Production Off Research Articles

Cabibbo suppressed single pion production off the nucleon induced by antineutrinos

In this work we study the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\ensuremath{\pi}$ production off free nucleons driven by the strangeness-changing weak charged current. We calculate the total cross sections for all possible channels and estimate the flux-averaged total cross sections for experiments like MiniBooNE, SciBooNE, T2K, and Minerva. The model is based on the lowest order effective SU(3) chiral Lagrangians in the presence of an external weak charged current and contains Born and the lowest-lying decuplet resonant mechanisms that can contribute to these reaction channels. We also compare and discuss our results with others following similar and very different approaches.

Reducing carbon footprint without compromising grain security through relaxing cropping rotation system in the North China Plain

The North China Plain (NCP) is an important production base for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in China, but intensive continuous winter wheat and summer maize (WM) double-cropping system (control) has also created the high carbon footprint (CF) ecological problems. It is imperative to build a new rotation pattern that not only achieves direct and indirect low greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, but also takes into account the grain security. CF metrics (per unit area (CFa), per unit economic output (CFe) and per unit kg grain yield (CFy)) were calculated for a two-year crop rotation experiment established at the Wuqiao Experimental Station, from October 2016 to September 2018. The treatments were eight alternative crop sequences grown in the first year, followed by WM in the second year. Alternative crop sequences included (1) WM, (2) fallow, (3) spring maize, (4) winter wheat, (5) spring sweet potato (Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill), (6) spring peanut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.), (7) winter wheat-summer peanut, and (8) potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) - silage maize. The results showed that fallow → WM and winter wheat → WM were weak absorption sinks of net GHG, and other rotation patterns were all net sources during the experimental period, while the seven rotation patterns could attain 48%–94% of grain crops yield in control. Spring sweet potato → WM and winter wheat - summer peanut → WM, had no significant differences with control from three different CF perspectives. Spring maize → WM, spring peanut → WM, and potato - silage maize → WM produced more CF than control. Therefore, fallow and planting winter wheat alone in the first year of novel two-year rotation patterns reduced CF in the NCP, planting spring sweet potato and winter wheat-summer peanut increased net income without increasing CF and without compromising grain security, which could attain 1.53 and 1.12 times of the control. The research preliminary showed that winter wheat → WM, spring sweet potato → WM and winter wheat - summer peanut → WM were feasible to trade off of grain production and reducing CF.

Movement ecology of black marlin Istiompax indica in the Western Indian Ocean.

The black marlin Istiompax indica is an apex marine predator and is susceptible to overfishing. The movement ecology of the species remains poorly known, particularly within the Indian Ocean, which has hampered assessment of their conservation status and fisheries management requirements. Here, we used pop‐up archival satellite tags to track I. indica movement and examine their dispersal. Forty‐nine tags were deployed off Kenya during both the north‐east (November–April) and south‐west (August–September) monsoon seasons, providing locations from every month of the year. Individual I. indica were highly mobile and track distance correlated with the duration of tag attachment. Mean track duration was 38 days and mean track distance was >1800 km. Individuals dispersed in several directions: north‐east into Somalian waters and up to northern Oman, east towards the Seychelles, and south into the Mozambique Channel. Their core habitat shifted seasonally and overlapped with areas of high productivity off Kenya, Somalia and Oman during the first half of the year. A second annual aggregation off the Kenyan coast, during August and September, did not coincide with high chlorophyll‐a (chl‐a) concentrations or thermal fronts, and the drivers of the species' presence and movement from this second aggregation was unclear. We tested their habitat preferences by comparing environmental conditions at track locations to the conditions at locations along simulated tracks based on the empirical data. Observed I. indica preferred cooler water with higher chl‐a concentrations and stayed closer to the coast than simulated tracks. The rapid and extensive dispersal of I. indica from Kenya suggests that there is likely a single stock in the Western Indian Ocean, with individuals swimming between areas of high commercial catches off northern Somalia and Oman, and artisanal and recreational fisheries catches throughout East Africa and Mozambique.

Single pi ^0 production off neutrons bound in deuteron with linearly polarized photons

The quasifree overrightarrow{gamma } drightarrow pi ^0n(p) photon beam asymmetry, varSigma , has been measured at photon energies, E_gamma , from 390 to 610 MeV, corresponding to center of mass energy from 1.271 to 1.424 GeV, for the first time. The data were collected in the A2 hall of the MAMI electron beam facility with the Crystal Ball and TAPS calorimeters covering pion center-of-mass angles from 49^circ to 148^circ . In this kinematic region, polarization observables are sensitive to contributions from the varDelta (1232) and N(1440) resonances. The extracted values of varSigma have been compared to predictions based on partial-wave analyses (PWAs) of the existing pion photoproduction database. Our comparison includes the SAID, MAID and Bonn–Gatchina analyses; while a revised SAID fit, including the new varSigma measurements, has also been performed. In addition, isospin symmetry is examined as a way to predict pi ^0n photoproduction observables, based on fits to published data in the channels pi ^0p, pi ^+n and pi ^-p.

Recent leveling off of vegetation greenness and primary production reveals the increasing soil water limitations on the greening Earth

Global vegetation photosynthesis and productivity have increased substantially since the 1980s, but this trend is heterogeneous in both time and space. Here, we categorize the secular trend in global vegetation greenness into sustained greening, sustained browning and greening-to-browning. We found that by 2016, increased global vegetation greenness had begun to level off, with the area of browning increasing in the last decade, reaching 39.0 million km2 (35.9% of the world’s vegetated area). This area is larger than the area with sustained increasing growth (27.8 million km2, 26.4%); thus, 12.0% ± 3.1% (0.019 ± 0.004 NDVI a−1) of the previous earlier increase has been offset since 2010 (2010–2016, P < 0.05). Global gross primary production also leveled off, following the trend in vegetation greenness in time and space. This leveling off was caused by increasing soil water limitations due to the spatial expansion of drought, whose impact dominated over the impacts of temperature and solar radiation. This response of global gross primary production to soil water limitation was not identified by land submodels within Earth system models. Our results provide empirical evidence that global vegetation greenness and primary production are offset by water stress and suggest that as global warming continues, land submodels may overestimate the world’s capacity to take up carbon with global vegetation greening.

Learning from the past: Impact of the Arctic Oscillation on sea ice and marine productivity off northwest Greenland over the last 9,000 years.

Climate warming is rapidly reshaping the Arctic cryosphere and ocean conditions, with consequences for sea ice and pelagic productivity patterns affecting the entire marine food web. To predict how ongoing changes will impact Arctic marine ecosystems, concerted effort from various disciplines is required. Here, we contribute multi‐decadal reconstructions of changes in diatom production and sea‐ice conditions in relation to Holocene climate and ocean conditions off northwest Greenland. Our multiproxy study includes diatoms, sea‐ice biomarkers (IP25 and HBI III) and geochemical tracers (TOC [total organic carbon], TOC:TN [total nitrogen], δ13C, δ15N) from a sediment core record spanning the last c. 9,000 years. Our results suggest that the balance between the outflow of polar water from the Arctic, and input of Atlantic water from the Irminger Current into the West Greenland Current is a key factor in controlling sea‐ice conditions, and both diatom phenology and production in northeastern Baffin Bay. Our proxy record notably shows that changes in sea‐surface conditions initially forced by Neoglacial cooling were dynamically amplified by the shift in the dominant phase of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) mode that occurred at c. 3,000 yr BP, and caused drastic changes in community composition and a decline in diatom production at the study site. In the future, with projected dominant‐positive AO conditions favored by Arctic warming, increased water column stratification may counteract the positive effect of a longer open‐water growth season and negatively impact diatom production.

Byssogenesis of Green Mussel Perna viridis as a Biomarker of Microplastic Pollution

The presence of microplastic in the enviroment is a problem because they are persistent and they are consumed by organisms. Microplastic will affect aquatic life as a result various types of contamination in the aquatic enviroment can enter the body of green mussel. The ability to develop mussel is determined by the strength of the byssus. Utilization of green mussel byssus as biomarker to detect microplastic pollution is still a rare thing to do. The purpose of this study is to know the microplastic effect on the production off green mussel byssus. Green mussel with lengths of 4.1 - 5.0 cm were collected from Maccini Baji Water, Labakkang District, Pangkep Regency. The experimental desigh used is a Completely Randomized Design exposure was carried out for 7 days with microplastics concentration namely 0, 0.05, 0.5 and 5 g/L using polyethylene microplastics usually used as a raw material for scrub bath. The results of study show that production of green mussel byssus exposed at all concentration on day 1-6 were not significantly different at all concentration, but 7 days there significantly different 0 g/L treatment 0 g/L from 5 g/L. This mean that the green mussel byssus can be used as a microplastic pollution biomarker with a testing duration of 7 days

Ask The Joint Commission.

The sterile supply and equipment spaces in our ambulatory surgery center (ASC) currently are experiencing growing pains due to our success. We do not have enough space for the extra sterile supplies or equipment we acquired in the last two years. Therefore, we are looking into extra space in our office building for storing equipment, extra custom packs, and medical supplies. This space will be dedicated for storage and will not be in the ASC footprint; therefore, it mainly will be a warehouse area. Do any concerns exist for keeping product off site?As long as the organization meets the design requirements of the local authority and maintains the proper ventilation requirements for sterile storage, they will be considered compliant.What is required to be presented regarding X-ray equipment during a TJC survey?Typically, on day one of the survey, the surveyor will provide a list documents for review. Be sure to respond exactly as requested. Your medical equipment management plan, equipment inventory, and maintenance history records should always be ready for review. Because most records are now electronic, be sure that more than one person can run all your management reports. You want to avoid a citation for lack of documentation due to one person being unavailable.For several reasons, alternative equipment maintenance (AEM) is not being accepted at our facility to the extent that it should. For example, legal said “no way” because they are hesitant to depart from manufacturers' recommendations. This is not a valid or quantifiable reason. Some third-party companies see AEM as revenue reduction. What are your suggestions for changing this?A successful AEM program requires acceptance and “buy-in” from your key stakeholders. A data-driven proposal, including a risk assessment based on your historical services records or from another credible source, may help to support your argument. Your AEM strategy must not reduce safety and must be based on accepted practice standards. Your challenge is to prove this to key stakeholders with a defensible program.Why do TJC surveyors not follow the tracer methodology when end users report to a surveyor that “a device is broken and healthcare technology management (HTM) hasn't fixed it”? We have had several surveys where TJC surveyors are told a device is “broken” and that “it has been broken for a long time”; however, no surveyor has taken down the HTM control number for the device and either requested the repair history records or gone to the HTM department to ask questions specific to the repair of that device (e.g., Was a work request submitted? Was a work order created? What was the resolution?). Usually, the report is returned to leadership with a “finding” noted and a description along the lines of “the infusion pump in inpatient was reported as broken and not being repaired,” with no reference as to which one of the hundreds of portable infusion pumps was allegedly at issue. This prohibits HTM staff from appropriately researching and responding to the alleged problems and/or providing documentation regarding the allegation that the device is not being maintained/repaired.The tracer methodology is the process used during the on-site survey to analyze an organization's systems or processes for delivering safe, high-quality care by following an individual patient or resident through the organization's care process in the sequence experienced by each individual. Feedback received from staff is recorded as an observation of finding. Depending on the severity of the comment, the surveyor may or may not choose to investigate further. During the course of a survey, organizations may address the circumstances surrounding the discovery of an item that is out for repair.In this department, The Joint Commission (TJC) answers questions posed by AAMI members. Become part of the discussion by visiting www.aami.org/communities and joining AAMI's Joint Commission Discussion Group, which is open to all AAMI members. Some of the questions and answers may have been edited for space, style, and clarity.

Doceram, Cofemel and Brompton: How does the Current and Future CJEU Case Law Affect Digital Designs?

Digital design is generally associated with web design namely graphic design for digital products off or online. This includes web sites but also movies and videogames. These designs are, traditionally, in two dimensions and more recently, can be in three dimensions such as augmented or virtual reality. There are also designs initially made digitally namely computer-aided (CAD) designs which are then manufactured in the traditional way or more recently 3D printed. The concept of digital design is therefore broad involving both two-dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) designs, both functional and non-functional (i.e. purely decorative) designs. This paper examines two recent and important decisions and one pending reference to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) affecting the protection of 2D and 3D designs including digital designs. In the EU, designs can be protected by several intellectual property laws, the chief ones being copyright and design laws. Designs can also be protected by patent and trade mark laws and in some Member States by utility model laws and unfair competition law. This contribution will focus only on copyright and design laws. After having introduced the protection for designs in the EU by design rights, section 1 summarises and comments on the Doceram decision. Section 2 then explains how copyright protects designs and then comments on the Cofemel and Brompton cases. Section 3 proposes solutions raised by these decisions before the chapter concludes.

Accessing the gluonic structure of light nuclei at a future electron-ion collider

We show how exclusive vector meson production off light ions can be used to probe the spatial distribution of small-$x$ gluons in the deuteron and $^3$He wave functions. In particular, we demonstrate how short range repulsive nucleon-nucleon interactions affect the predicted coherent $J/\Psi$ production spectra. Fluctuations of the nucleon substructure are shown to have a significant effect on the incoherent cross section above $|t|\gtrsim 0.2\,\mathrm{GeV}^2$. By explicitly performing the JIMWLK evolution, we predict the $x$-dependence of coherent and incoherent cross sections in the EIC energy range. Besides the increase of the average size of the nucleus with decreasing $x$, both the growth of the nucleons and subnucleonic hot spots are visible in the cross sections. The decreasing length scale of color charge fluctuations with decreasing $x$ is also present, but may not be observable for $|t|<1\,\mathrm{GeV}^2$, if subnucleonic spatial fluctuations are present.

Impact of organic farming on annual average income and cost of production of tea smallholders in Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan government has planned to extend and promote organic tea cultivation in Sri Lanka through Haritha Lanka Programme which is the national cooperate plan to greening the Sri Lankan economy. Though positive environmental impacts of organic farming have been proven limited studies have been carried out in Sri Lanka to find out the impact of organic farming on the average annual income and cost of production (COP). Therefore, this paper attempts to examine the impact of adopting organic farming on annual average income and COP in high grown organic tea smallholdings (TSHs) in Sri Lanka. The data for the study were collected from a sample survey of 107 TSHs in four Grama Niladari divisions of Bandarawela secretariat of Badulla district. The study used two sample pooled t - test to identify the possible impact of adopting organic farming on two economic variables: annual average income and COP of TSHs. Ordinary Least Squared (OLS) estimate of a multiple linear regression was performed to estimate the impact of organic tea cultivation on the income and expenditure. The results suggest that the adoption of organic farming has strong positive impact on annual average income of TSHs while there is no significant impact of organic tea cultivation on cost of production and other off–farm income generations. The regression results further reveal that the annual average on–farm income of organically cultivated land is considerably higher than the non-organic TSHs in the study area. These findings conclude that adoption of organic farming improves the productivity of cultivated land, income and profit margin of the TSHs while maintaining the environmental sustainability.

E&amp;P Notes (December 2019)

E&amp;P Notes (December 2019)

Flowering induction and formation of salak (Salacca sumaterana Becc) fruit with potassium and boron fertilization

Salak Sidimpuan is one of the superior commodities of Padang Sidimpuan that taste sweet, sour and make it different from Pondoh and Bali. Physiological conditions will greatly affect the growth and development plant especially the phase of flowering and fruit formation. Other factors that affect the flowering phase and fruit formation are nutritional status and relative water content in the plant. The purposes of study to get the best concentration of Potassium and Boron on fruit formation and Sidimpuan zalacca production off season. This research was conducted at Palopat Maria village, Padang Sidimpuan City. This study was conducted from July 2017 to March 2018. The experiment was conducted Split Plot Design with three replications. The main factor is the potassium fertilizer i.e. without potassium, 20 g and 40 g / tree potassium. The subplot is the B fertilizer dosage i.e. without fertilizer B, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm/tree. The results showed that Sidimpuan Salak Plant was a hermaphrodite flowering plant, carried out its own pollination and the time it took from flower up fruit ready to harvest about 5.5 to 6 months. The highest number of fruit Bunches (8.74 bunches) was obtained at 20 g / plant while in B 3000 ppm / tree was 9:01 bunches.

Creep and Plastic Flow in a Rotating Cylinder with a Rigid Inclusion

Under study is the process of producing irreversible deformations in a rotating cylinder of a material with elastic, viscous, and plastic properties. It is assumed that, before the prescribed maximum angular velocity is reached, the cylinder with a rigid inclusion rotates with acceleration and after that, with deceleration. As the inertial forces change, the irreversible deformations initially grow as creep deformations, and, as the angular velocity increases and the stress states reach the yield surface, some plastic flow region originates and develops. Thereafter, an elastoplastic unloading boundary emerges: The plastic flow region decreases as this boundary surface moves across the volume. The elastoplastic boundaries turn out to be the place where the mechanism is turned on (or off) of fast and intensive production of irreversible deformations (the plastic flow). The results of simulation of the time-varying deformations and stresses, including the residual stresses and their relaxation, are presented and discussed.

THE FISHERY EXPLOITATION OF ACOUPA WEAKFISH OFF SÃO PAULO COAST, SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL

The Acoupa weakfish Cynoscion acoupa (Lacepí­¨de, 1801) is a large inshore sciaenid of commercial and social importance found along the entire Brazilian coast. In spite of this, there is few information on the species, both in terms of biological aspects and fishery yields, particularly off southeastern Brazil. Within this context, this study aimed to an evaluation of Acoupa weakfish fishery production off São Paulo coast (23°22’í 25°18’S) based on publicly available statistical data collected between 1998 and 2016. Acoupa weakfish fishery in this State takes place on both industrial and artisanal scales, and employs at least 22 different fishing gears. The pair-trawling fishery was the most important Acoupa weakfish producer during the period surveyed, with a sharp decline in the catches from 2007 onward due to the establishment of Marine Protected Areas off São Paulo coast, which banned trawling in depths shallower than 26 meters. Acoupa weakfish yields were relatively low in São Paulo when compared with other demersal fishes exploited, despite the high retail prices commanded by the species in regional markets and restaurants.

Strong Absorption of Hadrons with Hidden and Open Strangeness in Nuclear Matter.

We present the first observation of K^{-} and ϕ absorption within nuclear matter by means of π^{-}-induced reactions on C and W targets at an incident beam momentum of 1.7 GeV/c studied with HADES at SIS18/GSI. The double ratio (K^{-}/K^{+})_{W}/(K^{-}/K^{+})_{C} is found to be 0.319±0.009(stat)_{-0.012}^{+0.014}(syst) indicating a larger absorption of K^{-} in heavier targets as compared to lighter ones. The measured ϕ/K^{-} ratios in π^{-}+C and π^{-}+W reactions within the HADES acceptance are found to be equal to 0.55±0.04(stat)_{-0.07}^{+0.06}(syst) and to 0.63±0.06(stat)_{-0.11}^{+0.11}(syst), respectively. The similar ratios measured in the two different reactions demonstrate for the first time experimentally that the dynamics of the ϕ meson in nuclear medium is strongly coupled to the K^{-} dynamics. The large difference in the ϕ production off C and W nuclei is discussed in terms of a strong ϕN in-medium coupling. These results are relevant for the description of heavy-ion collisions and the structure of neutron stars.

Near-threshold η′ meson production in π−A reactions

We study the inclusive near-threshold production of η′ mesons in π− meson-nucleus reactions on the basis of the first-collision model relying on the nuclear spectral function and including incoherent processes of η′ production in π− meson–proton collisions. The model accounts for the absorption of initial π− and final η′ mesons, the binding of intranuclear protons and their Fermi motion, as well as the effect of the scalar η′–nucleus potential (or the in-medium shift of the η′ meson mass) on these processes. We calculate the differential and total cross sections for η′ production off carbon and tungsten nuclei at laboratory angles of 0∘–10∘ and 10∘–45∘ by π− mesons with momentum of 1.7 GeV/c, which is close to the threshold momentum for η′ creation on a free target proton at rest. We show that the calculated η′ production cross sections are larger than those, studied earlier in the η′ photoproduction reactions, by about two orders of magnitude. We also demonstrate that the high absolute values of the present differential and total η′ production cross sections in the momentum ranges of 0.2–0.3 GeV/c and 0.1–0.6 GeV/c, respectively, possess a high sensitivity to changes in the in-medium shift of the η′ mass. This offers the possibility of evaluating the above shift at these momenta from the respective data, which could be taken in future experiments at the GSI pion beam facility or at J-PARC.

Diffractive incoherent vector meson production off protons: a quark model approach to gluon fluctuation effects

Fluctuations play an important role in diffractive production of vector mesons. It was in particular recently suggested, based on the Impact-Parameter dependent Saturation model (IPSat), that geometrical fluctuations triggered by the motion of the constituent quarks within the protons could explain incoherent diffractive processes observed at HERA. We propose a variant of the IPSat model which includes spatial and symmetry correlations between constituent quarks, thereby reducing the number of parameters needed to describe diffractive vector meson production to a single one, the size of the gluon cloud around each valence quark. The application to J/varPsi , rho and phi diffractive electron and photon production cross sections reveal the important role of geometrical fluctuations in incoherent channels, while other sources of fluctuations are needed to fully account for electroproduction of light mesons, as well as photo production of J/varPsi mesons at small momentum transfer.

Energy and system size dependence of subnucleonic fluctuations

The energy evolution of the fluctuating proton structure is studied by solving the JIMWLK renormalization group equation. The initial condition at moderate x is obtained by fitting the charm reduced cross section data from HERA, requiring that the proton size remains compatible with the diffractive vector meson production measurements. Additionally, we show that the nucleon shape fluctuations are visible in exclusive vector meson production off nuclei.

Model predictive automatic control of sucker rod pump system with simulation case study

This work enables accelerated fluid recovery in oil and gas reservoirs by automatically controlling fluid height and bottomhole pressure in wells. Several literature studies show significant increase in recovered oil by determining a target bottomhole pressure but rarely consider how to control to that value. This work enables those benefits by maintaining bottomhole pressure or fluid height. Moving Horizon Estimation (MHE) determines uncertain well parameters using only common surface measurements. A Model Predictive Controller (MPC) adjusts the stroking speed of a sucker rod pump to maintain fluid height. Pump boundary conditions are simulated with Mathematical Programs with Complementarity Constraints (MPCCs) and a nonlinear programming solver finds a solution in near real-time. A combined rod string, well, and reservoir model simulate dynamic well conditions, and are formulated for simultaneous optimization by large-scale solvers. MPC increases cumulative oil production vs. conventional pump off control by maintaining an optimal fluid level height.