Second-generation Biodiesel Production Research Articles

Optimization of Enzymatic Transesterification of Acid Oil for Biodiesel Production Using a Low-Cost Lipase: The Effect of Transesterification Conditions and the Synergy of Lipases with Different Regioselectivity.

This study describes the enzymatic production of second-generation biodiesel using low-quality acid oil as a substrate. Biolipasa-R, a commercially available and low-cost lipase, was employed for enzymatic transesterification. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the enzymatic transesterification process. The optimal conditions for biodiesel production, which comprised 42% lipase concentration (per weight of oil), 32% water content (per weight of oil), a methanol to oil molar ratio of 3:1, pH 7.0 and reaction temperature 30°C, resulted in the highest fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content (71.3%). Subsequently, the synergistic effect of two lipases with different regioselectivities under the optimum transesterification conditions was studied, aiming at the enhancement of process efficiency. The transesterification efficiency of immobilized Biolipasa-R was determined and compared to that of Biolipasa-R in its free form. The results revealed a good performance on FAME content (66.5%), while the recycling of immobilized lipase resulted in a decrease in transesterification efficiency after three consecutive uses.

Novel concepts for the biocatalytic synthesis of second-generation biodiesel

Biodiesel is synthesized by the transesterification of triglycerides of oils with short-chain alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol. According to the Renewable Energy Directive guidelines (RED II 2018/2001/EU) the contribution of advanced biofuels, which do not include edible oils, towards the overall EU target, is at 1% in 2025 and at least 3.5% in 2030. Bioprocesses that valorize non-edible oils for the production of second-generation biodiesel could play a critical role in achieving this goal. Immobilized lipases, as well as other enzyme classes, such as cutinases and acyltransferases, are utilized as biocatalysts for this process. For the sustainability of the process, renewable materials can be used as immobilization matrices, or even enzymes anchored on the cells as whole-cell biocatalysts. Membrane reactors can also be employed to facilitate the enzymatic transesterification by conducting a continuous enzymatic reaction and simultaneously separate the products in a single operation. The advances on the aforementioned fast-pacing fields are presented in this work.

Production of first and second-generation biodiesel for diesel engine operation: A review

Researchers are looking at alternative cleaner technologies to fulfill the rising need for greener fuels. For this reason, alternatives like bioethanol and biodiesel have become commercially available. Renewable fuels are classified as either "first generation," "second generation," or "third generation" depending on the feedstock used in their manufacture. Over the past decade, society's reliance on first-generation biofuel feedstocks has created an inbuilt rivalry between food and fuel. Second-generation biofuel feed-stocks, such as non-edible agricultural waste products, energy crops, and crop residues, have been illuminated by emerging technical prospects. Technologies for producing biofuels have been proposed and developed in multiple stages, with first-generation technologies being the most developed. In several nations, including the United States, corn grain is used as feedstock in bio-refineries. There is a risk that food and fuel prices will rise as a result of the usage of edible materials in crops like corn. Second-generation biofuel manufacturing technology that utilizes crop residues has been developed to deal with this kind of problem. This study investigates and evaluates the economic viability and environmental sustainability of the proposed solution for the production of second-generation biodiesel.

Circular economy of native Euphorbiaceae: From second-generation biodiesel production to animal food. Taking advantage of marginal lands

Circular economy of native Euphorbiaceae: From second-generation biodiesel production to animal food. Taking advantage of marginal lands

Second-generation biodiesel in Brazil: an analysis of research on animal fats through social and complex networks

The production of second-generation biodiesel is seen as more sustainable than first-generation biodiesel as it is produced from residues such as animal fats, a by-product of the meat industry. In Brazil, the biodiesel sector has become the main market for animal fats, absorbing around 712 thousand tons in 2018, equivalent to 38% of the fat produced. In order to reach this level, research and development were carried out supported by the Brazilian government through the Brazilian Biodiesel Technology and Innovation Network. The objective of this study is to map the scientific networks formed by Brazilian organizations that have collaborated to solve research problems regarding animal fats for biodiesel production through Social Networks Analysis and The Theory of Complex Networks. An exploratory-descriptive study was conducted in the main collection of Web of Science (WoS). It was observed that research started in 2008 and involved more than 80 institutions. The institutional network formed was of a small-world type, composed of 20 clusters. The research was indexed in 19 knowledge areas, with an emphasis on Chemistry, Energy and Fuels, and Engineering and 70% of them received some type of funding to conduct the research.

A new process for the production of second-generation biodiesel from waste oils and fats

A new process for the production of second-generation biodiesel from waste oils and fats

Advancements in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Seed Oils for Biodiesel Production.

With the increasing demand for fossil fuels, decreasing fossil fuel reserves and deteriorating global environment, humanity urgently need to explore new clean and renewable energy to replace fossil fuel resources. Biodiesel, as an environmentally friendly fuel that has attracted considerable attention because of its renewable, biodegradable, and non-toxic superiority, seems to be a solution for future fuel production. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), an industrial crop, is traditionally used for manufacturing cigarettes. More importantly, tobacco seed is also widely being deemed as a typical inedible oilseed crop for the production of second-generation biodiesel. Advancements in raw material and enhanced production methods are currently needed for the large-scale and sustainable production of biodiesel. To this end, this study reviews various aspects of extraction and transesterification methods, genetic and agricultural modification, and properties and application of tobacco biodiesel, while discussing the key problems in tobacco biodiesel production and application. Besides, the proposals of new ways or methods for producing biodiesel from tobacco crops are presented. Based on this review, we anticipate that this can further promote the development and application of biodiesel from tobacco seed oil by increasing the availability and reducing the costs of extraction, transesterification, and purification methods, cultivating new varieties or transgenic lines with high oilseed contents, formulating scientific agricultural norms and policies, and improving the environmental properties of biodiesel.

Application of biodiesel derived from olive oil production wastes at marine diesel engine and evaluation of gasseous emission trends

As a carbon neutral fuel, biodiesel is one option in future IMO scenarios for reducing carbon intensity in shipping sector, and at same time reducing emission of pollutants. Some oily wastes, such as waste from olive oil production, might be used for production of second-generation biodiesel. The current study looks into the effect of biodiesel on the characteristics of gaseous pollutant emissions of NOx and CO from slow-speed two-stroke marine diesel engines that do not have any after-treatment devices or engine control technology installed to reduce gaseous pollutant emissions. While the ship was berthed in the harbor, tests were performed on two separate loads at 210 rpm. The engine was powered by diesel fuel and blends of 7%, 20%, and 25% v/v of biodiesel derived from oily wastes generated during olive oil processing. For biodiesel production in lab conditions, base-catalyzed transesterification was implemented. According to the findings, there are tendencies of reduced gaseous emissions when utilizing blended fuels.

Catalytic methanotreating of vegetable oil: A pathway to Second-generation biodiesel

Vegetable oil is one of the most commonly used feedstocks for the production of biodiesel, while the first-generation biodiesel suffers from the disadvantages of considerable instability and corrosivity. Developing second-generation biodiesel is momentous for the sustainable development of global energy, which overcomes the shortcomings of first-generation biodiesel. The methanotreating of vegetable oil is a potential new route for the production of second-generation biodiesel, which is comprehensively investigated in this study. Throughout the screening of the catalysts, Ga-Ce/TS-1 demonstrates the best overall performances in this methane-incorporated process, leading to 84.23 % of liquid yield, 0.95 % of methane conversion, 72.8 % of oxygen content reduction, and 71% of light hydrocarbon distillates yield. The participation of methane promotes deoxygenation performance, optimizes the composition of paraffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons, as well as suppresses coke formation. The catalytic methanotreating of vegetable oil is confirmed to be a promising pathway to second-generation biodiesel.

Determination of the Potential Biodiesel Volume of Soybean used as the First-Generation Biodiesel Feedstock in the United States

In the United States (U.S), biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, recycled restaurant oil, and waste oil. Soybean oil has been by far the most widely used feedstock for U.S biodiesel production, accounting for more than half of the nation's biodiesel feedstock. This study aimed to determine the potential biodiesel volume of the soybean plant, which is the most cultivated product as a first-generation biodiesel feedstock in the U.S. The potential biodiesel volume of the soybean plant, which was grown on an area of 30 352 150 hectares in the U.S in 2019, was calculated as 1 020 749 343 liters. Knowing the potential of oilseed plants used as feedstocks in first-generation biodiesel production will accelerate efforts to identify products that should be used in second-generation biodiesel production and expand their cultivation. Studies should be planned to remove the threat on the food sector by replacing the first-generation biodiesel production feedstocks, which are mainly used as oil feedstocks in the food sector, with the second-generation inedible oil feedstocks that are not used in the food sector.

The critical techno-economic aspects for production of B10 biodiesel from second generation feedstocks: a review

ABSTRACT Global energy demand continues to increase owing to advancements in key growth sectors of Economies. Transportation-related emissions resulting from petroleum use account for 23% of total energy-related CO2 emissions. Biofuels including biodiesel are renewable substitutes for transportation fuels that have attracted global interest. This paper reviewed existing literature on technological, economic, and life cycle environmental aspects vital for assessment of the viability of production of second-generation biodiesel including the B10 blend advocated for Uganda. The quantity of biodiesel required to fulfil a B10 blend for Uganda’s downstream petroleum sector is one hundred million litres per annum. To meet this demand, 50,000 ha of land is required for cultivation of biodiesel feedstocks against the available 6,900,000 ha. Jatropha, castor, and croton, offer agronomical advantages. Biodiesel produced from these feedstocks through transesterification, should conform to ASTM D6751/EN14214 standards. Physicochemical, economic, and environmental assessments are vital to confirm its techno-economic viability.

Recent Updates on Biodiesel Production Techniques: A Review

The present review presents the most commonplace vegetable-based feedstock for biodiesel production. It focuses on biodiesel production with an emphasis on the most recent studies and innovations. Transesterification of plant oil or animal fat is the most common process for the production of biodiesel. Several techniques are utilized for this transesterification reaction, such as batch processes, ultrasonic, microwave and other methods. Many conditions are usually studied, including temperature, pressure, solvent and catalysis. Furthermore, we aim to provide an investigation of the different processes and technologies applicable to the production of second-generation biodiesel, with special attention paid to the development of innovative catalysts as well as new reactor concepts.

Production of second-generation biodiesel using low-quality date fruits

This study focused on the valorization of the date syrup obtained from low-quality date fruits to be used as a low-cost alternative medium for producing single cell oil (SCO) by Rhodotorula glutinis PTCC5256, which could further be converted into biodiesel. The higher C/N ratio of date syrup (C/N 70) led to restricting the formation of cell biomass and enhancing the biosynthesis of SCO. The maximal cell biomass and lipid productivities were obtained 72 mg/L/h and 17 mg/L/h by C/N ratios of 20 and 70, respectively. Although the obtained biodiesel met the international standards for cold filter plugging point (4.92 °C), iodine value (87.22 g I2/100 g oil), cetane number (52.26), higher heating value (40.19 MJ/kg), cloud point (6.29 °C), pour point (0.00 °C), density (878 kg/m3), kinematic viscosity (4.30 mm2/s) and oxidation stability (7.87 h), its weak cold-flow properties might limit its application in cold areas in comparison with diesel fuel.

Optimization of culture conditions of Rhodotorula graminis S1/2R to obtain saponifiable lipids for the production of second-generation biodiesel

The use of biodiesel has generated a diversification of the energy matrix, which has led to a lower dependence on fossil fuels and a concomitant reduction of the adverse effects on the environment generated by their use. Currently, biodiesel is mainly produced by transesterification with short-chain alcohols of oils from different sources, in particular from oil crops, such as soybean and canola. Since the use of crops for the generation of fuels competes with their use as food, it seems appropriate to explore new oil sources for the production of biodiesel, such as the intracellular triglycerides accumulated by oleaginous yeasts. In this case, to achieve a competitive process, yeast production should be carried out using low-cost fermentable substrates such as industrial wastes or by-products. In this work we optimized the production of intracellular lipids by a previously selected oleaginous yeast strain in a fed-batch culture in presence of crude glycerol as a source of carbon and energy. In the optimized conditions an important improvement of lipid concentration was achieved, obtaining 12.2 g L−1 of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and 26.6 g L−1 of dry biomass in 360 h of culture.

Highly active and selective hydrodeoxygenation of oleic acid to second generation bio-diesel over SiO2-supported CoxNi1−xP catalysts

Bio-fuels have been proposed as an ideal alternative fuel to conventional fossil fuel due to the advantages of renewability and low pollution. Herein, to greatly enhance the catalytic activity and selectivity of for the production of second generation biodiesel, designed and developed five kinds of catalysts with different ratios (3/1, 5/3, 1/1, 3/5, 1/3) of Co to Ni. The composite catalyst was characterized by XRD, XPS and HRTEM techniques. The activity and selectivity of the catalyst were evaluated by the hydrodeoxidization of oleic acid. It was found that the hydrodeoxygenation activity and selectivity of CoxNi1−xP/SiO2 catalyst was closely related to the proportion of Co/Ni. The selectivity of C17 followed the decreasing order: 3/5 > 1/3 ≈ 1/1 > 5/3 > 3/1 (Co/Ni ratios). Clearly, among all the samples, the catalyst with 3/5 Co/Ni ratio exhibits the best conversion rate and selectivity of 97% and 86% for the production of C17, respectively. The high activity and selectivity of CoxNi1−xP/SiO2 were dominantly attributed to the synergistic effects and the uniform dispersion of Co and Ni species on the SiO2 supports. In particular, the CoxNi1−xP/SiO2 shows the more advantages than the high activity for Ni-based catalysts and high selectivity for Co-based catalysts. It is expected that the catalyst has the great potential to be used in the practical industrial production.

Optimisation of Second-Generation Biodiesel Production from Australian Native Stone Fruit Oil Using Response Surface Method

In this study, the production process of second-generation biodiesel from Australian native stone fruit have been optimised using response surface methodology via an alkali catalysed transesterification process. This process optimisation was performed varying three factors, each at three different levels. Methanol: oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration (wt %) and reaction temperature were the input factors in the optimisation process, while biodiesel yield was the key model output. Both 3D surface plots and 2D contour plots were developed using MINITAB 18 to predict optimum biodiesel yield. Gas chromatography (GC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of the resulting biodiesel was also done for biodiesel characterisation. To predict biodiesel yield a quadratic model was created and it showed an R2 of 0.98 indicating the satisfactory performance of the model. Maximum biodiesel yield of 95.8% was obtained at a methanol: oil molar ratio of 6:1, KOH catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt % and a reaction temperature of 55 °C. At these reaction conditions, the predicted biodiesel yield was 95.9%. These results demonstrate reliable prediction of the transesterification process by Response surface methodology (RSM). The results also show that the properties of the synthesised Australian native stone fruit biodiesel satisfactorily meet the ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards. In addition, the fuel properties of Australian native stone fruit biodiesel were found to be similar to those of conventional diesel fuel. Thus, it can be said that Australian native stone fruit seed oil could be used as a potential second-generation biodiesel source as well as an alternative fuel in diesel engines.

Electro-Catalytic Biodiesel Production from Canola Oil in Methanolic and Ethanolic Solutions with Low-Cost Stainless Steel and Hybrid Ion-Exchange Resin Grafted Electrodes

Biodiesel is a growing alternative to petroleum fuels and is produced by the catalysed transesterification of fats in presence of an alcohol base. Transesterification processes using homogeneous catalysts are considered to be amongst the most efficient methods but rely on the feedstock quality and low water content in order to avoid undesirable saponification reactions. In this work, the electro-catalytic conversion of canola oil to biodiesel in a 1% aqueous methanolic and ethanolic reaction mixture was performed without the addition of external catalyst or co-solvent. An inexpensive stainless steel electrode and a hybrid stainless steel electrode coated with an ion-exchange resin catalyst were used as cathode materials while the anode was composed of a plain carbon paper. The cell voltages were varied from 10 to 40 V and the reaction temperature maintained at 20 or 40°C. The canola oil conversion rates were found to be superior at 40°C without saponification reactions for cell voltages below 30 V. The conversion rates were as high as 87% for the hybrid electrode and 81% for the plain stainless steel electrode. This work could inspire new process development for the conversion of high water content feedstock for the production of second-generation biodiesel.

The interaction between EU biofuel policy and first- and second-generation biodiesel production

We build a tractable partial equilibrium model to study the interactions between the EU biofuel policies (mandate and double-counting of second-generation biofuels) and first- and second-generation biodiesel production. We find that increasing the biodiesel mandate results in a higher share of first-generation biodiesel in total diesel fuel, but leads to a lower share of second-generation biodiesel. The double-counting policy supports the production of second-generation biodiesel at the expense of a lower share of first-generation biodiesel, and increases the consumption of fossil diesel as compared to treating first- and second-generation biodiesel equally. Finally, improved collection of used cooking oil reduces the price of oilseeds and oils thereof, the prices of both biofuel types, and negligibly also the consumer fuel price.

Lipid production through simultaneous utilization of glucose, xylose, and L-arabinose by Pseudozyma hubeiensis: a comparative screening study.

Co-fermentation of glucose, xylose and l-arabinose from lignocellulosic biomass by an oleaginous yeast is anticipated as a method for biodiesel production. However, most yeasts ferment glucose first before consuming pentoses, due to glucose repression. This preferential utilization results in delayed fermentation time and lower productivity. Therefore, co-fermentation of lignocellulosic sugars could achieve cost-effective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to microbial lipid. Comprehensive screening of oleaginous yeasts capable of simultaneously utilizing glucose, xylose, and l-arabinose was performed by measuring the concentration of sugars remaining in the medium and of lipids accumulated in the cells. We found that of 1189 strains tested, 12 had the ability to co-ferment the sugars. The basidiomycete yeast Pseudozyma hubeiensis IPM1-10, which had the highest sugars consumption rate of 94.1 %, was selected by culturing in a batch culture with the mixed-sugar medium. The strain showed (1) simultaneous utilization of all three sugars, and (2) high lipid-accumulating ability. This study suggests that P. hubeiensis IPM1-10 is a promising candidate for second-generation biodiesel production from hydrolysate of lignocellulosic biomass.

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of fatty acids for biodiesel production

This paper is devoted to the production of second generation biodiesel via catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of fatty acids. Pd/C catalysts with different metal loading were used. The palladium catalysts were characterized using low-temperature nitrogen physisorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was revealed that the most active and selective catalyst was 1%-Pd/C which allowed reaching up 97.5% of selectivity (regarding to n-heptadecane) at 100% conversion of substrate. Moreover, the chosen catalyst is more preferable according to lower metal content that leads the decrease of the process cost. The analysis of the catalysts showed that 1%-Pd/C had the highest specific surface area compared with 5%-Pd/C. Copyright © 2016 BCREC GROUP. All rights reserved Received: 31 st July 2015; Revised: 9 th December 2015; Accepted: 30 th December 2015 How to Cite : Stepacheva, A.A., Sapunov, V.N., Sulman, E.M., Nikoshvili, L.Z., Sulman, M.G., Sidorov, A.I., Demidenko, G.N., Matveeva, V.G. (2016). Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Fatty Acids for Biodiesel Production. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis , 11 (2): 125-132 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.2.538.125-132) Permalink/DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.538.125-132 Article Metrics: (click on the button below to see citations in Scopus)