Production Of Thermal Power Research Articles

A Hybrid Method for Provincial Scale Energy-related Carbon Emission Allocation in China

Achievement of carbon emission reduction targets proposed by national governments relies on provincial/state allocations. In this study, a hybrid method for provincial energy-related carbon emissions allocation in China was developed to provide a good balance between production- and consumption-based approaches. In this method, provincial energy-related carbon emissions are decomposed into direct emissions of local activities other than thermal power generation and indirect emissions as a result of electricity consumption. Based on the carbon reduction efficiency principle, the responsibility for embodied emissions of provincial product transactions is assigned entirely to the production area. The responsibility for carbon generation during the production of thermal power is borne by the electricity consumption area, which ensures that different regions with resource endowments have rational development space. Empirical studies were conducted to examine the hybrid method and three indices, per capita GDP, resource endowment index and the proportion of energy-intensive industries, were screened to preliminarily interpret the differences among China's regional carbon emissions. Uncertainty analysis and a discussion of this method are also provided herein.

Preparation and the use of demineralized water for reciprocating engine-driven power plants in Azerbaijan

Production of electric and thermal power on the basis of reciprocating engines finds an increasingly wide application in many countries of the world. These power plants equipped with internal combus� tion engines can be constructed rapidly (usually within several months). For example, a 10�MW module based on three engines can be made by Finn� ish manufacturer Wartsila in about 80 days, and its installation takes 12 days. The payback time for a power unit with the output of 1 MW and 8000 oper� ating hours per year is 2.3 years. The efficiency of reciprocating gas engines with the power capacity from 2 MW to 6 MW is 39-42% (1). In cooling systems of reciprocating engines there are also used, besides air (fan) cooling, water (closed� cycle) cooling by a mixture of desalted water, anti� freeze, and a corrosion inhibitor. It is most econom� ically advantageous and environmentally safe to produce and use demineralized water for power plants by the membrane technology. In this case the quality of desalted water meets the requirements contained in the Russian standards "Service Instruc� tion Related to Power Plants," (2, 3) which Azerbaijan adheres to as well. The cost of production of desalted water at mem� brane units is lower than when using chemical desali� nation (3, 4). Capital costs of preliminary water puri� fication prior to membrane desalination are about 60- 70% of the cost of a desalination plant, or 25-29% of the cost of process equipment needed for a water treat� ment plant (5). The volume of waste water at mem� brane desalination is equal to 25-40% of the plant capacity. In its composition the source water is con� centrated by a factor of 2 or 3, and is not corrosive. The "brine" (or effluent) is inadmissible to be discharged in sewerage (5, 6). Reagents used for membrane water purification are lowoxic, permitted to be used for potable water supply, and they are included in to the list of pollutants permitted to be discharged into water bodies, while expenditures for discharge do not exceed 0.5-1.0% of the total operation costs (6). In Azerbaijan six reciprocating gas enginedriven power plants are in successful operation (Table 1); in their cooling systems, water is demineralized by the membrane technology at the largest of them—the Sangachaly power plant. This water transported by tanker trucks is also used at the remaining five power plants.

Nuclear Ceramics

Nuclear reactors are machines used for the production of thermal power using nuclear energy derived from controlled fission reactions. The environment inside the reactor is highly aggressive with respect to temperature, neutron density and radiation. Thus the materials with special properties are needed to be used in a nuclear reactor. Particularly, ceramic materials are widely used as nuclear fuels and control rod material because they are able to fulfil the requirements.

Optimum operating conditions for a combined power and cooling thermodynamic cycle

The combined production of thermal power and cooling with an ammonia–water based cycle proposed by Goswami is under intensive investigation. In the cycle under consideration, simultaneous cooling output is produced by expanding an ammonia-rich vapor in an expander to sub-ambient temperatures and subsequently heating the cool exhaust. When this mechanism for cooling production is considered in detail, it is apparent that the cooling comes at some expense to work production. To optimize this trade-off, a very specific coefficient-of-performance has been defined. In this paper, the simulation of the cycle was carried out in the process simulator ASPEN Plus. The optimum operating conditions have been found by using the Equation Oriented mode of the simulator and some of the results have been compared with the experimental data obtained from the cycle. The agreement between the two sets proves the accuracy of the optimization results.

TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A 10 MW e SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANT USING AMMONIA-BASED THERMOCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE

The production of solar thermal power on a continuous, 24-h basis is possible by applying thermochemical energy storage. An international group of industrial and academic partners is studying such a base-load solar power plant concept, where the reversible thermo-catalytic ammonia reaction serves as the energy vector between supply and demand. Early results confirm the technical soundness of the concept using conventional technology, equipment and materials, and indicate also the potential for economic viability. A first-of-a-kind, solar-only demonstration power plant with a net capacity of 10 MW e would require a capital investment of the order of AUD 180 million and operate with a net solar-to-electric conversion efficiency of 18% and a capacity factor of 80%. This would result in levelised electricity costs of less than AUD 0.25 per kWh.

98/03812 Use of wastes from coal beneficiation processes for production of electric and thermal power

98/03812 Use of wastes from coal beneficiation processes for production of electric and thermal power

Oxidative reforming of methane using solid oxide fuel cell with LaGaO 3-based electrolyte

Simultaneous production of thermal energy, electric power, and gaseous mixture of CO and H 2, suitable for the methanol synthesis was possible by the application of a solid oxide fuel cell to the catalytic reactor. In particular, large electric power as well as high yields of CO and H 2 were obtained upon the fuel cell reactor where La 0.9Sr 0.8Ga 0.8Mg 0.2O 3 perovskite-type oxide was used as solid electrolyte. The high electrical power density as well as the high yield of CO and H 2 were stably sustained over the examined 30 h.