Soap Products Research Articles

The Circumstance-Driven Bivariate Integer-Valued Autoregressive Model.

The novel circumstance-driven bivariate integer-valued autoregressive (CuBINAR) model for non-stationary count time series is proposed. The non-stationarity of the bivariate count process is defined by a joint categorical sequence, which expresses the current state of the process. Additional cross-dependence can be generated via cross-dependent innovations. The model can also be equipped with a marginal bivariate Poisson distribution to make it suitable for low-count time series. Important stochastic properties of the new model are derived. The Yule-Walker and conditional maximum likelihood method are adopted to estimate the unknown parameters. The consistency of these estimators is established, and their finite-sample performance is investigated by a simulation study. The scope and application of the model are illustrated by a real-world data example on sales counts, where a soap product in different stores with a common circumstance factor is investigated.

The homemade soap production: a millenary pratice that stimulates technological innovation among students

The process of producing homemade soap using leftover oils from frying makes possible the teaching-learning process of various contents of Chemistry, articulating the theory and practical through experimentation. The aim of this work is present the technological product created by a student and their workgroup during a project with the theme of the production of fragrant homemade soap. The soap mixer was developed within the scope of research developed in a professional master’s degree, during a qualitative intervention research, carried out in the first grade of the New High School of the State Education Network in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. This intervention had a Project-Based Learning (PBL) which teaching methodology, focused on Science, Technology, Society and Environment (STSE – CTSA in Portuguese) Although soap production is common, the need for assistance in the soap mixing process encouraged the development of a technological product, developed from a recyclable and low-cost materials. This action demonstrates that the problematic proposition by PBL focusing on STSE provided a favorable scenario for the development of skills set in students, additionally this demonstrates that innovation can emerge from routine activities, and can contribute to the efficiency of production processes. Furthermore, the use of recyclable materials in the manufacturing process of the soap whisk reinforces the commitment to sustainability and economy.

Waste Identification Using the Value Stream Mapping (VSM) Method on the PT XYZ Transparent Bar Soap Production Line

The production process is an activity to create or increase the function of a good or service by using existing factors such as human resources, machines, materials and money to make it more useful for human needs. PT XYZ is a cosmetic manufacturing services company that has been established for more than 15 years producing quality cosmetics, skincare and beauty soap. However, during the production process there were various problems, namely waste was found. The aim of this research is to identify waste and provide suggestions for improvements to PT XYZ's transparent bar soap production line. The method used in this research is Value Stream Mapping (VSM) by conducting interviews and direct observation as a data collection method. The results of the research that has been carried out are the discovery of waste in the form of transportation, waiting, and defects caused by various factors. These factors include human factors, methods, machines, processes and the environment. From the identification results, several recommendations for improvement were proposed, such as holding training on the use of sealing machines, implementing the 5R culture, routinely checking raw materials, optimizing the use of cutting machines, and routinely monitoring products and employee activities. After carrying out the improvement process, the production time was 2,581.36 minutes with a lead time of 26.29 minutes, compared to the initial condition, which was 4,102 minutes with a lead time of 39.89 minutes. Thus, it can be concluded that after carrying out the improvement process, it is hoped that the production process will run faster than before.

Pengaruh Penambahan Sodium Lauryl Sulfat terhadap Karakteristik Sabun Padat pada Mata Kuliah Praktikum Analitik Proses

Solid soap as a result from process analysis practicum can be produced using with hot process method using raw material of palm oil and a strong base in the form of NaOH. The aim of this research is that apart from fostering student inquiry regarding the soap making process, they are also able to analyze the parameters of solid soap over a certain period based on variations in the amount of added surfactant. The methods used in practicum activities are dividing practicum groups, making solid soap, and collecting practicum reports. In the activity of making solid soap, the concentration of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was varied for each group, 0, 1, 2 and 3% w/w respectively. The parameters measured in this research were the pH value, water content, ability to form foam, free fatty acid content and ethanol insoluble material in solid soap. The pH characterization of the results of the saponification process shows that soap at all variations in SLS concentration is predominantly alkaline. The characterization carried out showed that the levels of free fatty acids and ethanol insoluble substances met SNI 3532:2016 standards. Water content parameters do not meet these standards because the measurements were carried out during practical activities and without the process of holding the soap product. From the results of observing these parameters, in general it can be concluded that the solid soap products resulting from the practical work have the best quality under the condition of adding SLS with a concentration of 1%.

Bioproducts from Waste Vegetable Oil: Perception and Engagement Study for Degreasers Based on Biocoal and Waste Coffee Grounds

Using waste vegetable oil for soap production represents a viable approach to prevent its detrimental release into water bodies and soil, thereby mitigating its adverse environmental effects. The artisanal soap-making process entails minimal investment and expertise, rendering it a straightforward procedure employing readily available inputs and equipment commonly found in everyday life. The principal objective of this study was to develop two bioproducts that address the environmental repercussions of improper disposal of waste vegetable oil, employing a perception and engagement survey of respondents. In conclusion, the derived products, synthesized from waste materials, effectively facilitated the removal of grease-based contaminants frequently encountered in workshops, automotive, and industrial settings, as well as in heavy cleaning applications, whether domestic or institutional.

Sustaining beyond the production of cocoa for beans: The preference and impact of products from the cocoa husk

The cocoa pod husk, a waste in most cocoa farms, has recently received alternative uses in various industries. To cocoa farmers, potash and black soap are their main products from the husk. This alternative use presents an excellent opportunity for improving the livelihoods of cocoa farmers. Nevertheless, there is sparse evidence of farmers' willingness to produce black soap and its potential implication on their welfare. We employed a multistage sampling approach to close this gap to draw data from 150 cocoa farmers from Ahafo Ano North District, Ghana. We analysed the data with binary probit, ordered probit and Inverse Probability Weighted Regression Adjustment. We found that marital status, membership of FBO, knowledge of black soap production, and credit access influence farmers' willingness to produce (WTP) black soap. Again, gender, marital status, age, farm income, farming experience and knowledge of black soap have a significant but heterogeneous effect on the tipping point that stimulates farmers' willingness to accept (WTA) black soap production. The impact assessment revealed that black soap production has substantial welfare gains. Thus, it increases farmer's per capita expenditure. Therefore, stakeholders like the Cocoa Research Institute, Ghana COCOBOD and cocoa-licensed buying companies should invest in procuring portable ashing kilns at subsidised prices and train farmers on packaging and labelling to expedite, revitalise and modernise black soap production. Notwithstanding, future research could look at the profitability analysis of black soap production.

Recent advances in the production of soap from used cooking oil for environment remediation

Soap made from used cooking oil has gained renewed interest in recent years due to its sustainability and environmental benefits. The process of transforming used cooking oil into soap involves several chemical reactions and precise measurements to ensure a high-quality final product. In this study, we aim to explore the various methods and techniques involved in the successful formation of soap from used cooking oil, while also considering the environmental impact and economic viability of this process. Additionally, we will investigate the potential of using natural additives and fragrances to enhance the properties of soap and cater to diverse consumer preferences. Understanding the chemical principles and techniques involved in this process is crucial for creating high-quality soap. This review provides valuable insights into the feasibility and benefits of repurposing used cooking oil for the production of soap, contributing to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable and eco-friendly manufacturing practices.

Chemical characteristics of soaps obtained using red hot pepper seeds oil (Capsicum annuum L.)

Vegetable oils are an important raw material for soap production. They are widely distributed in nature, but only some of them are used in soap production. The search for alternative raw materials for oils from renewable sources is current worldwide. As a potential source of such oil, hot pepper seeds are considered. They are waste plant products that contain proteins, dietary fiber, lipids, minerals, bioactive compounds, etc. This study aimed to identify the optimal amount of hot pepper seed oil to include in the oil blend for cold process soap making. Four variations of soaps were made with hot pepper seeds oil, palm oil and coconut oil in different ratios. The values of indicators – total fatty matter content, free alkali, foaming ability, pH were determined. Soaps containing up to 10 % hot pepper seeds oil in the oil blend exhibit satisfactory quality characteristics. The findings indicate that hot pepper seeds oil is suitable for use in cold process soap making. Its proportion can be as high as 10 % of the total oils.

Optimization of bar soap extrusion process parameters through numerical modelling

Mechanical soap plodders refine, homogenize, and compact soap. Processing pressure, screen mesh size, and L/D affect plodder capacity and soap quality. Grittiness, air bubbles, and poor surface finish hinder soap production. This study optimised soap plodder machine screw length, speed, and density to maximise pressure at low-temperature. Soap plodder FEM was made with ANSYS Polyflow software. The rheological and thermal properties of soap paste were measured with a rotational viscometer and transient hot wire. Viscosity, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity were 900 cps, 0.0449 W/m-K, and 17.29 J/Kg-K. A L9 Taguchi DOE was used for three screw speeds (20, 35, and 50 RPM), screw lengths (300, 550, and 800 mm), and soap product densities in FEM simulation. ANOVA and Taguchi optimization modelling were adopted for analysis. The ANOVA showed a positive correlation between extrudate pressure, screw length, speed, and density. Temperature was mostly density-dependent. Ideal conditions were 800 mm screw length, 50 RPM screw speed, and 900 kg/m3 material density. Response pressure was 4.3604 bar, temperature 315 K. The observed responses would optimize soap plodder pressure, improving refining, homogenization, and soap processing with small mesh screens. The low temperature eliminates the need for a cooling jacket, reducing construction and operating costs

Technology for obtaining a domestic catalyst for hydrogenation of vegetable oils

Vegetable oils are obtained from oil-containing sunflower seeds, burdock, flax, rapeseed, corn, soybeans, etc. The composition of vegetable oils contains esters (triglycerides) of fatty acids with varying degrees of unsaturation. One of the main processes of vegetable oil processing is the hydrogenation process. Hydrogenation of vegetable oils is a widespread technological process of obtaining raw materials for the production of confectionery fats, detergents, soaps, stearin and other products. It is the hydrogenation of vegetable oils that is of great importance, because it increases the volume of food production. Catalysts for hydrogenation of vegetable oils are not produced in Russia. The volume of the import market is about 250 tons per year. The development and production of domestic catalysts is a priority task in solving import substitution problems. The paper suggests the most environmentally friendly and economical way to obtain catalysts of various chemical compositions is the method through an ammonia-carbonate complex. The results of reserve tests of the developed samples of nickel catalyst for hydrogenation of vegetable oils, as well as the conclusion of potential consumers are presented.

Physical and sensory characteristics of soaps obtained using red hot pepper seeds oil (Capsicum annuum L.)

Sensory profile of cosmetic products, including soaps, is essential to consumer perception. Therefore, soap manufacturers, using new and alternative raw materials, strive to improve the appearance of soaps, their consistency, their ability to foam, the feeling of cleanliness, the feeling on the skin after use, etc. The aim of this research is to determine the quality and sensory characteristics of soaps obtained with hot pepper seeds oil (Capsicum annuum L.) – an alternative raw material from waste plant products. Four different soap variations were crafted, employing diverse combinations of palm oil, coconut oil, and hot pepper seed oil in their formulations. Certain quality attributes of the soaps were assessed, including hardness, stickiness, and surface tension. Also, the sensory evaluation was made. The conclusions drawn from the study align with the findings obtained through physicochemical and chemical analyses of the soap samples. The results affirm the potential of hot pepper seed oil for cold process soap production, albeit within a restricted range to 10 %.

Training on Producing Dish Soap from Coffee Waste at the Roudotul Muallimin Islamic Boarding School as an Improvement of Santri-preneurs

Roudotul Mualimin Islamic Boarding School (ponpes) is one of the Islamic boarding schools that has a business in the coffee sector. Roasting process of the coffee bean is still done manually so there is waste and defects. The existence of marketing activity can be used as an advantage to foster the existence of a enterpreneurship in boarding school. The purpose of this community service was to train students at the Roudotul Mualimin boarding school to process coffee roasting defect waste into dish soap products. The activity was carried out by direct socialization and training methods in Islamic boarding schools. The first session was socialization of the benefit from coffee waste and the second session was product manufacturing training. The results of this training showed that the students could produce 40 bottles with 20 pcs each for a volume of 200 ml and 100 ml. The students were enthusiastic about continuing the production of dish soap from coffee waste as UMKM product from the Roudotul Mualimin Islamic Boarding School. The training ended with the donation of tools such as mixer and oven to support the sustainability of production activities.

Potent antibacterial activity of Terminalia chebula-based herbal soap formulation against propionibacterium acnes and its cytotoxic evaluation on human skin fibroblast cells

Background: Recently, many approaches have been conducted in natural skin healthcare, with herbal remedies gaining prominence due to their perceived efficacy and fewer side effects. Herbal soaps, in particular, are noted for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making them appealing for acne-causing bacteria such as Propionibacterium acnes, Terminalia chebula, a medicinal plant with a rich history of traditional medicinal properties, including antibacterial effects. However, limited information exists on its activity against acne-causing bacteria and its cytotoxicity on human skin cells. Methods: Our study demonstrated the anti-propionibacterium activity using a novel Terminalia chebula herbal soap formulation (TC-HSF), and to determine its cytotoxicity on Human skin fibroblast cells, Terminalia chebula aqueous extract was used to make herbal soap, the antibacterial activity was performed against wild isolated propionibacterium acne strain using well-diffusion method, MIC and time-kill Kinetics, several concentrations were evaluated for cytotoxicity on Human skin fibroblast cell lines. Results Our findings indicate a potent activity of TC-HSF against P.acne at 0.18mg\ml with lower CFU\ml in tested intervals and high cell viability 98%, IC50 Value was 50mg\ml. Conclusion: Our study highlights the promising antibacterial efficacy of TC-HSF against Propionibacterium acnes and its cytotoxic effects on human skin fibroblast cells. The research adds valuable insights into the potential of TC-HSF for acne management and underscores the importance of dosage considerations in the formulation of herbal soap products.

Education and Training in Making Herbal Soap Products in Puasana Village, South Konawe Regency

Community service is carried out to provide education and training in making herbal soap products in Puasana Village, North Moramo District, South Konawe Regency. Service activities aim to provide knowledge for the community and skill processing by utilizing local natural ingredients in an effort to maintain health. The method used in carrying out this service is by providing counselling regarding the properties of local medicinal plants as well as providing training in making herbal soap products from sago flour. Specific targets to be achieved are skill processing local natural ingredients into traditional cosmetic preparations as well as motivating the general public to always maintain a healthy body.

Keputusan Pemilihan Formula Sabun Menggunakan Analytical Hierarchy Process

Waste cooking oil is one of household waste. Waste cooking oil is usually disposed to the sewers or gardens. Utilization of waste cooking oil is by recycling it into a solid soap product. The production of solid soap from waste cooking oil is a solution to reduce waste. There are various formulas for making soap products from waste cooking oil. In order to utilize waste cooking oil becomes maximal dan useful, it is necessary to select the best formula for further development. The research begins by identifying the soap formula with a simple process. The identification results obtained six soap formulas that can be produced on a household scale. The six soap formulas were then produced and tested according to Indonesia’s national standards (SNI). The method used to select the best formula was Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which involved four partisipants as experts. The result of the decision of the best soap formula is Soap 6. Meanwhile, the three priority attributes for decision-making are soap standard (SNI), cleaning power, and the ability to hold bacteria.

The Production of Eco-enzyme Multipurpose Liquid-based Soap to Improve Household Economic Empowerment

Abstract. In the 1980s, a from Thailand, Dr. Rosukon Poompanyong, conducted research about eco-enzymes. The result showed that eco-enzyme has so many benefits. One of the benefits of the eco-enzyme is for health and beauty by producing a liquid soap made of the eco-enzyme. The manufacturing of soap made from the eco-enzyme is a form of community service to improve economic empowerment and manage the household organic waste of the Family Welfare Programme (hereinafter referred to as PKK) members RT 03/RW 014, Serengan, Serengan, Surakarta in 2023. This soap-making training is a continuity of the two previous community services, which LP3M UMY also funded. The purpose of community service in making liquid soap made from the eco-enzyme is to improve economic empowerment and manage household organic waste. Because the eco-enzyme can be made out of household organic waste, the development result can be developed into products that can be economically traded. The result of community service in making liquid soap not only can be useful for daily use but also can be sold to increase household income. The activity was carried out by directly making liquid soap with PKK members at RT 003/RW 014, Serengan, Serengan, Surakarta. Community service in making liquid soap cannot only improve the economy of households and groups but also can add new insight for the PKK members regarding the use of eco-enzyme as the ingredient of liquid soap. In the future, community service based on the manufacture of eco-enzymes will continue to develop products like liquid detergent, shampoo, and organic fertilizer so that it is beneficial not only for daily life but also for the environment.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Sabun Cuci Piring Dari Bahan Ramah Lingkungan Untuk Meningkatkan Kreativitas Ibu Pkk Desa Janti

Janti Village is one of the villages in Mojoagung subdistrict with a population of around 3,570 people. The Janti village community has a variety of potential, especially in the agricultural and crafts sectors. Janti Village has an obstacle, namely the lack of education to the community regarding regional productivity to produce new products that can be developed into products of high quality and high selling value. Apart from that, people also do not grasp business opportunities and only work according to their abilities, such as working on rice fields and gardens. Method used The implementation method used in this service is a design or framework used to provide information or community mapping (social mapping) directly. This allows for fluid interaction between the community and activity implementers. The results of the service training in making dish soap to increase the creativity of PKK women in Janti Village, can be concluded with the development of entrepreneurship with dish soap products which are used as provisions for PKK women in Janti Village, Mojoagung subdistrict, Jombang regency by directly transmitting the making of dish soap. alternately and how to operate it from the process of ordering the raw materials for dishwashing soap to the homogeneous process that will be packaged. The process of making dishwashing soap really helps PKK women in providing new innovations regarding products that have high economic value Keywords: Soap, Dishwashing, Environmentally Friendly.

ENHANCING ENTREPRENEURSHIP OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH CHEMISTRY EDUCATION: IMPLICATION FOR NIGERIA YOUTH EMPOWERMENT IN THE 21st CENTURY

The study investigated enhancing entrepreneurship opportunities through chemistry education: Implication for Nigeria youth empowerment in 21st century. Three research questions with their corresponding null hypotheses guided the study. A quasi-experimental, non-randomized control group design was adopted in three intact groups. population of this study was 954 SS 3 chemistry students in Odeda Local Government Area. A sample of 142 chemistry students was drawn using a purposive and simple random sampling techniques from three (3) out of 18 public schools in the LGA. Three intact classes were randomly assigned experimental groups (two classes) and control group (one class). Both experimental and control groups were subjected to pre-and post-testing. A 20-item tagged “Chemistry Practical Skills Acquisition on Soap and Detergent Production” (CPSASDP) structured on a 4-point rating scale developed by the researchers was the instrument used for data collection. It was validated by three experts in chemistry education and measurement and evaluation. The reliability estimate was computed using Cronbach’s Alpha with coefficient index of 0.75. The three groups were taught the same concepts, but with different instructional arrangement. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to for answering research questions and Z-test for answering the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The results revealed that both entrepreneurial skills engagements enhance skills acquisition if appropriately handled. In addition, the hypotheses were accepted because they only differed in their mean score differences. Based on the results, it was recommended among others that students should apply the skills acquired in Chemistry practical to enhance their entrepreneurship development.

Role of Entrepreneurship Education Management in Creating Entrepreneurship Competitive Advantage in Students: Case Study on F-Clean Products at MA Al-Rahman Sukabumi

Based on a preliminary study conducted by researchers, the F-CLEAN liquid soap company sells liquid soap products according to their use which can be delivered directly to consumers. However, researchers found a problem in the field, namely that entrepreneurship coaching was going well, but there were some students who still did not understand entrepreneurship. The aim of the research is to analyze the role of entrepreneurial education management in creating entrepreneurial competitive advantages for students at MA Al-Rahman Sukabumi. The research method uses a case study with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques use interviews, observation and literature study. Data analysis using the NviVo 14 application. The research results show that entrepreneurship education management has a role in creating a competitive advantage in entrepreneurship for MA AL-RAHMAN Sukabumi students. The role of entrepreneurial management is to foster an entrepreneurial spirit in MA AL-RAHMAN Sukabumi students through entrepreneurship learning, business planning, direct practice of F-CLEAN (in the organizing section), implementation and evaluation. Meanwhile, the role of educational management is to create competitive advantage through the perspective of customer value (not easily imitated), having interest, self-confidence and the unique value of special F-CLEAN products. With the role of entrepreneurship education management, it is hoped that inhibiting factors such as students' lack of interest in entrepreneurship and being shy about starting a business can be overcome through entrepreneurship education management.

Pengolahan Limbah Rumah Tangga Minyak Jelantah Menjadi Sabun Cair

Used cooking oil is dangerous for health, and its presence can pollute the environment if thrown away without processing it first. This training activity aims to provide insight and knowledge to the RT 03 Pasekan Lor area community about the dangers of used cooking oil and efforts to process used cooking oil into raw material for dishwashing soap. The activity aims to increase community knowledge and skills in using used cooking oil as a raw material for washing soap. This activity was carried out in several stages: (1) focus group discussion with RT 03 Pasekan Lor administrators to explore problems and formulate priority activities, (2) education on the dangers of used cooking oil for health and the environment, (3) training on making used cooking oil dish soap, and (4) evaluation monitoring activities related to participants' abilities in the independent practice of processing used cooking oil into dishwashing soap. Residents' awareness of not carelessly throwing away used cooking oil in the environment and their willingness to collect and process it into dishwashing soap increased after participating in the activity. The antimicrobial test results for dishwashing soap made from used cooking oil showed a total plate number of 6x102 colonies/ml and a pH of 7.4, meeting the SNI 4075-2:2017 standard. Organoleptic testing showed that the panelists liked the color, smell, viscosity, foam, and firmness of the training products. However, the product's bacterial inhibition test was still below that of commercial dishwashing soap products.