Plywood Production Research Articles

Veneer and plywood properties of yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) from 3-, 5-, and 7-year-old plantation trees

ABSTRACT Young (3-, 5- and 7-year-old) yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) trees from an industrial tree plantation in Mindanao, Philippines, were studied for their suitability into veneer and plywood production. For each tree, a 4.5-meter log was cut into three 1.5-meter billets for peeling into 0.85-, 2.20- and 2.80-mm veneer thicknesses using a spindleless lathe. Veneer quality was evaluated based on thickness, frequency and depth of lathe checks on the samples. Ten replicates of 3-ply 4.5 mm plywood bonded with phenol formaldehyde were made per age level to determine conformance to standard. Results showed that veneer thickness was higher than the target by 3–22%. Mean frequency of lathe checks ranged from 1 to 10 per 25 mm veneer length, while mean depth ranged from 15 to 60%. The bond strength quality test showed that despite young age, yemane plywood passed the requirement of the PNS ISO 12466-2:2016.

Experimental Studies of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Glued Building Materials Based on Modified Veneer

Today, glued timber products occupy a significant place in the volume of finished products of modern construction and woodworking enterprises. Plywood is one such product. The durability and structural characteristics of plywood depend on the quality of binder, the type of wood and the quality of veneer. The paper explores the technology of ultraviolet treatment of thermally modified birch veneer with subsequent production of waterproof plywood. The results of a study on the influence of the operating parameters of veneer modification on the complex of sorption and strength characteristics of plywood materials are presented. It is established that the combination of thermal modification of wood throughout the entire volume with surface treatment with ultraviolet radiation allows creating glued wood material with increased water resistance and high-quality adhesive interaction.

Bird diversity in ‘paricá’ (Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke) plantations and forest fragments in Eastern Amazon: taxonomic diversity, ecological guilds, and functional trait composition

ABSTRACT Monoculture may drastically reduce biodiversity and change communities’ structure due to habitat simplification. Plantations of Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke (‘paricá’) has been expanding in the Amazon region due to the increased demand for veneer and plywood production. Our objective was to assess whether bird communities in paricá plantations and forested areas differ in terms of composition, richness, abundance, trophic structure, and functional trait composition. This study was conducted in young paricá plantations (1 to 5 years) and forest fragments in eastern Amazon, state of Pará, Brazil. We sampled birds in five plantation sites (each paired with a nearby forested area) using both the point-count method and mist nets. We recorded 208 bird species, 132 in forest fragments and 94 in plantations. Comparatively, habitats showed distinct species composition and trait composition, with few shared species (n = 18). Paricá plantations did not support forest species, while forest fragments harbored specialized bird communities that are more sensitive to environmental change as well as endangered species. In this way, the protection of these forested areas surrounding paricá plantations is a priority for forest biodiversity conservation, given the rapid deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.

Evaluation on mechanical properties of plywood from two fast growing species: Neolamarckia cadamba and Paraserianthes falcataria

Neolamarckia cadamba (Laran@Kelampayan) and Paraserianthes falcataria (Batai) are both fast growing species known to be planted in Malaysia for their high growth rate, therefore made as reforestation species. This study had been done in evaluating the mechanical properties of these species as a new wood material for plywood production as an alternative and discovering used for the depleting supply of big diameter log from virgin forest. The tree samples were harvested from trial plot in UiTM Pahang, Bandar Tun Razak Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia and sent to plywood mills nearby for plywood production. Plywood was composed in five layers and seven layers with 12 mm thickness and used melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) as their binder based on commercial industry production. Panels were cut and tested according to Japanese Agriculture Standard for plywood (JAS 2014) at Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia. Based on minimum standard requirement, results show that both species were suitable to be used in plywood production for general use and structural (decorative) purpose. In addition, increased veneer layers were improved the panel strength. This study shows those species had potential to be an alternative wood material for plywood industry in Malaysia thus can reduce independency of wood species from virgin forest.

Impact of High-pressure Impregnation and Fire Protective Coatings on the Reaction to Fire Performance of Birch Plywood

Abstract Birch plywood has a wide range of applications for interior and exterior use. The demand for plywood with improved fire protection properties and good visual appearance is increasing year by year. The impregnation at high pressure of the whole plywood panels is one of the options to achieve it. The aim of this study was to develop good visual looking birch plywood product for interior design purposes as well evaluate different influencing factors to reaction to fire properties of fire-retardant treated birch plywood. This study consists of three parts. At the first stage, high pressure industrially impregnated plywood properties were studied by two influencing factors – distribution of fire retardant in plywood panel plane and sanding process influence on reaction to fire performance of product. At the second stage, seven different industrial finishing systems were selected for covering high-pressure impregnated birch plywood and their effect on fire reaction performance was studied. In addition, two surface coating systems were studied on standard birch plywood substrate. At the third stage, intumescent coating consumption effect on reaction to fire performance was studied. The reaction to fire performance of birch plywood was evaluated by performing a flammability test using the Single Burning Item test according to EN 13823:2010. It was found that high pressure impregnation of plywood cannot ensure even saturation of fire retardant throughout the sheet, which significantly affects the fire performance of product. The impact of different finishing materials to reaction to fire performance has been described by the results of this research.

Production of Yellow Poplar Interior Plywood with Cottonseed-based Protein Adhesives

Defatted cottonseed (CS) and water-washed CS meals were prepared from glandless CS and were used in adhesive formulations to produce three-ply yellow poplar plywood panels. Adhesive resins were prepared from each protein meal with sodium bisulfite and one of two polyamido-amine-epichlorohydrin (PAE) wet strength agents, and the plywood panels were produced by hot pressing. Shear strength and water resistance were determined by American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) and American National Standards Institute for Hardwood and Decorative Plywood/Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association (ANSI/HPVA) methods and were compared with the properties of plywood panels made with an adhesive formulated from a commercial soybean meal. Panels prepared from three protein meals had comparable shear strengths. The combinations of the two CS preparations and the two wet strength agents produced panels with acceptable wet resistant properties, whereas the soybean meal only produced acceptable panels with one of the wet strength agents. Because the panels prepared from the two CS meals had comparable properties, there appears to be no benefit to including a water-washing step to increase the meal’s protein level. In contrast with recent literature reports suggesting the addition of alkali to elevate the formulation pH was necessary with CS meal, suitable panels were prepared herein without the addition of the base. This difference may have been due to the slightly higher pressing temperature and longer press times used in this work compared with earlier results. The CS meals showed promise as formaldehyde-free hardwood-plywood wood-based adhesives for interior applications.

Implementation of Quality Filter Mapping (QFM) in Hot Press Using Lean Manufacturing To Eliminate Waste

PT Sakari Sumber Abadi is a manufacturing company that is engaged in producing plywood products as its main product. This company has waste in the production line, namely in the 4.6 mm Birch product, including shrinkage putty, press mark, tip delemination, bubbles, ripping. Whereas for 18 mm Birch products, among others, press marks, putty shrinkage, concave, overlap, putty face too wide, ripping, waste in the face and delamination of the ends. What you want to achieve in this research is to eliminate the waste of 4.6 mm Birch Products and 18 mm Birch Products found in the Hot Press section in order to fulfill customer demand with the Lean Manufacturing approach. Lean Manufacturing is a systematic approach that eliminates waste and transforms processes. The results of the inspection using the Quality Filter Mapping (QFM) method obtained the largest waste in the Birch 4.6 mm Face 0.5 mm product, namely Failure to Riject by 0.82% and on Birch 18 mm Face 0.28 mm product, namely Failure to Riject by 7.1%. Recommendations for improvement include standard parameters of temperature, press time and pressure.

Indian Timbers for Veneering - A Review

Conservation oriented forest management policies and total ban on commercial logging from natural forest has led the plywood industry in India to a situation of shortage of traditional timber raw material which is used for manufacturing wood based panels. The shortage of raw materials has forced many wood based product mills to operate below their installed production capacities. The wood based industries in India are managing to survive on the availability of timber outside forest, secondary species and other lesser known Indian hardwoods. The industry is dependent on imported timber species to some extent as a source of raw material. Under this circumstance, the study on lesser known Indian hardwoods which can be grown in agro forestry and farm forestry plantation will help in making use of these species for plywood manufacturing and thereby ensuring uninterrupted supply of raw materials for production of plywood and other wood based panels. Keeping this in view, a series of studies has been carried out at Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute (IPIRTI) to investigate the suitability of secondary species of timbers or lesser known Indian hardwoods especially the short rotation plantation grown timbers for the manufacture of plywood. This is a compilation of the outcome of such studies carried out at IPIRTI.

Studi Rendemen Finir dan Besarnya Limbah Pada Pengupasan Finir dengan Mesin Rotary Lathe Tipe Spindleless

In general, the log-block peeling yield on a rotary lathe machine ranges from 70 - 80% of the log volume in the form of veneer, and the remaining 20-30% is waste. This variation depends on the quality and type (species) of the log of the raw material. The veneer peeling usually consist of the face and back veneer (continuous veneer) ranging from 50% to 70% and core veneer as poly piece veneer ranging from 20 to 30%. Under certain conditions, the waste can reach up to 50% including losses due to rounding, shrinkage of the veneer, cracks, spurs, and pith (log-core).
 From the description above and several other observations, the research was carried out regarding this matter. There is a way to reduce the amount of waste in log peeling using rotary machines and at the same time increasing the recovery peeling. Thus, it will reduce production costs and increase profits for the company.
 One of the contributors to a large amount of veneer peeling waste is the use of rotary lathe veneer peeling machines with large spindles which are still widely used in veneer and plywood factories (plymill), especially in Indonesia. So far, on average half of raw logs turn into waste, and 25 percent is contributed by a rotary lathe machine. Meanwhile, on the other hand, the need for plywood products will continue to increase day by day. This is because plywood is one of the most environmentally friendly building materials and comes from renewable natural resources. Along with the development of the plywood industry, the increase of raw material needs is inevitable. So, waste products will also continue to increase too.
 In this regard, there must be fundamental changes in this industry, including the use of rotary lathe without spindles as the substitute from the conventional machine. In relevance to this situation, this research was directed with the aim of knowing the yield and amount of veneer peeled by a spindle-less rotary lathe machine and at the same time to find out the waste it produces. So, this information can later become a consideration for stakeholders to replace the old rotary lathe with a type spindle-less without a doubt.
 The results show that veneer peeling using a spindle-less rotary lathe machine increases the yield of the veneer and reduce the amount of waste. Most of the peeling results are in the form of a veneer consisting of 58.83% continuous/endless veneer for the face/back, and 22.83% of poly piece core (odd veneer) from the core veneer. The total veneer yield is 81.67%. The remaining were 1.32%, 0.93%, and 16.08% for log-core waste, cut edge finish, and round-up veneer, respectively. The spindle-less rotary lathe machine has provided increased yields and significantly reduced the amount of waste.
 
 Keywords : Waste, rotary lathe, spindle-less, veneer.

Extraction of acetylated glucuronoxylans and glucomannans from Okoume (Aucoumea klaineana Pierre) sapwood and heartwood by steam explosion

Aucoumea klaineana Pierre (okoume) is a tropical hardwood of industrial importance, used for veneers and plywood production. Various conditions of Steam Explosion (SE) treatment (temperature, duration, pH) have been applied on okoume co-products, sapwood (SW) and heatwood (HW) for the extraction of polymeric hemicelluloses. Conventional extractions with alkali or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were also performed from delignified SW and HW for comparison. The hemicelluloses extracts have been characterized by HSQC-NMR, FTIR, size exclusion chromatography. The acetyl contents have been determined by chromatography after saponification and from HSQC spectra. Using basic impregnation prior to SE (NaOH-SE), high molecular mass glucuronoxylans (GX, Mw = 65–100 KDa) were recovered in 3–6 % % yields. A neutral impregnation (H2O-SE) produced O2 and/or O3 acetylated GX and glucomannans (GM), preserving the acetyl moieties in a greater extent compared to the mild DMSO extraction (% Ac ≈ 6.6–8.4 % and 1.0–4.1 % w/w respectively). This study provides insights on the composition of SW and HW okoume with a view to further innovative processing and valorization including the preparation of films with advanced properties for food packaging.

Design of Sustainable Value Stream Mapping to Improve the Sustainability Indicator: Case in MDF Company

Plywood production is a complex process. Because it uses wood as raw material, then causes several activities involved in it, including forest cutting, has relatively little efficiency, produces waste, and the level of occupational safety and health has not been considered. Therefore to get sustainable manufacturing, it is necessary to pay attention to several aspects, including economic and environmental factors. And social aspects. This study aims to design the three mentioned aspects for sustainable-VSM in plywood companies. Sustainability indicators of his study by performing a literature study and validating it by in-depth interviews with its top management. The study results are time efficiency level was 81%, the quality level was 93.5%, the material consumption efficiency level was 59.3%, and the worker health level was 75.75%. This study also recommends potential solutions that are expected to improve the sustainability performance of the plywood company.

Non-destructive inspection and quantification of defects in plywood using a portable digital holographic camera

The demand for plywood products for the interior and exterior construction has grown significantly over the years. Therefore, detection of defects present in the plywood is of prime importance to maintain good quality of construction. In this study, qualitative and quantitative analyses of defects in plywood using digital holographic interferometric technique are presented. In this process, thermal and mechanical loads are applied to the test sample of plywood to generate interferometric fringes by comparing the normal and stressed states of the test sample. A portable digital holographic camera developed for non-destructive testing applications is employed for detection of cracks, delamination, edge defects, and layer opening in the plywood. The defects in the plywood sample are identified by observing discontinuities in the interferometric fringes. Quantitative analysis of defects is performed by plotting their 2-D and 3-D phase profiles from the digital holographic interferometric results. The obtained results of defects on plywood are validated by a mechanical profiler.

Preparation and properties of a novel wood adhesive derived from antibiotic bacterial residues

Due to an increased understanding of the potential applications of antibiotic bacterial residues (ABR), these resources have been investigated for use in the development of ABR-based wood adhesives. In this study, ABR were modified using NaOH, polyacrylamide (PAM), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) to prepare a novel wood adhesive with epoxy resin (EP) as crosslinking agent. Characteristics of the ABR-based wood adhesive were investigated based on its solid content, viscosity, insoluble matter, moisture absorption rate, and both dry and wet shear strength. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for characterization of the ABR-based wood adhesive. Experimental results show that the optimal condition was as follows: 50 g ABR, 0.75 g PAM (0.5%), 0.5 g NaOH, SDBS (5 g, 10% wt.), and 20% EP. The EP content was found to directly affect the water resistance, mechanical strength and thermal stability of the adhesive. Application of the ABR adhesive synthesized under these optimal conditions to form plywood, resulted in a wet shear strength of 1.38 MPa, meeting the requirements of interior-use plywood. Therefore, this study indicates that ABR resources have good prospects and possibilities for use in ABR-based wood adhesives, in applications, such as plywood production.

ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЕ РАЗВИТИЯ ФАНЕРНОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА В РОССИИ НА БАЗЕ СОЗДАНИЯ НОВЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ

В статье рассматриваются тенденции, перспективы и особенности современного этапа развития фанерной промышленности, приводятся предпосылками создания новых предприятий по производству фанеры, указываются причины, влияющие на повышение и снижение цены на фанеру по России, анализируется перспектива развития фанерного производства на базе создания нового предприятия Abstract: the article examines trends, prospects and features of the present stage of development of the plywood industry, are prerequisites for the creation of new enterprises for the production of plywood, the reasons influencing the increase and decrease in the prices of plywood in Russia, analyzes the future development of the plywood production through the creation of a new enterprise

Hydroxymethylation of softwood kraft lignin and phenol with paraformaldehyde

Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins are the most commonly used adhesives in particleboard and plywood production. Lignin, the second most abundant biopolymer, has the potential to be a valuable resource for phenolic compounds; therefore, lignin could serve as an inexpensive and nontoxic candidate to partly replace phenol in resin preparation. The use of lignin saves fossil resources, but the difficulty in lignin utilization is the low reactivity compared to that of phenol. Furthermore, the complicated structure of lignin can cause problems, for example, in the condensation of methylol groups. In this study, the progress of hydroxymethylation of mixtures of softwood kraft lignin and phenol at molar ratios of 1:1 and 3:1 was studied in the temperature range of 80–120 °C. The formaldehyde source used was paraformaldehyde due to its simple methylene glycol composition and absence of methanol. The reaction products were analyzed by using the lignin-specific 31P and 1H–13C HSQC methods together with the quantitative 13C NMR method. The NMR results indicated that methylolation and condensation of methylols to methylene bridges occurred as a function of the increasing reaction temperature. The reaction at 120 °C using the L:P molar ratio of 1:1 showed hydroxymethylation of both phenol and lignin. However, the same reaction at the 3:1 L:P molar ratio gave fewer methylol and methylene bridge products due to the lower reactivity of lignin. The 13C and 1H–13C HSQC NMR results indicated that the methylene linkages are formed mainly between the methylolated phenols through condensation in the temperature range studied.

Analisis Diagram Kontrol Fuzzy U

Fuzzy in general means that an element can be classified into two sets simultaneously. Fuzzy control diagrams are very suitable to be used for observations that produce information (data) that is uncertain, unclear and based on one's subjectivity. This study was applied to data on plywood products in PT. Segara Timber, Samarinda, East Kalimantan Province in 2018. The purpose of this study is to get the results of the decision fuzzy u control diagram. Based on the results of the use of the fuzzy control diagram u produce the most found decisions are rather in control that is equal to 26 observations, while the second most is rather out of control that is equal to 22 observations, and out of control that is equal to 14 and in control of 5 out of 67 observation.

МЕХАНИЧЕСКИЙ ФАКУЛЬТЕТ ВГЛТУ им. Г.Ф. МОРОЗОВА: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ

The article discusses the formation and development of the Faculty of Mechanics from the moment of its creation to the present. The material on the creation of departments of the faculty is presented. The main historical moments of their formation are reflected. The biography of the staff of the departments, who have made a significant contribution to the development of the departments of the faculty, is presented. The department of forestry mechanization was organized in 1937. The scientists of the department take an active part in solving many problems in the forestry industry, forestry and protective afforestation, in the development of machines and tools. The department gave a start in science to many scientists working in research institutions, design organizations, industrial enterprises and universities of the forest profile. The Department of Automation of Industrial Processes has existed since 1975. The staff of the department is actively introducing their scientific developments into the practice of forestry complex: systems for automatic regulation of the processes of forest seed drying, growing forest planting material in closed ground, pneumatic transport of technological chips, systems for automatic control and management of the production of round timber, plywood and other developments. The Department of Computer Engineering and Information Systems spun off from the Department of Automation of Industrial Processes in 1992, as the Department of Computer Engineering, since 2008 it bears its current name. The main scientific activity is work in the field of creating a highly reliable radiation-resistant electronic component base and the development of methods of system analysis and information technologies for their support. The Department of General and Applied Physics was founded in 1949. The lecturers of the department studied the electrical conductivity of wood materials, the properties of thin layers of liquids during impregnation and filtration, molecular acoustics, and forest biogeophysics. In the current period, the main direction of work is related to the study of the response of high-molecular, biopolymer composite and other materials to the effect of physical fields of various natures. The Department of Life Safety and Legal Relations was founded in 1973. The research work of the department was aimed at finding ways and means to improve labor safety, environmental protection and protection of the population in the event of emergencies. Currently, the research work of the department is aimed at solving labor safety problems in the forest and woodprocessing complex

Perbandingan Diagram Kontrol Demerit dan Fuzzy u

Control chart is a graph that provides a picture of a running process whether under controlled conditions or not. Demerit control chart and fuzzy u control chart are very suitable for production quality control. This study was applied to the data of defects of plywood products at pt. segara timber, samarinda, east Kalimantan in 2019. The purpose of this study is to get the results of a comparison of the decision of Demerit control chart and fuzzy u control chart. The results of this study shows the demerit control chart is more thorough than the fuzzy u control chart due to the demerit control chart found 12 out of control observations and the fuzzy u control chart only found 1 out of control observations.

Improvement of water resistance of wheat flour‐based adhesives by thermal–chemical treatment and chemical crosslinking

AbstractA water‐resistant adhesive for plywood panels for engineered wood floors was developed using thermal–chemically treated wheat flour (WF), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (p‐MDI) as the cross‐linker. The thermal–chemical treatment was performed at 100°C in the presence of sulfuric acid or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the chemical structure, crystalline degree, and morphology change, respectively, of the thermal–chemically treated WF. The boiling water‐insoluble content and acetaldehyde values of the thermal–chemically treated WF were also evaluated and compared with those of the controls—native WF and thermally treated WF alone. The bond property evaluation showed that the water resistance of the thermal‐SDS‐treated WF (T‐SDS‐WF)‐based adhesive was significantly improved, which is mainly attributed to the formation of a three‐dimensional crosslinking network resulting from self‐crosslinking of the wheat protein, the Maillard reaction between the wheat starch and wheat protein, and the increased crosslinking between T‐SDS‐WF and p‐MDI. Overall, the developed WF‐based adhesive is a promising bio‐based candidate in the production of plywood for engineered wood floors.

Semi-parametric models of spatial market integration

We develop fully flexible, semi-parametric models of price linkages in spatially distinct regional US markets for plywood and lumber products. The models are developed within the framework of generalized additive models (GAM) which are estimated using penalized maximum likelihood estimation methods and generalized cross-validation techniques. Such nonlinear models are a natural extension to an extensive literature that has developed increasingly flexible models of the Law of One Price and spatial market integration. The GAM estimates and marginal responses to price changes exhibit substantial nonlinearities. Dynamic impulse responses demonstrate significant asymmetries in price responses to exogenous shocks. The results are largely consistent with efficiently linked regional markets for lumber and plywood products in that price transmission elasticities are generally close to unity and localized market shocks evoke equilibrating adjustments in regional markets.