Production Of Renewable Fuels Research Articles

Techno-economic analysis of renewable fuels production from sewage sludge through hydrothermal liquefaction

In this work, techno-economic evaluation of renewable fuels production from sewage sludge using hydrothermal liquefaction method is investigated. The process design of the plant includes wastewater treatment for sewage collection, hydrothermal liquefaction for biocrude production, hydroprocessing for biocrude upgrading, and hydrogen production. A steady-state simulation is first conducted to predict the mass and energy flow rates of the plant for the manufacture of renewable fuels. Then, the economic calculation is performed to obtain a minimum selling price (MSP) of the renewable fuels using the results of a steady-state simulation. The MSP of renewable fuels is obtained at US$4.04/ Gasoline Gallon Equivalent (GGE). The predicted value closely matches the literature findings. Furthermore, the analysis of sensitivity is conducted to find the influential parameters that affect the MSP of renewable fuels.It is found that biocrude yield and operating cost have a significant effect on the MSP of renewable fuels. This study provides the feasibility of large-scale production of the renewable fuels from the sludge and also guides future plant design/optimization. This will drive further research and development activities towards to circular economy.

Co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with other carbonaceous materials: A review on advance technologies, synergistic effect, and future prospectus

Due to the continuous rise in population, modernization, and industrialization, the demand for energy is increasing day by day, resulting in serious issues such as fossil fuel depletion, pollution, and power shortages. As a result, there is an urgent need to investigate alternate energy sources. Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis has been shown as the most promising feedstock for the production of sustainable and renewable biofuels. Unfortunately, the fuel characteristics of bio-oil generated from biomass pyrolysis are still insufficient to meet petroleum products ASTM standards. To address these challenges, co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with other carbonaceous materials (e.g., plastic waste, Tyre garbage etc.) is emerging as one of the most promising approaches. Various experimental studied have been conducted on lignocellulosic biomasses co-pyrolysis with other carbonaceous materials such as plastic waste, tire waste, coal, algae and sewage sludge. The present manuscript aims to review and establish the scope of co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with various carbon rich feedstocks for renewable production of high-quality renewable fuels. The synergistic effect between lignocellulosic biomass and other carbonaceous materials has been explored in detail. Furthermore, recent advances in co-pyrolysis process along with the reaction affecting parameters are also summarized in brief. Consequently, this review demonstrates both highlights of the remarkable achievement of co-pyrolysis and the milestones that are necessary to be garnered in the future.

Enhanced and recyclable CO2 photoreduction into methanol over S-scheme PdO/GdFeO3 heterojunction photocatalyst under visible light

Photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into value-added chemicals over ceramic photocatalysts has presently regarded as an eco-friendly and workable approach for saving energy resources and reducing global warming. Accordingly, marvellous research is being performed for engineering enhanced photocatalysts. So, we present a solution-based process for the synthesis of gadolinium orthoferrite nanocrystals (GdFeO3) that are supported with trace amounts (0.5 ∼ 2.0 wt%) of palladium oxide (PdO) to form PdO/GdFeO3 nanocomposites. These synthesized nanostructures were applied for the photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into methanol (CH3OH) for the first time. Physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized materials revealed the growth of perovskite GdFeO3nanocrystals supported with tiny PdO dots. Also, a slight reduction in surface areas from 214 to 193 m2g−1 owing to the PdO inclusion. Interestingly, the visible-light absorption was greatly enhanced with a reduction of the overall bandgap down to 2.14 eV compared to 2.37 eV for the pristine GeFeO3. The photoinduced carrier recombination was also suppressed with enhanced mobility, as confirmed by photoluminescence and photocurrent studies. The tuned 2.0 gL−1 dosage of 1.5% PdO/GdFeO3 has resulted in 1550 μmol g−1 CH3OH production within 9 h of visible light illumination, which is > 7.8 times than pristine GdFeO3. Moreover, this novel nanocomposite displays sustainable recyclability of 98% after five cycles. The photocatalytic performance promotion of the 1.5% PdO/GdFeO3 is attributed to the formed heterojunction that enhanced both charge transfer and mobility as well. This work proposes the realization of stable perovskite-based nanoceramics for the production of renewable fuels.

Flexible BiOI thin films photocatalysts toward renewable solar fuels production

Bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) is an emerging photocatalyst material with remarkable electrical and optical properties, bringing it to the forefront of materials research. Herein, thin films of BiOI photocatalysts have been successfully synthesized by a one-pot microwave-hydrothermal method. The BiOI films were deposited on earth-abundant mica substrates, which provide a flexible and effective surface for the controlled growth of well-dispersed flowers of high surface area and enhanced light absorption. The films were evaluated as photocatalyst to generate alternative and renewable solar fuels from CO2 reduction, H2O splitting, and N2 photofixation under visible light. The results demonstrated the ability of the flower-shaped BiOI films to generate various value-added compounds, such as HCOOH (4.8 mmoles g-1 h-1), CH3OH (9.5 mmoles g-1 h-1), H2 (0.6 mmoles g-1 h-1), and NH3 (0.11 mmoles g-1 h-1) under visible light irradiation. Mainly, the H2 evolution was promoted (x3) after adding 3% wt. of calcium gluconate as a sacrificial agent, reaching a continuous H2 production (1.8 mmoles g-1 h-1). This enhancement effect was related to the oxidation of the sacrificial agent, favoring a high number of electrons available to reduce H+ to H2. In addition, the recycling of the photocatalyst was evidenced after four cycles, which activity was reactivated after the fifth cycle with a thermal treatment at 160 °C under vacuum conditions.

Power-to-X in energy hubs: A Danish case study of renewable fuel production

The European Commission recently proposed requirements for the production of renewable fuels as these are required to decarbonize the hard-to-electrify parts of the industrial and heavy transport sectors. Power-to-X (P2X) energy hubs enable efficient synergies between energy infrastructures, production facilities, and storage options. In this study, we explore the optimal operation of an energy hub by leveraging the flexibility of P2X, including hydrogen, methanol, and ammonia synthesizers by analyzing potential revenue streams such as the day-ahead and ancillary services markets. We propose EnerHub2X, a mixed-integer linear program that maximizes the hub’s profit based on current market prices, considering the technical constraints of P2X, such as unit commitment and non-linear efficiencies. We investigate a representative Danish energy hub and find that without price incentives, it mainly sells renewable electricity and produces compressed hydrogen. A sufficient amount of renewable ammonia and methanol is only produced by adding a price premium of about 50% (0.16 €/kg) to the conventional fuel prices. To utilize production efficiently, on-site renewable energy sources and P2X must be carefully aligned. We show that renewable power purchase agreements can provide flexibility while complying with the rules set by the European Commission.

Recent Progress in Electrochemical Upgrading of Bio-Oil Model Compounds and Bio-Oils to Renewable Fuels and Platform Chemicals.

Sustainable production of renewable carbon-based fuels and chemicals remains a necessary but immense challenge in the fight against climate change. Bio-oil derived from lignocellulosic biomass requires energy-intense upgrading to produce usable fuels or chemicals. Traditional upgrading methods such as hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) require high temperatures (200−400 °C) and 200 bar of external hydrogen. Electrochemical hydrogenation (ECH), on the other hand, operates at low temperatures (<80 °C), ambient pressure, and does not require an external hydrogen source. These environmental and economically favorable conditions make ECH a promising alternative to conventional thermochemical upgrading processes. ECH combines renewable electricity with biomass conversion and harnesses intermediately generated electricity to produce drop-in biofuels. This review aims to summarize recent studies on bio-oil upgrading using ECH focusing on the development of novel catalytic materials and factors impacting ECH efficiency and products. Here, electrode design, reaction temperature, applied overpotential, and electrolytes are analyzed for their impacts on overall ECH performance. We find that through careful reaction optimization and electrode design, ECH reactions can be tailored to be efficient and selective for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. Preliminary economic and environmental assessments have shown that ECH can be viable alternative to convention upgrading technologies with the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by 3 times compared to thermochemical upgrading. While the field of electrochemical upgrading of bio-oil has additional challenges before commercialization, this review finds ECH a promising avenue to produce renewable carbon-based drop-in biofuels. Finally, based on the analyses presented in this review, directions for future research areas and optimization are suggested.

Modeling Perennial Bioenergy Crops in the E3SM Land Model (ELMv2)

AbstractPerennial bioenergy crops are increasingly important for the production of ethanol and other renewable fuels, and as part of an agricultural system that alters the climate through its impact on biogeophysical and biogeochemical properties of the terrestrial ecosystem. Few Earth System Models (ESMs) represent such crops, however. In this study, we expand the Energy Exascale Earth System Land Model to include perennial bioenergy crops with a high potential for mitigating climate change. We focus on high‐productivity miscanthus and switchgrass, estimating various parameters associated with their different growth stages and performing a global sensitivity analysis to identify and optimize these parameters. The sensitivity analysis identifies five parameters associated with phenology, carbon/nitrogen allocation, stomatal conductance, and maintenance respiration as the most sensitive parameters for carbon and energy fluxes. We calibrated and validated the model against observations and found that the model closely captures the observed seasonality and the magnitude of carbon fluxes. The validated model represents the latent heat flux fairly well, but sensible heat flux for miscanthus is not well captured. Finally, we validated the model against observed leaf area index (LAI) and harvest amount and found modeled LAI captured observed seasonality, although the model underestimates LAI and harvest amount. This work provides a foundation for future ESM analyses of the interactions between perennial bioenergy crops and carbon, water, and energy dynamics in the larger Earth system, and sets the stage for studying the impact of future biofuel expansion on climate and terrestrial systems.

Extraction of Value-added Chemicals from Sawdust Bio-oil Through Liquid-liquid Extraction

Bio-oil, a liquid product obtained from pyrolysis of solid biomass, can be used as a sustainable feedstock for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. Sawdust was used as the feedstock for obtaining bio-oil in conical spouted bed reactor through fast pyrolysis. Liquid-liquid extraction method was used to separate the bio-oil into different chemical groups by their polarities to stabilize bio-oil and improve the quality. Similar oxygen-containing functional groups were present in water and solvent phase of the separated bio-oil. Chloroform, hexane, and petroleum ether were used for the extraction of chemicals from the sawdust bio-oil through liquid-liquid extraction. The solvent phase had high concentrations of organic compounds. With chloroform extraction solvent, 65.89%(w) of organics in water phase were extracted.

Fish processing discards: A plausible resource for valorization to renewable fuels production, optimization, byproducts and challenges

Considering the petroleum and fuel prices in India for the past ten years, it can be concluded that there is a huge need for alternative sources of energy. The fuels that are currently used are obtained from fossil fuels, which is on the verge of depletion because of its continuous exploitation. In addition, these fossil fuels emit toxic elements, polluting the atmosphere and causes health ailments, affecting both land and living beings. Production of eco-friendly sources of energy has increasingly gained importance because of the problems involving fossil fuels (nonrenewable sources), such as cost, global warming, and energy crises. Every year, almost millions of tons of lipid-rich fish wastes are dumped by the domestic markets. A part of these wastes is used in the production of animal feed and fertilizers, whereas a majority is discarded in the environment, causing pollution. Recently, research has found out that fish discards are promising alternatives for the production of biogas and biodiesel. This review focusses on the potential benefits of using fish waste in the manufacture of biofuels, as well as the advantages over other methods. In addition, other key factors that play a major role, such as the quality of fish waste that is being dumped, biofuel preparation method, and its utilization, will also be reviewed. Thus, this present study is useful for those who work in industries that process fish, manage fishery waste, and produce biofuel, making it beneficial for them to utilize these high organic wastes in an efficient manner, thereby introducing an alternate renewable biodiesel feedstock.

Growth of Coniochaeta Species on Acetate in Biomass Sugars

Degradation products from sugars and lignin are commonly generated as byproducts during pretreatment of biomass being processed for production of renewable fuels and chemicals. Many of the degradation products act as microbial inhibitors, including furanic and phenolic compounds and acetate, which is solubilized from hemicellulose. We previously identified a group of fungi, Coniochaeta species, that are intrinsically tolerant to and capable of mineralizing furans present in biomass hydrolysates. Here, we challenged 20 C. ligniaria and phylogenetically related isolates with acetate to test if the robustness phenotype extended to this important inhibitor as well, and all strains grew at concentrations up to 2.5% (w/v) sodium acetate. At the highest concentrations tested (5.0–7.5% w/v), some variation in growth on solid medium containing glucose plus acetate was apparent among the strains. The hardiness of four promising strains was further evaluated by challenging them (0.5% w/v sodium acetate) in mineral medium containing 10 or 15 mM furfural. The strains grew and consumed all of the acetate and furfural. At a higher (2.5% w/v) concentration, consumption of acetate varied among the strains: only one consumed any acetate in the presence of furfural, but all four strains consumed acetate provided that a small amount (0.2% w/v) of glucose was added. Finally, the four strains were evaluated for biological abatement of rice hull hydrolysates having elevated acetate content. The hardiest strains were also able to consume furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) within 24 h, followed by acetate within 40 h when grown in dilute acid pretreated rice hulls containing 0.55% acetate, 15 mM furfural, and 1.7 mM HMF. As such, these strains are expected to be helpful for abating non-desirable compounds from unrefined hydrolysates so as to enable their conversion to bioproducts.

Materials for renewable fuels production

Materials for renewable fuels production

Co-pyrolysis of beech wood and polyamide-6: Impact of plastic concentration and wood/plastic synergistic effects

Biomass residues and waste can be converted into bioliquids by pyrolysis, which can contribute to both the production of renewable fuels and the recycling of waste. In this paper, the catalytic co-pyrolysis of mixtures of beech wood (BW) and polyamide-6 (PA6) in different ratios was investigated to assess the effect of PA6 concentration on the properties of bio-oils and on the catalyst performances in upgrading the bio-oils. The catalytic treatment was applied to the pyrolysis vapors that were driven across a H-ZSM-5 catalyst bed before their condensation into liquid products. Increasing the PA6 concentration in the BW+PA6 blends led to an increase in the average molar mass of bio-oils and to an increase in their N-content. Caprolactam and 5-cyano-1-pentene were the main products derived from PA6 pyrolysis, and their ratio also changed with the PA6 concentration. The production of fully deoxygenated compounds was strongly reduced in the presence of PA6, as the result of catalyst deactivation, also evidenced by the increase in sugars and decrease in furans concentrations. The amount of coke deposited on the catalyst decreased as the PA6 concentration increased, but this coke contained more nitrogen. Synergistic effects in the BW+PA6 pyrolysis were evidenced by the positive or negative deviation of different parameters (mass of gas, liquid, solid products, mass of coke on the catalyst, C, N, O composition of bio-oils) from a simple arithmetic combination of the same parameters for pure BW or pure PA6 weighted by their concentrations, in particular the N-content in the bio-oils was much higher than expected.

Feedstock analysis, technical and achievable potential of advanced biofuels, renewable gases and recycled carbon fuels for the Greek transport sector until 2050

We find that there is sufficient technical feedstock availability for Greece to reach its medium-term targets on the production and use of advanced biofuels, renewable gases, electrofuels and recycled carbon fuels for the Greek transport sector. Our analysis suggests that the biomass fraction of municipal solid waste, the biomass fraction of industrial waste, animal manure and sewage sludge, tree prunings, carbon dioxide feedstocks from industrial sources and refuse derived fuels/plastics are feedstocks with sufficient availability until 2050 for the production of renewable fuels and gases for the transport sector in Greece. As a rough indicator, if all the technically achievable feedstocks covered in this study are converted into associated advanced fuels (excluding recycled carbon fuels), this could equate to 7% in 2020, 8.2% in 2030, 9.3% in 2040 and 10.3% in 2050 of the total energy consumed in the transport sector. With policy support, the production of biomethane from the biomass fraction of municipal solid waste, hydrotreated vegetable oil and recycled carbon fuels have possibilities in Greece by 2030, while electrofuels and biomethane from other sources have possibilities by 2040 and lignocellulosic ethanol does not have possibilities in the long run due to limited feedstocks and high costs.

Evaluation of a multi-step catalytic co-processing hydrotreatment for the production of renewable fuels using Category 3 animal fat and used cooking oils.

An alternative method for the production of renewable fuels from rendered animal fats (pretreated using methods 1-5 or method 7 as described in Annex IV of Commission Regulation (EC) No 2011/142) and used cooking oils, derived from Category 3 animal by-products, was assessed. The method is based on a catalytic co-processing hydrotreatment using a middle distillate followed by a stripping step. The materials must be submitted to a pressure of at least 60 bars and a temperature of at least 270°C for at least 4.7min. The application focuses on the demonstration of the level of reduction of spores from non-pathogenic spore-forming indicator bacterial species (Bacillus subtilis and Desulfotomaculum kuznetsovii), based on a non-systematic review of published data and additional extrapolation analyses. The EFSA BIOHAZ Panelconsiders that the application and supporting literature contain sufficient evidence that the proposed alternative method can achieve a reduction of at least 5 log10 in the spores of B. subtilis and a 12 log10 reduction in the spores of C. botulinum. The alternative method under evaluation is considered at least equivalent to the processing methods currently approved in the Commission Regulation (EU) No 2011/142.

Cobalt porphyrin/molybdenum disulfide nanoensembles for light-assisted electrocatalytic water oxidation and selective hydrogen peroxide production

The development of photo/electroactive catalysts sustainably producing hydrogen from water splitting and selectively hydrogen peroxide is of paramount importance to alleviate climate change effects. Herein, an anionic cobalt porphyrin (CoP) derivative is electrostatically interfaced with a positively charged modified molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), forming CoP/MoS2, which is accordingly employed as nonprecious photo/electrocatalyst for water oxidation reaction (WOR) and selective H2O2 production. According to the results, CoP/MoS2 shows remarkable bifunctional photo/electrocatalytic performance for WOR and 2e− pathway O2 reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline electrolyte. Upon visible light irradiation, electrochemical measurements on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass electrode reveal an onset potential of 0.595 mV (ORR) and 1.575 mV (WOR) vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, being improved by approximately 80 mV, in both cases, compared to the dark conditions. Notably, the use of the FTO set-up not only enabled us to evaluate the photo/electrocatalytic activity of the CoP/MoS2 nanoensemble but also mimics the practical conditions in photo/electrochemical devices. The outstanding bifunctional photo/electrocatalytic performance of CoP/MoS2 is attributed to (a) the use of CoP as versatile single-atom molecular catalyst and photosensitizer (b) the strong ion-pair interactions between cationic modified MoS2 and the anionic CoP derivative, which prevent aggregation, ensuring better accessibility of the reactants to cobalt active sites, and (c) the co-existence of 1T and 2H phase at modified MoS2, offering improved electrical conductivity and intrinsic electrocatalytic activity along with enhanced intraensemble electronic interactions upon illumination. This work is expected to inspire the design of advanced and low-cost materials for the sustainable production of renewable fuels.

Cellulose Fast Pyrolysis Activated by Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds.

The conversion of inedible biomass by fast pyrolysis is a promising route for sustainable production of renewable fuels and value-added chemicals, but low selectivity toward desired products hampers its economic viability. Understanding the molecular-level reaction pathways of biomass fast pyrolysis could be the key to overcoming this challenge. However, the effects of intramolecular and interchain hydrogen bonds near the reaction center have not been thoroughly explored. In this work, the reaction pathways and kinetics of fast pyrolysis of cellulose, a major component of biomass, were investigated using the density functional theory. A new intramolecular hydroxyl-activated mechanism is presented for cellulose activation. Our calculations incorporating noncovalent interactions accurately captured the activation energy of 50.8 kcal mol-1, agreeable with the apparent activation energy measured experimentally. The findings of cellulose pyrolysis provide insights into the investigation of interactions during real-life biomass pyrolysis.

Kinetic study of thermal decomposition of sugarcane bagasse pseudo-components at typical pretreatment conditions: Simulations of opportunities towards the establishment of a feasible primary biorefining

A deeper understanding of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of thermal degradation of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is fundamental to defining appropriate conditions for primary biorefining in the production of renewable fuels. In this work, the kinetics of thermal degradation of high polymers of SCB was investigated through thermogravimetric data. Model-free and model-fitting methods were used to calculate apparent activation energies (Ea) and other related reaction parameters. An essential advance of this work is related to the quantitative interpretation of the degradation process (an endothermic and non-spontaneous process) via a multi-stage model governed by diffusion-controlled reactions and order-based models, which helps explain the differences observed in the mass balance of biorefining processes. Based on derivative thermogravimetric curves, three major peaks were associated with pseudo-components (PSE): PSE 1 (hemicelluloses + extractives and lignin), PSE 2 (cellulose + extractives and lignin), and PSE 3 (lignin + extractives and residual holocellulose). For PSE 1, PSE 2, and PSE 3, respectively, Ea ranges of 124–154, 147–153, and 230–530 kJ⋅mol−1 were obtained using the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method, and 120–152, 144–150, and 232–545 kJ⋅mol−1 were obtained using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. These data support the calculation of many critical operating parameters of biorefinery processes, such as the minimum pretreatment temperature. SCB biorefining could lead to a degradation of up to 10, 0.5, and 11% of PSE 1, PSE 2, and PSE 3, respectively, at 473.15 K for 200 min.

Hybrid electrosynthesis as non-genetic approach for regulating microbial metabolism towards waste valorization in circular framework.

Biogenic waste (solid/liquid/gaseous) utilization in biological processes has disruptive potential of inclining towards carbon neutrality, while producing diverse products output. Anaerobic fermentation (methanogenesis and acidogenesis) routes are crucial bioprocesses for production of various renewable chemicals (carboxylate platform/organic acids, short/medium chain alcohols, aldehydes, biopolymers) and fuels (methane, hydrogen, hythane, biodiesel and electricity), while individual operations posing process limitations on their conversion efficiency. Advantageous benefit of using the individual bioprocess technicalities is of utmost importance in the context of sustainability to conceptualize and executeintegrated waste biorefinery. The opinion article intends to document/familiarize the waste-fed biorefinery potential with application of hybrid advancements towards multiple product/energy/renewable chemical spectrum leading to carbon neutrality bioprocesses. Unique and notable challenges with diverse process integrations along with electrochemical/interspecies-redox metabolites-materials synergy/enzymatic interventions are specifically emphasized on application-oriented waste feedstock potential towards achieving sustainability.

Brazilian industrial yeasts show high fermentative performance in high solids content for corn ethanol process

An imminent change in the world energy matrix makes it necessary to increase the production of renewable fuels. The United States and Brazil are the world's largest producers, but their production methods are very different, using different raw materials, ground corn and sugarcane juice, respectively. In recent years, strong investments have been made to expand the use of corn in Brazilian ethanol production. The combination of the sugar cane and corn ethanol industries has generated innovations in the sector, such as the "flex" mills, which are traditional sugar cane mills adapted to produce corn ethanol in the sugar cane off-season. Brazil has a portfolio of robust industrial yeasts for sugarcane ethanol production, naturally evolved and selected over the past 50 years. In this work, we analyze for the first time the performance of Brazilian industrial strains (BG-1, CAT-1, PE-2 and SA-1, widely used in sugarcane ethanol production) in corn ethanol production using different stress conditions. Ethanol Red yeast, traditionally used in corn ethanol plants around the world, was used as a control. In terms of tolerance to temperature (35 °C), strains BG-1 and SA-1 stood out. In fermentations with high solids concentration (35%), strain BG-1 reached ethanol contents higher than 19% w/v and had a productivity gain of 5.8% compared to fermentation at 30%. This was the first time that these industrial strains were evaluated using the high solids concentration of 35% and the results point to ways to improve the corn ethanol production process.Graphical

Co-pyrolysis of beech wood and polyamide-6: Effect of HZSM-5 catalyst on the properties of pyrolysis oils

Biomass residues and waste can be converted into bioliquids by pyrolysis, which can contribute to both the production of renewable fuels and the recycling of waste. In this paper, the pyrolysis of pure beech wood (BW) and of a mixture of BW + polyamide-6 (PA6), a nitrogen-containing plastic, was investigated to assess the effect of PA6 on the properties of bio-oils, obtained either by thermal pyrolysis or by pyrolysis with ex-situ catalytic treatment of the vapors. The presence of 20 wt% PA6 in the blend affected the pyrolysis products yields and distribution (gases, liquids, chars), but also the composition of the bioliquids. In absence of a catalyst, the production of phenolic compounds (guaïacol, syringol…), sugars, furans decreased significantly with the BW+PA6 blend compared to pure BW, and N-containing compounds derived from PA6 were found in the bioliquids. When HZSM-5 catalyst was applied for the treatment of vapors, a beneficial effect of the catalyst on the reduction of the sugars and furans content in the bioliquids and on the production of deoxygenated compounds was observed with pure BW. This effect was mitigated with BW+PA6 blends and the formation of fully deoxygenated compounds was almost totally suppressed, suggesting that the strong catalyst acid sites were poisoned. Caprolactam was by far the main product of PA6 degradation found in the bioliquids, but the N-containing by-products were different depending on the absence or presence of HZSM-5 catalyst. In particular, the formation of 5-cyano-1-pentene in a fairly large proportion was only observed in the presence of the catalyst.