Production Of Powders Research Articles

Effect of antioxidants on the efficiency of jet milling and the powder characteristics of Sm2Co17 permanent magnets

Abstract This study investigated the effect of antioxidants on the grinding efficiency, magnetic powder characteristics, microstructure, and magnetic properties of 2:17 type SmCo permanent magnet materials. The results show that adding antioxidants helps improve the dispersion among magnetic powders, leading to a 33.3% decrease in jet milling time and a 15.8% increase in magnet powder production yield. Additionally, adding antioxidants enhances the oxidation resistance of the magnetic powders. After being stored in a constant temperature air environment at 25 °C for 48 h, the O content in the powder decreased by 33% compared to samples without antioxidants. While in the magnet body, the O content decreased from 0.21 wt.% to 0.14 wt.%, which helps increase the effective Sm content and domain wall pinning uniformity in the magnet. Excellent magnetic properties were obtained in the magnet with added antioxidants: B r = 11.6 kGs, SF = 79.6%, H cj = 16.8 kOe, and (BH)max = 32.5 MGOe.

Optimization and scale-up of the spray drying process for Euglena gracilis

The study presents a spray drying process for Euglena gracilis. Concentrate obtained by a disc centrifuge was used as the starting material. The process was established and scaled up using pilot and production-scale spray drying towers. Optimal conditions for the pilot scale included an inlet temperature of 200 °C, an outlet temperature of 85 °C, and a solid mass fraction of E. gracilis mud of 12 %. Key parameters influencing E. gracilis powder physicochemical indexes were identified by correlation analysis as drying time for droplets (Tdrying), which can be adjusted by the outlet air temperature, the Peclet number for mass (Pemass), and heat (Peheat), and the evaporation rate (dwdt), all of which can be adjusted by the outlet temperature. The process was successfully scaled up by optimizing the outlet temperature, achieving a productivity of 36.63 kg·h−1 and a yield of 98.35 %. This work offers a commercially viable method for large-scale E. gracilis powder production.

On the feasibility to obtain CuCrZr alloys with outstanding thermal and mechanical properties by additive manufacturing

The CuCrZr alloy combines high thermal conductivity and mechanical strength with stability at high-medium temperatures, making it a promising heat sink material for the EU-DEMO divertor and limiters. Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies have proven effective in developing complex-shaped components with almost no constraints on geometry and minimal machining and welding requirements. This makes them particularly suitable for the production of heat exchangers featuring complex cooling channels with intricate inner structures.This study demonstrates the feasibility to obtain dense CuCrZr via Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (EB-PBF) with high thermal conductivity and enhanced mechanical strength compared to conventional routes. Gas atomization was used to produce spherical powders with a composition close to ITER specifications. By optimising the EB-PBF process parameters, relative density values of 99.7 % were achieved after HIP treatment, that removes the eventual residual porosity. The results underscore the importance of meticulous powder manufacturing to mitigate oxidation and microstructural defects in the final components. Achieving high relative densities in the EB-PBF process requires a focus on adopting high-energy absorption rates in the powders. This strategy can be accomplished by reducing the scanning speed and consequently the building rate of the process. The microstructural characterization revealed a complex hierarchical microstructure composed of grains and grain boundaries, solidification-enabled cellular-like subgrains elongated along the building direction and an ultra-fine precipitate state (already present in the as-built condition) mainly consisting of Cr-rich nanoprecipitates, although Zr-rich precipitates were also found at the melt pool boundaries. The thermal conductivity, hardness, mechanical strength at room temperature and high-medium temperatures were measured and correlated with the EB-PBF process parameters and the microstructure obtained after HIP treatment. The results indicate that it is possible to obtain CuCrZr with improved mechanical behaviour compared to conventional manufacturing technologies, while maintaining the thermal conductivity requirements for EU-DEMO.

Silicon powder production from organosilicon waste by a beneficiation-metallurgy combination process

A large amount of waste contact is produced in the preparation of organosilicon monomer. The current researches are mainly focused on copper extraction, with little attention paid to silicon. Moreover, the large accumulation of decoppered residue from organosilicon waste causes environmental pollution and resource waste. In this study, a novel beneficiation-metallurgy combination process was developed for the extraction of silicon from decoppered residue, which was defined as high gradient magnetic separation followed by roasting and acid leaching. The results showed that high gradient magnetic separation was effective in separating silicon from metallic impurities. Under the optimum conditions, the removal efficiencies of metallic impurities are more than 80 %. Fe content in the non-magnetic product can be further reduced to 0.82 % by cleaning. The non-magnetic products obtained by a roughing-cleaning process are subjected to roasting and acid leaching experiments. Under the optimum conditions, the removal efficiency of C and O can reach 94.26 % and 96.32 %, respectively. The final silicon powder product meets the standard of "YS/T1109–2016", which can be reused in the production of methylchlorosilane. This process is suitable for large-scale treatment of decoppered residue and is simple enough to help solve the problem of large-scale output of organosilicon waste.

Study of Cocoa Powder Production Process and Packaging Technology in UGM Cocoa Teaching and Learning Industry

UGM Cocoa Teaching & Learning Industry (UGM CTLI) is a business unit based on cocoa processing as a learning and industrial pioneer and provides makloon services to produce cocoa products according to SNI standards. One of the processed cocoa products that has the highest product demand is cocoa powder because it has large market potential as a raw material for the food and beverage industry. The quality of cocoa powder can decrease during the processing process, storage process and distribution process, so it is necessary to study the production and packaging processes regarding their function in maintaining product quality from damage. This research was carried out on January 2 - January 31 2024. Data collection methods used included interviews, observation, documentation and literature study. The cocoa powder packaging used is in the form of a sewing bag consisting of kraft paper and HDPE plastic. Based on the results of previous research, the use of HDPE plastic is considered appropriate and able to protect the quality of cocoa powder better than other plastics.

Feasible production of highly homogeneous nano-scaled WC powders: An industrial practice via raw material pretreatment and direct reduction-carbonization

A method for industrial production of nano-scaled WC powders has been proposed. In this work, WO2.9 is subject to pre-reduction, followed by jet-milling treatment. The precursor is then mixed with carbon black by ball milling, and directly reduced-carbonized to nano-scaled WC powders. The WC powders prepared at different carbonization temperatures were made into alloys and micro drills, revealing the influence of powder properties on the microstructure and properties of the alloys through comparative analysis. The results indicate that when WO2.9 powder is reduced at 700 °C for 1h and then jet-milled at a rotational speed of the grading wheel of 3500 rpm, the aggregates in the powder can be effectively broken, and the precursor powders with fine particle size and near-single phase can be obtained. In this way, the equipment exhibits relatively high productivity. By comparing the microstructure and properties of the alloy prepared from raw materials at different carbonization temperatures, it can be seen that if the carbonization temperature is too high, the average particle size of the powder increases and agglomeration appears in the microstructure. An increase in the average particle size of the powder will lead to an increase in the average grain size of the prepared alloys, thereby reducing the hardness and the wear resistance during service. In addition, the agglomerated particles in the powders can easily lead to abnormal WC grain growth in the microstructure of the prepared alloys, which reduces the bending strength.

Patents as an indicator of sustainability of domestic products in the Russian market on the example of redispersible polymer powders

The article provides information regarding patenting statistics in the field of compositions and methods of production of redispersible polymer powders. It is demonstrated that a patent is primarily a profit-making tool, and patent research is a mechanism for making long-term forecasts in a technological niche. The main mistakes of Russian patent holders when protecting their developments are discussed and ways to prevent them are proposed. Comparative examples of claim writing are offered, and issues of comprehensive patent protection are also discussed.

Pembuatan Sambal Petis Udang Instan Bubuk Menggunakan Teknik Foam-Mat Drying Dengan Penambahan Maltodextrin

Shrimp petis chili sauce is a chili sauce made from shrimp petis paste added with maltodextrin. The manufacture of instant shrimp chili powder uses the foam-mat drying technique , which in this method requires a foam binding agent and stabilizer, namely maltodextrin. The purpose of this study is to find out: 1) the sensory quality of chili sauce petis instant shrimp powder and rehydration from the addition of maltodextrin by 5%, 10%, 15%; 2) nutritional content of chili sauce, petis, instant shrimp powder and rehydration; and 3) the selling price of chili sauce petis instant shrimp powder. This type of research is an experimental research, which is tested on 30 panelists. Sensory quality results were analyzed using a single anova of the SPSS program, the nutritional content was analyzed in the laboratory, and the selling price was analyzed using conventional methods. The results of data analysis showed: 1) the best treatment from the results of the sensory quality test was the addition of maltodextrin as much as 5% with the average result in chili sauce of powdered shrimp chili sauce 4.47, aroma 4.43, texture 3.83. In chili petis rehydration color 4.60, aroma 4.67, taste 4.67, viscosity 4.47, overall preference 4.57; 2) The results of laboratory tests on chili sauce instant shrimp powder and rehydration were vitamin A powder 62.8mg/100g, rehydration 88.5mg/100g, water content of powder 11.36%, rehydration 26.10%, ash content of powder 3.80%, rehydration 2.60%, salt content of powder 2.81%, rehydration 2.42%, protein content of powder 56.10%, rehydration 41.06%; and 3) the selling price of packaged instant shrimp powder chili sauce weighing 30g is Rp 4,000.

Preparation of Oil Palm Leaves Ash-Supported Titania for the Elimination of Safranin-O Dye in Water

ABSTACT. The objective of this study was to develop an approach for incorporating titanium oxide or titania into oil palm leaves ash (OPLA) using a simple procedure. The study process comprised the mixing of oil palm leaves (OPL) powder and titanium tetraisopropoxide in chloroform solvent, followed by the elimination of the solvent to obtain a solid residue. Subsequently, the residue obtained was calcined at 500 °C for 5 hours, leading to the production of a yellow-light powder. The results of product characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the presence of titanium oxide in OPLA. In addition, the wide diffractogram detected in XRD analysis revealed the presence of a silica peak. The un-sharp peaks in the regions of 25.6°, 38.2°, 47.9°, 54.5°, and 62.9° showed that the TiO2 particles were pure anatase, and no peaks of other TiO2-anatase phases were detected. Analysis using SEM showed that the surface of the material obtained was irregular and tended to have a hollow shape, while energy dispersive X-ray analysis revealed a SiO2 content of approximately 73%. However, the titanium element or titania was not detected possibly due to its small concentration. The material obtained also had a good catalytic activity for safranin-O dye elimination under sunlight irradiation, which served as the activation energy source. Based on these findings, the use of OPLA (a side product of oil palm plantations) could be evaluated economically due to its effective role in the catalytic process despite the addition of a small amount of titania catalyst. Keywords: Oil palm leaves ash, titania, safranin-O, sunlight irradiation.

Application of Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Glycerol Monostearate as Binder Agents for Protein Powder Production from Honey Bee Brood Using Foam-Mat Drying Technique.

This study investigates the development of protein powder from honey bee drone broods using foam-mat drying, a scalable method suitable for community enterprises, as well as the preservation of bee broods as a food ingredient. Initially, honey bee broods were pre-treated by boiling and steaming, with steamed bee brood (S_BB) showing the highest protein content (44.71 g/100 g dry basis). A factorial design optimized the powder formulation through the foam-mat drying process, incorporating varying concentrations of S_BB, glycerol monostearate (GMS), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The physicochemical properties of the resulting powder, including yield, color spaces, water activity, solubility, protein content, and total amino acids, were evaluated. The results showed that foam-mat drying produced a stable protein powder. The binders (CMC and GMS) increased the powder's yield and lightness but negatively affected the hue angle (yellow-brown), protein content, and amino acid content. The optimal quantities of the three variables (S_BB, GMS, and CMC) were determined to be 30 g, 6 g, and 1.5 g, or 80%, 16%, and 4%, respectively. Under this formulation, the protein powder exhibited a protein content of 19.89 g/100 g. This research highlights the potential of bee brood protein powder as a sustainable and nutritious alternative protein source, enhancing food diversification and security.

Copper - nickel electro-explosive powder feedstocks for extrusion-based additive manufacturing

The average sizes of copper and nickel nano- and microparticles formed at exploding wires in the range of inhomogeneous and homogeneous heating have been established. The average size of nanoparticles grows, and that of microparticles decreases when the value of energy input into wires reaching E ≈ 0,5Es (Es - sublimation energy). While E > 0.5Es the dependence of the average sizes of nano- and microparticles is weakly expressed. The viscosity of feedstocks increases as the proportion of nanoparticles in the powder increases and their size decreases. At equal dispersity and mass content of particles in the polymer, the feedstock viscosity has been found to depend on the adsorption behavior of metals. The analysis of temperature dependence of the feedstock viscosity based on copper and nickel powders has shown that the optimum values of E/Es for one-stage production of micro-nanoparticle powders by the exploding wires lie in the range of 0.4 … 0.7.

Evaluation of the Physicochemical Properties of Spray-Dried Coconut Flower Nectar Powder

This study aimed to determine the physicochemical properties of coconut flower nectar (CFN) powder produced by spray drying. The powder product of the best sample (with maltodextrin–CFN ratio of 26%, w/v) appeared as white, spherical, or oval particles. Its physicochemical properties were as follows: recovery yield (42 ± 2 %), moisture content (3.1 ± 0.6 %), particle size (3–12 μm), bulk density (0.380 ± 0.006 g mL-1), hygroscopicity (22 ± 2 %), water solubility index (97 ± 1 %), angle of repose (42.2 ± 0.7°), and wettability (366 ± 11 s). The obtained results offer valuable insights for future research on spray drying of food products and pave the way for potential large-scale use of spray-dried CFN in a great variety of products due to easier preservation and longer shelf life.

Prospective life cycle assessment of titanium powder atomization

The environmental sustainability of titanium powders production mainly depends by atomization that is the most diffused technology in this field, ensuring the environmental advantages of high mass flow rate, energetical efficiency and reduced waste which have greatly encouraged its diffusion on an industrial scale. However, few quantitative assessment studies have been proposed on atomization sustainability and none of them consider the many technological evolutions of atomization that the industries are working on. This study proposes a prospective life cycle assessment (LCA), of the ex-ante type, of future new Electrode Induction Gas Atomization (EIGA) and Plasma Rotating Electrode Process (PREP) that will produce Ti6Al4V powders in 2035. This time point, referring to a medium-term view is considered to ensure the relevance and the reliability of technology forecasts based on quantitative estimates. Both the systems have been modelled through data retrieved from patents to assess their future impacts. The prospective LCA shows that in the future EIGA the average impact, in each indicator, will be 50% lower for electrical consumption and 98% lower for argon consumption compared to future PREP. The future EIGA and future PREP are more sustainable than the mature EIGA (of the crucible and crucible-free type) and mature PREP (of the traditional and supreme-speed plasma type) currently on the market. The average impact reductions, respectively passing from future to mature EIGA and PREP, are 65% and 23% for electricity consumption and 11% and 28% for argon consumption. The variabilities in technological solutions, scalability and future scenarios about electricity and argon production scale all the impacts without reverse the ranking. At a structural level, the most sustainable solutions are the optimization of the geometries of the titanium bar in the future EIGA and the optimization of the disposition of the plasma gun in the future PREP. This study shows which technological advancement increase the sustainability of EIGA and PREP atomization process in the future and to what extent in the two cases.

Влияние термизации и пастеризации на качество сухого молока

Milk powder is a commercial product of mass consumption. Its popularity means a variety of quality and production requirements. New methods of skimmed milk powder production are strategically important for the food industry in Russia and worldwide. Russia is currently experiencing a shortage of low-heat milk powder import. The research featured the effect of thermal treatment and pasteurization mode on the protein profile and microbiological parameters of skimmed milk powder. The research objective was to establish the thermal variables for low-heat milk powder. The study involved raw milk, skimmed milk produced under different heat treatment conditions, and skimmed milk powder obtained from this milk. The authors used standard analytical methods to define the protein profile, as well as the microbiological and physicochemical parameters. A set of experiments made it possible to classify the heat treatment of skimmed milk powder produced under various milk pasteurization modes, as well as to establish its biochemical and microbiological parameters. The optimal mode for low-heat milk powder was a combination of thermal treatment (60 ± 2°C for 10 s followed by cooling to 10°C for 10 h) and low-temperature pasteurization (72 ± 2°C for 15 s). The powder obtained met the Technical Regulations of Customs Union TR CU 033/2013 and State Standard 33629-2015. A lower thermal load maintains the microbiological safety of milk powder while preserving its quality. In this study, the optimal thermal treatment and pasteurization mode yielded milk powder of low-heat category, thus preserving the native protein and microbiological safety. As a result, the low-heat milk powder acquired some high-quality functional and consumer properties.

Electrochemical Production of Zinc Powders from Alkaline Leaching Electrolytes

Electrochemical Production of Zinc Powders from Alkaline Leaching Electrolytes

Evaluating the effectiveness of minimum chlorate technologies employed by manufacturers of skim milk powder from both microbiological quality and chemical residue perspectives

Dairy processors in the Republic of Ireland have adopted chlorine-free chemicals for cleaning and chlorine gas for water disinfection as a means of minimizing chlorate residue in dairy products. For these 'minimum chlorate technologies' to be satisfactory, they must be able to deliver product with acceptable levels of bacteria as well as minimum levels of chlorate and other chlorine based residues. To establish the effectiveness of these technologies, sampling was conducted across the skim milk powder (SMP) manufacturing chain in 3 separate milk processing sites. Across the 3 sites a total of 11 different batches of SMP were sampled in duplicate from the whole milk silo through the manufacturing process to the powder product; yielding a total of 137 samples. Samples were tested for chlorate, perchlorate and trichloromethane alongside a suite of microbiological plate count tests including total bacteria, thermophilic bacteria, thermoduric bacteria and both mesophilic and thermophilic spore-forming bacteria. Chlorate was detected at reportable levels (≥0.01 mg/kg) in 9 of 22 SMP samples analyzed; resulting in a mean chlorate concentration 0.0183 mg/kg. Bacteria were ubiquitous across all samples analyzed with spore-forming bacteria counts ranging from 1.30 to 2.33 log cfu/ g in SMP.

A Review on Camel Milk Composition, Techno-Functional Properties and Processing Constraints.

Camel milk plays a critical role in the diet of peoples belongs to the semi-arid and arid regions. Since prehistoric times, camel milk marketing was limited due to lacking the processing facilities in the camel-rearing areas, nomads practiced the self-consumption of raw and fermented camel milk. A better understanding of the techno-functional properties of camel milk is required for product improvement to address market and customer needs. Despite the superior nutraceutical and health promoting potential, limited camel dairy products are available compared to other bovines. It is a challenging impetus for the dairy industry to provide diversified camel dairy products to consumers with superior nutritional and functional qualities. The physicochemical behavior and characteristics of camel milk is different than the bovine milk, which poses processing and technological challenges. Traditionally camel milk is only processed into various fermented and non-fermented products; however, the production of commercially important dairy products (cheese, butter, yogurt, and milk powder) from camel milk still needs to be processed successfully. Therefore, the industrial processing and transformation of camel milk into various products, including fermented dairy products, pasteurized milk, milk powder, cheese, and other products, require the development of new technologies based on applied research. This review highlights camel milk's processing constraints and techno-functional properties while presenting the challenges associated with processing the milk into various dairy products. Future research directions to improve product quality have also been discussed.

Kilogram-Scale Recovery of La/Ce and Regeneration of Rare-Earth Polishing Powder Products from Ceria-Based Polishing Powder Waste

Kilogram-Scale Recovery of La/Ce and Regeneration of Rare-Earth Polishing Powder Products from Ceria-Based Polishing Powder Waste

Optimization of the gas system for gas–water combined atomization technique in FeSiBC amorphous powder production

The gas–water combined atomization is an advanced technology for Fe-based amorphous powder preparation, and its gas/water system parameters have significant impacts on powder properties. In this study, numerical simulations and industrial trials were combined to optimize the gas atomization parameters. The results showed that increasing the atomization pressure promotes the transition of the flow field to the closed wake. Moreover, the median particle size was significantly refined and the cooling rate was improved. Extending the extrusion length facilitated the decrease in suction pressure, while excessively long extrusion lengths led to instability in the atomization process. The decrease in delivery tube diameter enhances droplet breakup and cooling, but increases the risk of clogging. Industrial trials at different atomization pressures showed that low atomization pressure led to the formation of needle-shaped powder, and the FeSiBC amorphous powder prepared at 3.0 MPa exhibited optimal comprehensive properties, with saturation magnetization of 166.1 emu·g−1 and coercivity of 4.5 Oe.

Assessment of Commercial DNA Extraction Kits for Porcine Gelatin Detection Using RT-PCR and ddPCR

Gelatin is extensively applied in various industries, including food, beverages, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Although the determination of gelatin species is essential for religious, health, and consumer preference reasons, a standardized analysis method is absent. The challenge in identifying gelatin through DNA-based methods arises from the low DNA content and extensive DNA denaturation in the gelatin matrix. This study assessed the efficacy of two commercial DNA extraction kits, namely the Processed Food DNA Extraction (PF kit) and the DNeasy Mericon Food Kit (DM kit), for extracting DNA from porcine gelatin powder and commercial products derived from gelatin. Additionally, we evaluate the amplification of the extracted porcine DNA using real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) techniques. The PF extraction kit demonstrated successful DNA extraction from porcine gelatin powder and commercial samples of porcine gelatin-based candies with a higher concentration (32.24-286.07 ng/uL) and purity (A260/A280 ratio of 1.82-2.33) compared to the DM kit (3.95-7.30 ng/uL and an A260/A280 ratio of 1.29-2.45). RT-PCR and ddPCR analyses yielded positive results for porcine DNA from gelatin powder for both PF and DM kits, albeit with differing Cq values and copy numbers. The choice of DNA extraction kit significantly impacted the amplification results when analyzing commercial samples of porcine gelatin-based candies. Using RT-PCR, all samples yielded negative results with the DM kit, while the PF kit detected one positive result for porcine DNA. Improved outcomes were observed with more sensitive analysis methods such as ddPCR, where the DM kit identified one positive result for porcine DNA while the PF kit detected positive results for all tested candies.