Silica Production Research Articles

Environmentally friendly mesoporous SiO2 with mixed fiber/particle morphology and large surface area for enhanced dye adsorption

Rice straw is made up of hemicelluloses (19–27%), celluloses (32–47%), lignin (5–24%), and ash (13–20%), which are all agricultural waste. Rice straw ash is considered a green/eco-friendly source of silicon dioxide (SiO2). This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of different mesoporous SiO2 nanostructures derived from rice straw waste material through controlling the pH of the extraction process for the first time. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), zeta potential, and surface area analyzer were used to examine the produced materials. Amorphous silica nanostructures, S3 and S7, were produced at pH values of 3 and 7, respectively, according to XRD measurement, whereas higher pH causes the production of crystalline silica (S9). The pH of the extraction has a major effect on the morphology of the resultant nanosilica, as S3 has an irregular shape, S7 is made of distorted spherical particles, and S9 is composed of mixed fiber and spherical particle structures. For pollutant removal, greenly produced SiO2 nanostructures were used. The optimal mesoporous nanosilica (S9) demonstrated the highest surface roughness, the largest surface area (262.1 m2/g), the most negative zeta potential (− 20.2 mV), and the best dye adsorption capacity (71.4 mg/g).

Elevated sedimentation of clastic matter in pelagic Panthalassa during the early Olenekian

AbstractThe end‐Permian mass extinction is thought to have greatly altered biogeochemical cycles. The absence of chert and dominance of claystone in low‐latitude pelagic deep‐sea sedimentary sequences of Early Triassic Panthalassa (the deep‐sea chert gap) has been believed to record radiolarian die‐off and consequent decline in biogenic silica production. However, recent studies showed that the upper portion of the deep‐sea chert gap has sedimentation rates higher than bedded chert, meaning that increased clastic inputs, rather than decreased biogenic silica inputs, resulted in the anomalous lithology. In this study, we focus on the Akkamori‐2 section, which preserves a rare sedimentary sequence spanning a large part of the lower portion of the claystone of the deep‐sea chert gap. We obtained conodont fossils that allow correlation with sections in South China that have numerous dated tuffs. By projecting the dates of the tuffs to our measured sections, we show that sedimentation rates of the lower portion of the deep‐sea chert gap is also higher than bedded chert. Hence, most of the deep‐sea chert gap was formed under increased clastic inputs, which likely records disturbance in the terrestrial landscape, probably aridification and/or increased seasonality in arid areas, that lead to elevated dust flux to the pelagic ocean. On the other hand, the idea that the deep‐sea chert gap records lingering effects of the mass extinction event on radiolarians cannot explain the high sedimentation rates of the deep‐sea chert gap. This previously favored scenario needs to be reconsidered, taking into account the burial efficiency of biogenic silica in the Early Triassic ocean, and also effects of increased clay deposition on preservation of radiolarians.

Monodisperse colloidal silica with excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility by stoichiometric seeded growth strategy

Monodisperse colloidal silica have been extensively used as models for inter-particle interaction investigation, standards for instrument calibration and polishing agents for global planarization of wafer in integrated circuit manufacturing. Despite marvelous achievements made for colloidal silica synthesis in the past decades, a long-standing challenge for massive production of colloidal silica lies in the batch-to-batch reproducibility. Herein, we present a stoichiometric seeded growth strategy for the massive production of monodisperse colloidal silica, where the silica precursors are designed to exclusively condense on the surface of seed particles with single Q4 Si species, enabling a precise control of resultant colloidal silica size by the feeding precursor/seed ratios, and consequently, achieving excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility. Governed by the stoichiometric correlation, customized size of colloidal silica at high precision (∼1 nm in diameter) can be prepared in large quantity. More importantly, this seeded growth strategy has rather high tolerance on the size distribution of seed particles; monodisperse colloidal silica can be readily obtained from even polydisperse seed particles, significantly lowing the cost of monodisperse particles, therefore, highlighting the feasibility of large-scale application of monodisperse colloidal silica.

Technology for Complex Processing of Electric Smelting Dusts of Ilmenite Concentrates to Produce Titanium Dioxide and Amorphous Silica

This paper presents the results of research on the development of a technology intended to process electric smelting dusts of ilmenite concentrate with the extraction of silicon and titanium and the production of products in the form of their dioxides. Dusts were processed for silicon separation using the ammonium fluoride method. The optimum conditions for the fluorination and sublimation process of silicon compounds from the electric smelting dust of the ilmenite concentrate were determined: a temperature of 260 °С, a 6 h duration, and mass ratio of dust to ammonium bifluoride of 1:0.5 ÷ 0.9. The sublimation degree of silicon compounds was ~84–91%. The sublimation of titanium fluorides from the remaining sinter was carried out at a temperature of 600 ± 10 °C for 2 h, the mass ratio titanium-containing residue: ammonium bifluoride of 1:0.5, and the degree of sublimation of titanium fluorides was 99%. Iron, manganese, and chromium impurities in the sublimation of titanium fluorides sublimate to a rather low degree. Pyrohydrolysis of titanium fluoride sublimes at 600 °C and allows for the conversion of fluorides into titanium dioxide by 99.5% in 4–5 h. Titanium dioxide of rutile modification with 99.8% TiO2 was obtained after hydrochloric acid purification and calcination. A technological scheme for the complex processing of dust from the electric smelting of ilmenite concentrates with the production of silica and titanium dioxide is proposed.

Hierarchical Porous SiO2 Cryogel via Sol-Gel Process.

The aim of this research work was to develop a new, low-cost and low-energy-consuming preparation route for highly porous silica systems. The precursor gel systems were synthesized by sol-gel chemistry. The starting materials were TEOS and water glass in the sol-gel syntheses. The effect of the chemical composition, the catalysis, the pH, and the additives were investigated on the structure and porosity of the cryogels. The gel systems were treated by freeze-drying process to obtain porous cryogel silica products. The cryogel systems possess hierarchical structures. The conditions of the freeze-drying process were also studied to increase the porosity. Small angle X-ray measurements, scanning electron microscope technique, and infrared spectroscopy were applied for the investigation of gel and cryogel systems.

An improved method for the production of biogenic silica from cornhusk using sol–gel polymeric route

AbstractPorous silica was synthesized from cornhusk using the sol–gel polymeric route and compared with ash obtained from the direct combustion process under laboratory conditions. The unmodified ash from the direct combustion process was dissolved in NaOH for 1 h to form sodium silicate, which was subsequently hydrolyzed with citric acid to yield a silica xerogel. The obtained xerogel was characterized using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), gas sorption techniques to determine their elemental constituents, functional groups, crystalline phases, thermal stability, and porosity, respectively. The results showed that the synthesized silica xerogel exhibited porous network structures with a high-specific surface area and mesopore volume of 384 m2/g and 0.35 cm3/g, respectively. The pore size distribution revealed a complete transformation of the pore network structures of the unmodified ash from a monomodal to a bimodal pore system, with micro- and mesopore peaks centered around 1.5 and 3.8 nm, respectively. The ICP-OES results showed that the silica content significantly increased from 52.93 to 91.96 wt.% db after the sol–gel treatment. XRD diffraction confirmed the amorphicity of the silica particles obtained from the sol–gel extraction method. In addition, the STA data showed that the silica xerogel has high thermal stability compared to the unmodified ash, as the latter exhibited poor thermal stability and low textural properties. The high surface area and narrow pore cavity size distribution of the porous silica xerogel make it an ideal substrate for catalysts and an excellent template for growing other nanoparticles within the pores.

Fastness Improvement of a Crystalline Liquid Thermochromic Print on Cotton Fabric by the Application of Silica Nanoparticles from Rice-Husk

Most commercially available thermochromic dyes are not resistant to washing and rubbing when applied to textile materials. This is due to their low affinity for fibre. The addition of silica extracted from rice husk ash using the sol-gel method was performed to improve colour fastness and maintain the stability of thermochromic dyes printed on cotton fabrics. The rice husks used in this study were derived from the Baroma rice variety with silica content in ash and silica gel of 97.05% and 99.20%. The morphological structures and particle sizes of the silica obtained were analysed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and particle size analyser (PSA). The particle sizes of the silica product, thermochromic dye and silica-dye mixture were 53.64–60.66 nm, 2.603 nm and 5.827 nm, respectively. The printing process of silica: the dye mixture was applied to cotton fabric in a ratio of 1:1. Fluid of silica: the dye showed good stability until the seventh day of observation. Colour fastness to washing assessed using a staining scale was better with the addition of silica than without silica, i.e. 3–4 in the first washing and 3 in the third washing. Similarly, fastness to rubbing was also better with the addition of silica, i.e. 3–4 dry rubbings and 3 wet rubbings. Moreover, the combination of silica, binder, PDMS and dye (in a ratio of 1:1:1:1) gave the best colour fastness to washing and rubbing.

Synthesis of mesoporous Silica SBA-15 from geothermal sludge

The silica sludge from geothermal power plants has been prepared into silica products that potentially meet various industrial applications. The abundance of high-concentration silica in the sludge is interesting to ensure the availability of the raw material and support the environmental-friendly material processing. The present study aimed to synthesise mesoporous SBA-15 silica using sodium silicate from geothermal sludge without complicated purification. The sol-gel method and pluronic-P123 templating via a hydrothermal route were used to prepare the SBA-15 silica samples. The route was tested with commercially available sodium silicate. The sample powder was prepared using sodium silicate from geothermal sludge, using the route chosen from the successful synthesis route of commercial sodium silicate. The samples were then characterised and identified by FTIR, XRD, TEM, and BET. The sample prepared from the sludge has a specific surface area of 711.93 m2/g, pore volume of 0.85 cm3/g, pore size in diameter of 3.82 nm, micropore volume of 0.19 cm3/g, and N2-adsorption capacity of 604.64 cm3/g meanwhile the TEM images exhibit the hexagonal arrangement of pore structure as the special feature of SBA-15 silica.

Dispersion of modified fumed silica in elastomeric nanocomposites

In polymer nanocomposites, surface modification of silica aggregates can shield Coulombic interactions that inhibit agglomeration and formation of a network of agglomerates. Surface modification is usually achieved with silane coupling agents although carbon-coating during pyrolytic silica production is also possible. Pyrogenic silica with varying surface carbon contents were dispersed in styrene-butadiene (SBR) rubber to explore the impact on hierarchical dispersion, the emergence of meso-scale structures, and the rheological response. Pristine pyrogenic silica aggregates at concentrations above a critical value (related to the Debye screening length) display correlated meso-scale structures and poor filler network formation in rubber nanocomposites due to the presence of silanol groups on the surface. In the present study, flame synthesized silica with sufficient surface carbon monolayers can mitigate the charge repulsion thereby impacting network structural emergence. The impact of the surface carbon on the van der Waals enthalpic attraction, a∗, is determined. The van der Waals model for polymer nanocomposites is drawn through an analogy between thermal energy, kBT, and the accumulated strain, γ. The rheological response of the emergent meso-scale structures depends on the surface density of both carbon and silanol groups.

Treatment of tannery wastewater by silica nanoparticles produced from rice husk ash via a green route.

Rice husk, which is one of the abundant agricultural biomasses in nature, contains organic and inorganic elements, spastically silica. This waste is frequently managed via incineration, resulting in the contamination of soil, water, and air due to emission of greenhouse gasses and ash. In the present investigation, the potential of silica powder obtained from the rice husk was demonstrated by the removal of Cr(III) from the tannery wastewater. Different combinations of sulfuric, hydrochloric, and acetic acids were used as precipitation agents to produce silica through the conventional and ultrasound-assisted techniques. The mesoporous silica fabricated via the sonication indicated the larger pores, 22 nm, compared to that produced via the conventional method by the employment of sulfuric acid, 10 nm, leading to achieve an adsorption capacity ~385 mg g-1. Although both of applied techniques could develop mesoporous structure, precipitation should be carried out under sonication in the presence of acetic acid for the green production of silica with the appropriate adsorption performance. The conversion of rice husk into silica powder with specific surface area ~62 m2 g-1 could prevent the environmental pollution due to employment of acetic acid in the precipitation stage.

Efficacy Studies of Silica Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Agricultural Waste for Mitigating Waterborne Contaminants

In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the quantity of agricultural waste generation, due to the increased production of the food supply chain and the production of fuel for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction initiatives, viz. processing, and consumption. As a result, there have been a number of environmental concerns, such as waste disposal, governance, and environmental impact. Hence, repurposing such wastes into high-value goods such as silica nanoparticles (SNPs) has received a lot of scientific attention. Because of their controllable pore size, large surface areas, and tunable and tailorable structure, SNPs have attracted interest from scientists for a variety of applications. As the water resources are becoming scarce and heavily stressed, our ongoing efforts have been towards the green synthesis of nanoparticles, with an emphasis on mitigating waterborne contaminants. Recent advances in the synthesis of SNPs from barley and rice husk agricultural waste, as well as its use in the removal of several recent environmental pollutants from water, have attracted the attention of several researchers, including our group. By fine-tuning the processing parameters during synthesis, the characteristics of SNPs are altered in terms of their configuration, appearance, porosity, and dimensions. Such features and corresponding applications of the SNPs are being investigated in order to investigate whether agricultural waste may be utilized for silica precursors. Although the utilization of low-cost waste-derived minerals appears to have the potential for both waste reduction and the creation of value-added goods, further studies are needed to increase silica production, particularly on a commercial scale. In addition, we conducted a review of the efficacy of SNPs toward water contamination mitigation and our results of such investigation are reported here. It is observed that silica nanoparticles can be synthesized on a commercial scale using green chemistry principles and are highly efficient materials with promising outcomes for environmental applications. Hence, using green synthesis, we are able to reduce agricultural waste, while mitigating environmental contaminants using environmentally friendly processing.

Recent Advances in Enabling Green Manufacture of Functional Nanomaterials: A Case Study of Bioinspired Silica.

Global specialty silica production is over 3 million tonnes per annum with diverse applications across sectors and an increasing demand for more complex material structures and surface chemistries. Commercial manufacturing of high-value silica nanomaterials is energy and resource intensive. In order to meet market needs and mitigate environmental impacts, new synthesis methods for these porous materials are required. The development of the bioinspired silica (BIS) product system, which is the focus of this review, provides a potential solution to this challenge. BIS is a versatile and greener route with the prospect of good scalability, attractive process economics and well controlled product materials. The potential of the system lies not only in its provision of specific lead materials but also, as itself, a rich design-space for the flexible and potentially predictive design of diverse sustainable silica nanomaterials. Realizing the potential of this design space, requires an integrative mind-set, which enables parallel and responsive progression of multiple and dependent research strands, according to need, opportunities, and emergent knowledge. Specifically, this requires development of detailed understanding of (i) the pathways and extent of material diversity and control, (ii) the influences and mechanisms of scale-up, and (iii) performance, economic and environmental characteristics and sensitivities. Crucially, these need to be developed for the system overall, which sits in contrast to a more traditional research approach, which focuses initially on the discovery of specific material leads at the laboratory scale, leaving scale-up, commercialization, and, potentially, pathway understanding to be considered as distinctly separate concerns. The intention of this review is to present important recent advances made in the field of BIS. Specifically, advances made along three research themes will be discussed: (a) particle formation pathways, (b) product design, and (c) scale-up and manufacture. These advances include first quantitative investigation of synthesis-product relationships, first structured investigation of mixing effects, preparation of a broad range of functionalized and encapsulated silica materials and continued industrial engagement and market research. We identify future challenges and provide an important foundation for the development of new research avenues. These include the need to develop comprehensive and predictive product design models, to understand markets in terms of product cost, performance and environmental considerations, and to develop capabilities enabling rapid prototyping and scale-up of desired nanomaterials.

Fe2O3-decorated hollow porous silica spheres assisted by waste gelatin template for efficient purification of synthetic wastewater containing As(V)

Purification of As(V)-contaminated water through adsorption by Fe2O3-based materials is a promising technology due to its low-cost and high efficiency. Dispersing the Fe2O3 phase on silica supports can improve both the adsorption rate and capacity due to the reduction in Fe2O3 particle sizes and the prevention of clumping of the Fe2O3 particles. However, the clusters in conventional silica materials largely impede the diffusion of As(V) to reach the Fe2O3 sites dispersed inside the clusters. Here, by applying a gelatin template strategy, the structure of silica materials was tailored by changing the gelatin-to-silica ratio (0, 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8) and hydrothermal temperature (60 °C, 100 °C and 140 °C). The silica cluster size could be reduced using either a low gelatin-to-silica ratio (0.6) or a low hydrothermal temperature (60 °C). Increasing the gelatin-to-silica ratio to 1.2 created porous silica spheres with a hollow structure. The Fe2O3-loaded hollow porous silica spheres with a shell thickness of 280 nm had twice the maximum As(V) adsorption capacity (7.66 mg g−1) compared to the Fe2O3-loaded silica product prepared in the absence of gelatin (3.82 mg g−1). The maximum As(V) adsorption capacity could be further enhanced to 9.94 mg g−1 by reducing the shell thickness to 80 nm through increasing the gelatin-to-silica ratio to 1.8 and the hydrothermal temperature to 140 °C. In addition, the best Fe2O3-loaded hollow porous silica spheres had rapid As(V) adsorption and showed excellent durability as the As(V) removal efficiency slightly decreased to 98.9% subsequent to five adsorption-regeneration cycles.

The Sediment Green‐Blue Color Ratio as a Proxy for Biogenic Silica Productivity Along the Chilean Margin

AbstractSediment cores recently collected from the Chilean Margin during D/V JOIDES Resolution Expedition 379T (JR100) document variability in shipboard‐generated records of the green/blue (G/B) ratio. These changes show a strong coherence with benthic foraminiferal δ18O, Antarctic ice core records, and sediment lithology (e.g., higher diatom abundances in greener sediment intervals), suggesting a climate‐related control on the G/B. Here, we test the utility of G/B as a proxy for diatom productivity at Sites J1002 and J1007 by calibrating G/B to measured biogenic opal. Strong exponential correlations between measured opal% and the G/B were found at both sites. We use the empirical regressions to generate high‐resolution records of opal contents (opal%) on the Chilean Margin. Higher productivity tends to result in more reducing sedimentary conditions. Redox‐sensitive sedimentary U/Th generally co‐varies with the reconstructed opal% at both sites, supporting the association between sediment color, sedimentary U/Th, and productivity. Lastly, we calculated opal mass accumulation rate (MAR) at Site J1007 over the last ∼150,000 years. The G/B‐derived opal MAR record from Site J1007 largely tracks existing records derived from traditional wet‐alkaline digestion from the south and eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) Ocean, with a common opal flux peak at ∼50 ka suggesting that increased diatom productivity in the EEP was likely driven by enhanced nutrient supply from the Southern Ocean rather than dust inputs as previously suggested. Collectively, our results identify the G/B ratio as a useful tool with the potential to generate reliable, high‐resolution paleoceanographic records that circumvent the traditionally laborious methodology.

Rice Husk Ash Extraction Applied for Biosilica Reinforced Tire Tread Filler Compound

In the agricultural countries, rice husk is an abundant waste, especially as one of the largest sources of silica (SiO2) production that can be produced. By complete combustion, to about 87% - 97% SiO2 content can be produced from rice husks. Alkaline solution is used as a solvent in the solid-liquid extraction production of rice husk ash SiO2. The mass of 10 grams of rice husk ash was weighed for the extraction process added with 80 ml of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution with 10%, 15% and 20% various concentration to extract the SiO2 content. In a systematic study, for 60 minutes the rice husks were soaked and washed using HCl and then heated in a muffle furnace. The results of this study showed that all samples are succeeded in homogenizing SiO2 with purity close to 90%. Furthermore, through Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis was proven these results obtained through solid-liquid extraction of KOH from rice husks. Natural SiO2, known as biosilica, is useful and has potential in reinforcing compounds, including applications as filler in tires and natural rubber compounds.

Homogenization of Green SiO2 from Rice Husk Burn through Potassium Hydroxide Solid-Liquid Extraction

In the agricultural countries, rice husk is an abundant waste, especially as one of the largest sources of silica (SiO2) production that can be produced. By complete combustion, to about 87% - 97% SiO2 content can be produced from rice husks. Alkaline solution is used as a solvent in the solid-liquid extraction process of rice husk ash. The mass of 10 grams of rice husk ash was weighed for the extraction process added with 80 ml of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution with 10%, 15% and 20% various concentration for 60 minutes to extract the SiO2 content. The solution was added with 1 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution to precipitate the SiO2, after the extraction process was complete. The SiO2 formed is then separated from the rest of the solution by filtration. Next step is the drying process which aims to remove the moisture content of the resulting SiO2. In a systematic study, for 60 minutes the rice husks were soaked and washed using HCl and then heated in a muffle furnace. The results of this study showed that all samples are succeeded in homogenizing SiO2 with a purity close to 90%. Furthermore, through X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis was proven these results obtained through solid-liquid extraction of KOH from rice husks. Green SiO2, known as biosilica, is useful and has potential in reinforcing compounds, including applications as filler in tires and natural rubber compounds.

One-step rapid enrichment and detection of malachite green in aquaculture water based on metal-organic framework hydrogel

孔雀石绿是一种三苯甲烷类化合物,在水产品饲养中对疾病的防治有着不错的疗效,但因对人体健康有危害而被列为禁用药。由于实际样品中成分复杂,对于此类染料的检测方法难以同时兼具富集性好、灵敏度高且方便快速的优点。该工作制备了金属有机框架材料(MOF),采用MOF纳米材料掺杂的水凝胶(PAAM-SA/MOF)对养殖水体中的孔雀石绿进行吸附研究。采用一系列表征手段对MOF、PAAM-SA和PAAM-SA/MOF的微观形貌进行分析,结果表明吸附材料已成功合成。通过优化水凝胶吸附剂用量、吸附时间、孔雀石绿溶液pH、吸附温度、孔雀石绿溶液初始浓度等吸附萃取条件,使溶液中的孔雀石绿基本完全吸附在水凝胶中,在最优条件下,吸附效率最高可达97%。此外,采用不同极性的有机溶剂对吸附的孔雀石绿进行洗脱,通过优化洗脱液体积,脱附率最高达99%。在最佳条件下,该方法在高、中、低3个水平下的样品加标回收试验中回收率达到84.8%~118.1%,相对标准偏差小于5.1%,方法的检出限为0.083 μg/L(S/N=3),定量限为0.25 μg/L(S/N=10)。该方法简化了前处理过程,结合了MOF和水凝胶这二者各自的优点,添加的MOF材料可以在水凝胶体系中发挥其良好的吸附性,既解决了传统的MOF材料因粒径太小而回收率低的难题,便于吸附后直接提取,同时也解决了纯水凝胶吸附效率较低的问题,整体上提高了吸附效率和可回收性。实际样品测试表明该新型水凝胶吸附材料可用于养殖水体中孔雀石绿的快速萃取和检测,在食品检测领域具有很大潜力。

Cultivation of Navicula sp. on rice straw hydrolysate for the production of biogenic silica

Rice straw hydrolysate (RSH) prepared at room temperature was found to be rich in silica (140 ± 4.1 mg L-1) and other nutrients (nitrate-N: 160 ± 4.3 mg L−1, total dissolve phosphate: 164 ± 6.7 mg L−1, ammoniacal-N: 439.8 ± 17 mg L−1). The aim of this work was to study four RSH dilutions (10, 30, 50, 70% v/v) to cultivate Navicula sp. with modified ASN-III as a control. The best result was achieved in 30% RSH in terms ofdoubling time (d = 1.49 days) and growth rate (µmax = 0.46 day−1). Compared to control, specific growth rate and biomass productivity were increased by 2.93 folds and 1.85 folds, respectively. Cultivation in 5 L reactor with optimized 30% RSH yielded frustule (54.2 ± 1.9%), carbohydrate (12.4 ± 1.2%), lipid (18.9 ± 1.4%), and protein (8.2 ± 0.6%). The residual solid fraction showed 18.99% increased theoretical methane yield than raw rice straw. Overall, the present process offers a sustainable solution to manage rice straw residue and recover nanoporous silica.

Effect of Channel Type Reactor for Efficient Extraction of B for Production of High Purity Silica

Effect of Channel Type Reactor for Efficient Extraction of B for Production of High Purity Silica

Investigating the potential of sustainable use of green silica in the green tire industry: a review.

Undoubtedly, with the increasing emission of greenhouse gases and non-biodegradable wastes as the consequence of over energy and material consumption, the demands for environmentally friendly products are of significant importance. Green tires, a superb alternative to traditional tires, could play a substantial part in environmental protection owing to lower toxic and harmful substances in their construction and their higher decomposition rate. Furthermore, manufacturing green tires using green silica as reinforcement has a high capacity to save energy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, pollution, and raw material consumption. Nevertheless, their production costs are expensive in comparison with conventional tires. In this review article, by studying green tires, the improvement of silica-rubber mixing, as well as the production of green silica from agricultural wastes, were investigated. Not only does the consumption of agricultural wastes save resources considerably, but it also could eventually lead to the reduction of silica production expenses. The cost of producing green silica is about 50% lower than producing conventional silica, and since it weighs about 17% of green silica tires, it can reduce the cost of producing green rubber. Accordingly, we claim that green silica has provided acceptable properties of silica in tires. Apart from the technical aspect, environmental and economic challenges are also discussed, which can ultimately be seen as a promising prospect for the use of green silica in the green tire industry.