Production Of Polyphenols Research Articles

Ticari Zerdeçal Kapsüllerinde Kurkumin Tayini için RP-HPLC Yöntemi Geliştirme

Curcumin is a natural polyphenol product isolated from the rhizome of the Curcuma longa plant and is the most active ingredient of this plant. Curcumin has hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, thrombosis-suppressing, cardioprotective, antidiabetic and antirheumatic effects. This study aimed to develop an HPLC method for analyzing curcumin in its commercial capsules. Supelco Discovery 5 µm C18 Column (4.6mm x 5.0 µm) was used for chromatographic separation. The mobile phase was acetonitrile (ACN), 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6 (40:60 v/v), the flow rate was 1.5 mL min-1, and U.V. detection was 262 nm. The retention time was about 6.13 minutes for curcumin. The developed method was validated according to the ICH guidelines. The method was selective under experimental conditions. It was linear within the range of 0.05 - 50.0 μg mL-1. The intraday and inter-day studies showed that the RSD% was lower than 2.0 for intraday and 2.0 for interday, and the Bias% was lower than 2.0 for intraday, and 2.0 for interday. The method could be successfully used in curcumin-loaded commercial capsules' quality control.

Response to salinity stress in four Olea europaea L. genotypes: A multidisciplinary approach

Despite a drought- and erosion-tolerant root system, olive trees are vulnerable to abiotic stress due to limited genetic variability. Though some olive cultivars are moderately tolerant to salinity stress, soil salinity is increasing in the semi-arid and arid regions where olive cultivation is common, significantly reducing overall production. In response, breeding programs may rely on proper selection markers for abiotic stresses, including salinity, but these are generally lacking for olive. Here, physiological and biochemical parameters were measured in four Olea europaea genotypes (Frantoio, Leccino, Lecciana, and Oliana) subjected to different intensities of salinity stress (0 mM, 100 mM and 200 mM NaCl). At moderate and high salt concentrations, Na+ exclusion, higher photosynthetic productivity and tissue water content in the tolerant cultivar Frantoio were linked with increased production of polyphenols, with more favorable K+/Na+ values (quercetin and rutin), mitigation of oxidative stress (oleuropein) and increased water absorption (luteolin). In Frantoio and Leccino, a significant change of the proteome repertoire occurred, with overrepresentation of components regulating cellular metabolism, ion transport, redox insult and dissipation of excess photochemical energy. Conversely, Lecciana and Oliana showed increased sensitivity to salinity stress in terms of photosynthetic parameters and elevated internal Na+ concentrations, together with the lowest number of differentially represented proteins. These results highlighted olive germplasm strategies to cope with osmotic stress, suggested a physiological and molecular basis for the augmented responsiveness of tolerant cultivars and identified specific biomarkers as useful targets for future breeding programs.

Anaerobic fermentation of carrageenan waste residue to obtain antifungal activity

Anaerobic fermentation of carrageenan residues for the production of antifungal active compounds and their use to inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic bacteria is a novel approach to the utilization of carrageenan residues. In the present study, the treatment of carrageenan residue by anaerobic biofermentation technique showed strong growth inhibitory activity against Fusarium graminearum and Magnaporthe oryzae, which are the typical phytopathogens that reduce the crop yield, with MIC values of 0.0016% (v/v) and 0.00032% (v/v), respectively. The total concentration of polyphenols and flavonoids increased significantly to 20.41 μg/mL and 29.97 μg/mL after anaerobic fermentation. Amino acid metabolic pathway analysis showed that the substances and energy used by colonies to produce antifungal drugs are derived from amino acid metabolism, especially alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The results of redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that anaerobic fermentation of carrageenan gum residues increased the abundance of specific bacterial groups included Bacillus, Komona, Caproiciproducens, Lactobacillus, Bovibacillus, and SN8, and that the increase in the number of these species favored the production of polyphenols and flavonoids with antifungal activity. This study provides a viable avenue for resource utilization of carrageenan residues.

Correlation of Elemental Transfer, Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity on Lactuca sativa L. Grown in Soil with Functionalized CNT and HMs.

While heavy metals (HM) have been considered in recent decades to be the most common and problematic pollutants, the expansion of the list of pollutants due to the active use of carbon nanotubes (CNT) raises new questions about the benefit and harm of HM released to nature individually or fixed on CNT walls. A pot experiment was conducted to compare the effect of two classes of potential pollutants-metal salts of Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Ni; and functionalized CNTs with COOH, MnO2, Fe3O4, and MnO2-Fe3O4-applied in soil, on the elemental transfer, the bioactive compounds accumulation, and the antioxidant activity in lettuce. While CNTs mainly increased the elemental transfer from soil to leaves, HM salts strongly obstructed it. In the presence of CNTs, the antioxidant activity in lettuce leaves correlated with the transfer of elements from soil to root and from root to leaves. The excess of HMs in soil induced a greater variation of the polyphenols quantity and antioxidant activity than the excess of CNTs. It might be assumed that lettuce perceived HMs as a more aggressive stressor than CNTs and more strongly activated the defense mechanism, showing the reduction of the element transfer and enhancing of total polyphenol production and antioxidant activity.

Application of an artificial neural network coupled to a genetic algorithm for the production of polyphenols in Parachlorella kessleri grown under mixotrophic conditions

Microalgae are vital sources of high-value compounds, like polyphenols. Boosting polyphenol production requires considering diverse factors and their impacts on synthesis. This study aims to optimise polyphenol yield in microalga Parachlorella kessleri using an artificial neural network coupled with a genetic algorithm (ANN-GA). P. kessleri was grown under mixotrophic conditions and subjected to 13 experimental treatments. Factors studied included glucose, NaNO3, KH2PO4, LED light wavelength, intensity, and photoperiod. Total polyphenol concentration was quantified with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent; the polyphenol profile was obtained via HPLC. A database was constructed for ANN training to predict polyphenol production. Developed models were compared using indicators: coefficient of determination (R2pred), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Mean Square Error (MSE). Optimal models were fine-tuned with a genetic algorithm and validated using randomised experiments. The optimal ANN architecture for P. kessleri polyphenol production is: 6 inputs, 4 hidden layers, 6 neurons per layer, one output. This design achieved high prediction accuracy (R2 = 0.93). The genetically algorithm-optimised ANN model has these conditions: 26.60 g/L glucose; 1.42 g/L NaNO3; 0.59 g/L KH2PO4; white light; 1000 lx light intensity; 12:12 photoperiod. In experimental validation, 28 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry weight (GAE/g DW) were obtained, surpassing all models. An ANN-GA optimisation procedure was used for the first time for polyphenol production in P. kessleri. The model under mixotrophic conditions showed higher polyphenol production than autotrophic conditions. Polyphenol composition in P. kessleri varied between autotrophic and mixotrophic cultures, indicating inducible polyphenol production. The ANN-GA approach for polyphenol production in P. kessleri proved effective, with potential for maximising other high-value microalgae metabolites.

Fermentation of soybeans with Pleurotus cornucopiae and Pleurotus ostreatus increases isoflavone aglycones, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity.

Edible basidiomycetes are highly active in the oxidative decomposition and polymerisation of polyphenols, and soybeans contain large amounts of isoflavones, which are polyphenol glycosides. Isoflavone aglycones exhibit weak estrogenic activities. In this study, we investigated the isoflavone content, polyphenol production, antioxidant activity and ergothioneine (EGT) content of soybeans fermented by Pleurotus cornucopiae and Pleurotus ostreatus. Isoflavone glycosides, which were abundant in unfermented soybeans, decreased, and aglycones increased on day 10 of culture in both edible basidiomycete-fermented soybeans. The total maximum polyphenol content in soybeans fermented by both mushrooms were approximately 4 times higher on day 30 to 40 of culture, than that of unfermented soybeans. P. cornucopiae-fermented soybeans showed maximum antioxidant activity on day 20 of culture, and this was approximately 6.1 times higher than that of unfermented soybeans. EGT was not detected in unfermented soybeans, whereas both fermented soybeans showed a maximum EGT content on day 20 of culture, which was especially high in P. cornucopiae-fermented soybeans. The antioxidant activity and EGT of P. cornucopiae-fermented soybeans were higher than those of P. ostreatus, suggesting that EGT was responsible for the increase in the antioxidant activity of P. cornucopiae-fermented soybeans.

Resource availability and herbivory alter defence-growth-reproduction trade-offs in a masting Mediterranean pine

Pairwise trade-offs among the main dimensions of life history of plants, namely growth, reproduction and defence, have been hypothesized and repeatedly tested. Experimental evidences, however, are far from conclusive, probably as a consequence of different methodological approaches, but also of an underlying multivariate complexity that is not considered in pairwise analyses. We carried out two long-term field experiments with 81 ramets clonally replicated from 6 genotypes of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) to assess the allocation to growth, reproduction and defence in response to increased resource availability (fertilization and control treatments) and simulated herbivory (low intensity mechanical wounding, high intensity mechanical wounding, needle clipping, jasmonate application and control treatments). Fertilization increased tree growth and N and P concentration, and altered the production of resin and polyphenolics in complex ways, contingent on time and tissue. A natural event of infestation by Pissodes castaneus was more intense on fertilized trees. Fertilization increased both reproductive effort and output in terms of quantity (number of seeds) but not quality (dry weight of seeds). Needle clipping and methyl-jasmonate, but not mechanical wounding, increased the concentration of needle resin and phenols shortly after treatment, while concentrations in the phloem remain unaltered. Damage by P. castaneus did not differ across induction treatments. Generally, needle clipping had the strongest effect on reproductive variables, and mechanical wounding the mildest, with a high variability on intensity and direction of effects. Needle clipping decreased tree growth, while the rest of herbivory treatments did increase it. Complex interactions among life-history dimensions arose, showing that pairwise approaches are too simplistic for unravelling these complexities. This three-way relationship imposes new environmental and physiological constraints to the evolution and maintenance of reproductive strategies.

Polyphenolic natural products as photosensitizers for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: recent advances and future prospects.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become a potent contender in the fight against microbial infections, especially in the context of the rising antibiotic resistance crisis. Recently, there has been significant interest in polyphenolic natural products as potential photosensitizers (PSs) in aPDT, given their unique chemical structures and inherent antimicrobial properties. Polyphenolic natural products, abundant and readily obtainable from natural sources, are generally regarded as safe and highly compatible with the human body. This comprehensive review focuses on the latest developments and future implications of using natural polyphenols as PSs in aPDT. Paramount polyphenolic compounds, including curcumin, hypericin, quercetin, hypocrellin, celastrol, riboflavin, resveratrol, gallic acid, and aloe emodin, are elaborated upon with respect to their structural characteristics, absorption properties, and antimicrobial effects. Furthermore, the aPDT mechanism, specifically its targeted action on microbial cells and biofilms, is also discussed. Polyphenolic natural products demonstrate immense potential as PSs in aPDT, representing a promising alternate approach to counteract antibiotic-resistant bacteria and biofilm-related infections.

Polyphenols in Oral Health: Homeostasis Maintenance, Disease Prevention, and Therapeutic Applications.

Polyphenols, a class of bioactive compounds with phenolic structures, are abundant in human diets. They have gained attention in biomedical fields due to their beneficial properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, polyphenols can prevent multiple chronic or infectious diseases and may help in the prevention of oral diseases. Oral health is crucial to our well-being, and maintaining a healthy oral microbiome is essential for preventing various dental and systemic diseases. However, the mechanisms by which polyphenols modulate the oral microbiota and contribute to oral health are still not fully understood, and the application of polyphenol products lies in different stages. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in understanding polyphenols' effects on oral health: dental caries, periodontal diseases, halitosis, and oral cancer. The mechanisms underlying the preventive and therapeutic effects of polyphenols derived from dietary sources are discussed, and new findings from animal models and clinical trials are included, highlighting the latest achievements. Given the great application potential of these natural compounds, novel approaches to dietary interventions and oral disease treatments may emerge. Moreover, investigating polyphenols combined with different materials presents promising opportunities for developing innovative therapeutic strategies in the treatment of oral diseases.

ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ РІЗНИХ МЕТОДІВ ЕКСТРАКЦІЇ ДНК, ПРИДАТНОЇ ДЛЯ ПЛР ІЗ ГЕРБАРНИХ ЗРАЗКІВ ВОДОРОСТЕЙ РОДУ CLADOPHORA KÜTZ.

DNA extraction from algae presents unique challenges due to the production of various polysaccharides and polyphenols, which can act as PCR inhibitors. Consequently, optimizing DNA extraction methods becomes necessary for different groups of algae. The Cladophora genus, known for its high morphological variability influenced by environmental conditions and developmental stages, can benefit from molecular genetic analysis in addressing taxonomic and phylogenetic inquiries within the green algae family.
 In this context, the primary objective of this study was to select an appropriate DNA extraction method for herbarium specimens of Cladophora algae and evaluate the extracted DNA's suitability for PCR. The study compared two DNA extraction methods, namely the SureFood PREP Basic kit from R-Biopharm and the Quick DNA Mini Prep kit from Zymo Research. Subsequently, the isolated DNA was subjected to PCR using the universal primer iPBS 2080 with different reaction mixtures containing Dream-Taq polymerase and Sso7d DNA polymerase.
 The results revealed that the DNA concentrations and purification rates obtained from samples extracted using the SureFood PREP Basic kit were notably superior. However, PCR using these DNA samples did not yield positive results, likely due to the presence of inhibitors. On the other hand, DNA extracted using the Quick DNA Mini Prep kit exhibited lower purification rates but likely contained fewer DNA polymerase inhibitors. This allowed for successful amplification with the iPBS 2080 primer, utilizing the high-efficiency Sso7d polymerase, known for its resistance to inhibitors.

Tannins in cancer prevention and therapy.

Tannins are a heterogenous class of polyphenolic natural products with promising cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic potential. Studies undertaken over the last 30 years have demonstrated their capacity to target many cellular pathways and molecules important in the development of cancer. Recently, new mechanisms that might be important in anti-carcinogenic activity, such as inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, reduction of cancer stem cell creation, and modulation of cancer cells metabolism have been described. Along with the mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer activity of tannins, this review focuses on their possible application as chemosensitizers in adjuvant therapy and countering multidrug resistance. Furthermore, characteristic physicochemical properties of some tannins, particularly tannic acid, are useful in the formation of nanovehicles for anticancer drugs or the isolation of circulating cancer cells. These new potential applications of tannins deserve further studies. Well-designed clinical trials, which are scarce, are needed to assess the therapeutic effects of tannins themselves or as adjuvants in cancer treatment.

Metabolic Responses of the Microalga Neochloris oleoabundans to Extracellular Self- and Nonself-DNA.

Stressed organisms identify intracellular molecules released from damaged cells due to trauma or pathogen infection as components of the innate immune response. These molecules called DAMPs (Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns) are extracellular ATP, sugars, and extracellular DNA, among others. Animals and plants can recognize their own DNA applied externally (self-exDNA) as a DAMP with a high degree of specificity. However, little is known about the microalgae responses to damage when exposed to DAMPs and specifically to self-exDNAs. Here we compared the response of the oilseed microalgae Neochloris oleoabundans to self-exDNA, with the stress responses elicited by nonself-exDNA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). We analyzed the peroxidase enzyme activity related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as the production of polyphenols, lipids, triacylglycerols, and phytohormones. After 5 min of addition, self-exDNA induced peroxidase enzyme activity higher than the other elicitors. Polyphenols and lipids were increased by self-exDNA at 48 and 24 h, respectively. Triacylglycerols were increased with all elicitors from addition and up to 48 h, except with nonself-exDNA. Regarding phytohormones, self-exDNA and MeJA increased gibberellic acid, isopentenyladenine, and benzylaminopurine at 24 h. Results show that Neochloris oleoabundans have self-exDNA specific responses.

Partial Replacement of Synthetic Vitamin E by Polyphenols in Post-Weaning Piglets.

Vitamin E is an essential nutrient usually recommended in post-weaning piglets, when a decline in the serum vitamin E concentration is observed. Selected polyphenols have the potential to partially replace vitamin E in animal feed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the dietary inclusion of some commercial polyphenol products (PPs) on the growth performance, antioxidant status and immunity of post-weaning piglets. A total of 300 piglets (BW 7.18 kg ± 1.18) were randomly assigned to six dietary groups: CON- (40 mg/kg vitamin E); CON+(175.8 mg/kg vitamin E); and PP1, PP2, PP3 and PP4, in which 50% vitamin E of CON+ was replaced with PP with equivalent vitamin E activity. The PP1 group exhibited lower performance (p < 0.05) than the other dietary groups, but a similar performance to that commonly registered in pig farms. Dietary polyphenols did not influence the IgG concentration or the IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α cytokine concentrations. A lower IL-8 level was found in the PP4 group than in the other groups. The diets that affected the vitamin A content showed the highest value (p < 0.05) in the PP1 group, and a trend was noted for vitamin E with a higher content in PP4 and CON+. The polyphenols-enriched diets, especially the PP3 diet, maintained an antioxidant capacity (whole blood KRL) similar to the CON+ diet. In conclusion, the replacement of vitamin E with all PPs enables partial vitamin E substitution in post-weaning piglets.

Membrane manipulation by free fatty acids improves microbial plant polyphenol synthesis

Microbial synthesis of nutraceutically and pharmaceutically interesting plant polyphenols represents a more environmentally friendly alternative to chemical synthesis or plant extraction. However, most polyphenols are cytotoxic for microorganisms as they are believed to negatively affect cell integrity and transport processes. To increase the production performance of engineered cell factories, strategies have to be developed to mitigate these detrimental effects. Here, we examine the accumulation of the stilbenoid resveratrol in the cell membrane and cell wall during its production using Corynebacterium glutamicum and uncover the membrane rigidifying effect of this stilbenoid experimentally and with molecular dynamics simulations. A screen of free fatty acid supplements identifies palmitelaidic acid and linoleic acid as suitable additives to attenuate resveratrol’s cytotoxic effects resulting in a three-fold higher product titer. This cost-effective approach to counteract membrane-damaging effects of product accumulation is transferable to the microbial production of other polyphenols and may represent an engineering target for other membrane-active bioproducts.

Endophytic bacteria isolated from Urticadioica L.- preliminary screening for enzyme and polyphenols production

Endophytes, especially those isolated from herbal plants, may act as a reservoir of a variety of secondary metabolites exhibiting biological activity. Some endophytes express the ability to produce the same bioactive compounds as their plant hosts, making them a more sustainable industrial supply of these substances. Urtica dioica L. (common stinging nettle) is a synanthropic plant that is widely used in herbal medicine due to the diversity of bioactive chemicals it contains, e.g., polyphenols, which demonstrate anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancerous capabilities. This study aimed at isolating endophytic bacteria from stinging nettles for their bioactive compounds. The endophytic isolates were identified by both biochemical and molecular methods (16S rRNA) and investigated for enzymes, biosurfactants, and polyphenols production. Each of the isolated bacterial strains was capable of producing biosurfactants and polyphenols. However, three of the isolated endophytes, identified as two strains of Bacillus cereus and one strain of Bacillus mycoides, possessed the greatest capacity to produce biosurfactants and polyphenols. The derivatized extracts from culture liquid showed the 1.633 mol l−1 (9.691 mg l−1) concentration of polyphenol compounds. Therefore, the present study signifies that endophytic B. cereus and B. mycoides isolated from Urtica dioica L. could be a potential source of biosurfactants and polyphenols. However, further study is required to understand the mechanism of the process and achieve efficient polyphenol production by endophytic bacteria.

Bacillus licheniformis inoculation promoted humification process for kitchen waste composting: Organic components transformation and bacterial metabolic mechanism

Kitchen waste (KW) composting always has trouble with slow humification process and low humification degree. The objective of this study was to develop potentially efficient solutions to improve the humification of KW composting, accelerate the humus synthesis and produce HS with a high polymerization degree. The impact of Bacillus licheniformis inoculation on the transformation of organic components, humus synthesis, and bacterial metabolic pathways in kitchen waste composting, was investigated. Results revealed that microbial inoculation promoted the degradation of organic constituents, especially readily degradable carbohydrates during the heating phase and lignocellulose fractions during the cooling phase. Inoculation facilitated the production and conversion of polyphenol, reducing sugar, and amino acids, leading to an increase of 20% in the content of humic acid compared to the control. High-throughput sequencing and network analysis indicated inoculation enriched the presence of Bacillus, Lactobacillus, and Streptomyces during the heating phase, while suppressing the abundance of Pseudomonas and Oceanobacillus, enhancing positive microbial interactions. PICRUSt2 analysis suggested inoculation enhanced the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids, promoting the polyphenol humification pathway and facilitating the formation of humus. These findings provide insights for optimizing the humification process of kitchen waste composting by microbial inoculation.

Untargeted metabolomics and in vitro functional analysis unravel the intraspecific bioactive potential of flowers from underexplored Camellia japonica cultivars facing their industrial application

The Camellia genus comprises a vast array of underexplored medicinal plants that merit a systematic valorization to exploit their potential as natural sources of phytochemicals with associated health-promoting properties. In this work, flower extracts from eight poorly characterized Camellia japonica L. cultivars were subjected to polyphenol profiling through untargeted metabolomics combined with in vitro functional analysis. Anthocyanins, mostly represented by cyanidin 3-O-glycosides, flavones, and flavonols, were found as the major constituents of C. japonica flowers, together with hydroxycinnamic acids, tyrosols, alkylphenols, and stilbenes, which were detected for the first time in this species. The application of multivariate statistics revealed a flower color-dependent fingerprint of C. japonica cultivars, featuring anthocyanins and other flavonoids as metabolite markers associated with color-flowered cultivars with respect to white-flowered ones. The accumulation of anthocyanins, especially reported in ‘Eugenia de Montijo’ flowers, was highly correlated with the cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory properties of the derived extracts, including AGS, Caco-2, and MCF7 cancer cell lines. Moreover, the flavones accumulation reported in ‘Carolyn Tuttle’ extracts was also associated with high rates of free-radical scavenging activity, as well as a potent cytotoxicity against the Caco-2 cell line. In general, C. japonica anthocyanin-enriched flower extracts were revealed as promising candidates for the industrial production of polyphenols with associated biological activities of high interest for critical sectors in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Dynamic regulation using a quorum-sensing circuit enhances the production of tyrosol by Escherichia coli

Tyrosol is a natural polyphenolic product that is widely used in chemical, pharmaceutical and food industries. Currently, the de novo synthesis of tyrosol by Escherichia coli suffers from issues such as low cell density and poor yield. Therefore, the phenylpyruvate decarboxylase mutant ARO10F138L/D218G obtained in our previous study was fused with an alcohol dehydrogenase from different microorganisms for fusion expression, and the optimal ARO10F138L/D218G-L-YahK produced 1.09 g/L tyrosol in shake flasks. In order to further improve tyrosol production, feaB, a key gene in the competing pathway of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, was knocked out, and the resulted strain produced 1.26 g/L tyrosol with an increase of 21.15% compared to that of the control. To overcome the low cell density in tyrosol fermentation, the quorum-sensing circuit was used to dynamically regulate the tyrosol synthesis pathway, so as to alleviate the toxic effect of tyrosol on chassis cells and relieve the growth inhibition. Using this strategy, the yield of tyrosol was increased to 1.74 g/L, a 33.82% increase. In a 2 L fermenter, the production of tyrosol in the engineered strain TRFQ5 dynamically regulated by quorum-sensing reached 4.22 g/L with an OD600 of 42.88. Compared with those in the engineered strain TRF5 statically regulated by induced expression, the yield was increased by 38.58% and the OD600 was enhanced by 43.62%. The combination of blocking the competing pathway using gene knockout technology, and reducing the inhibitory effect of tyrosol toxicity on chassis cells through quorum-sensing dynamic regulation increased the production of tyrosol. This study may facilitate the biosynthesis of other chemicals with high toxicity.

Effect of Microbial Reinforcement on Polyphenols in the Acetic Acid Fermentation of Shanxi-Aged Vinegar

Polyphenols are important functional substances produced in the acetic acid fermentation (AAF) of Shanxi aged vinegar (SAV). Previous studies have shown that the metabolic activity of microorganisms is closely related to polyphenol production and accumulation. In this study, microorganisms in the AAF of SAV were analyzed to explore how to increase the polyphenol yield by changing the microorganisms and reveal the potential mechanism of the microbial influence on the polyphenol yield. Macrotranscriptome analysis showed that acetic and lactic acid bacteria dominated the AAF fermentation process and initially increased and decreased. Spearman correlation analysis and verification experiments showed that the co-addition of Acetobacter pasteurianus and Lactobacillus helveticus promoted the accumulation of polyphenols, and the total polyphenol content increased by 72% after strengthening.

Effects of a Natural Polyphenolic Product from Olive Mill Wastewater on Oxidative Stress and Post-Weaning Diarrhea in Piglets

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a commercial phytogenic feed additive (PFA) on the prevention of post-weaning diarrhea and oxidative stress in piglets. The concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls (CARBS) were investigated as biomarkers for oxidative damage, as were the health and performance parameters of weaned piglets. In total, 100 weaned piglets were divided into two groups: a control group (T1), which was fed regular weaning feed; an experimental group (T2), which was fed regular weaning feed supplemented with a phenolic feed additive (PFA) for 3 weeks. The TBARS and CARBS concentrations in plasma samples from 20 piglets per group were measured at 45 and 65 days of age. Fecal samples were collected from 24 weaned piglets per group using FTA ELUTE cards. Diarrhea score, body weight (BW) at weaning, and average daily weight gain (ADWG) were recorded. The TBARS (p &lt; 0.001) and CARBS (p = 0.001) concentrations were significantly higher in the T1 group compared to those in the T2 group. The lowest diarrhea score was noted in the T2 group for the age groups of 45 (p &lt; 0.001) and 65 days (p = 0.008). In conclusion, the use of a phenolic PFA in the current study had beneficial antioxidative and antimicrobial effects on weaned piglets, which improved their health and growth performance.