors affecting its accuracy and effective measures to avoid interference. High background microplastic contamination in typical lab waters (up to 1115 MP/L), glass fiber filter membrane and glassware were identified as dominant factors affecting microplastic quantification. The background microplastics in lab waters mainly originated from the process of water production and storage. A simple filtration process removed 99% of the background microplastic in the lab waters. After burning at 500°C for 1h, the microplastic contamination in the filter membrane and glassware was completely eliminated. H2O2 pretreatment and exposure time caused erroneous microplastic size assessment, and were suggested to be set at 48h and 10ms, respectively. During the extraction process, the residue in beakers reached ~ 20% and > 50% for 5μm and 20μm sized microplastics, respectively, greatly contributing to the microplastic loss. The comprehensive modified measures caused microplastic concentrations in the three typical samples detected by Nile Red/DAPI co-staining method to decrease by 65.7 - 92.2% and to approach the micro-Raman results. This study clarified the reasons for interfering with quantitative microplastics by fluorescent staining and the effective measures to avoid interference, which were conducive to improving the accuracy of quantitative methods of microplastics.