Paddy Production Research Articles

Farm-centric based knowledge analysis on system of rice intensification for boosting paddy productivity

Farm-centric based knowledge analysis on system of rice intensification for boosting paddy productivity

Constraints Faced by Paddy Farmers in Adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural Practices: A Comparative Study

The study was conducted in 2023 to identify the major constraints faced by paddy farmers in the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices in the eastern climactic zone of Haryana. The data was collected with a structured interview schedule from two groups of villages namely climate-smart and non-climate-smart villages randomly selected 120 respondents from four blocks of Karnal and Kaithal districts. The constraints were divided into three categories i.e., economic constraints, socio-personal constraints, and technological constraints. The analysis revealed that technical constraints such as lack of awareness about climate-smart agricultural practices, lack of training, and complexity of climate-smart practices were the major barriers to the adoption of climate smart agricultural practices among the farmers of non-climate smart villages whereas, economic constraints such as increased cost of paddy production, higher initial investments in inputs and lower paddy yields were the most serious constraints faced by farmers in climate smart villages. Furthermore, it was observed that, while there was not much difference in socio-personal and economic constraints faced by both groups of respondents, however, respondents from non-climate smart villages faced a significantly higher degree of technical constraints as compared to the respondents from climate smart villages.

Leveraging Exogenous Insights: A Comparative Forecast of Paddy Production in Nepal Using ARIMA and ARIMAX Models

Using annual time series data from 1975 to 2022, this study analyzed the ARIMA (1,1,7) and ARIMAX (1,1,7) models to improve paddy production forecasts in Nepal. The ARIMA model was initially employed to forecast paddy production. The availability of agricultural land was subsequently included as an exogenous variable in the ARIMAX model (after a significant endogeneity test) to increase precision. In contrast to the ARIMA model, which predicted paddy production of 5787.64 metric tons per hectare for the year 2022, the ARIMAX model predicted 5681.17 metric tons per hectare. Compared to the ARIMA model's MAE (0.0295), MAPE (0.797), and RMSE (0.0373), the ARIMAX model exhibited better accuracy with lower values of MAE (0.0247), MAPE (0.667), and RMSE (0.0301). The results emphasize how crucial it is to include pertinent exogenous variables to capture important dynamics influencing agricultural output. The study has important ramifications for Nepalese policymakers and agricultural planners since it suggests that the ARIMAX model can provide additional insight for policies that maximize production and optimize land usage, hence promoting food security and economic stability.

Analisis Daya Dukung Lahan Sawah di Kelurahan Sedau Kecamatan Singkawang Selatan Kota Singkawang

Paddy production at Sedau Village are improving caused by land characteristics. Then the carrying capacity would be counted by it correlation between the amount population and paddy productivity each year. The object of the research are to identify soil characteristics, determine cluster type and the carrying capacity of rice fileds in Sedau Village. The research method is soil survey, soil sample analysis, multivariate regression analysis, cluster analysis and the analysis of the carrying capacity. The results showed, variables affecting rice production were Bulk Density, Permeability, P-available and K-exchangeable. If Soil Bulk Density and Permeability are increased, so the paddy production will decrease. If P-available and K-exchangeable are increasing, so the paddy production will increas too. Following the formula: Y=1.605 – 0.783X1 – 0.367X3 + 0.005X11 + 9.206X12 + error. The research site consisting of 6 Land Mapping Units (LMU) is divided into 3 clusters. Cluster 1 consisting of LMU 3 and LMU 6, Cluster 2 consisting of LMU 2, 4 and 5, Cluster 3 only contains LMU 1. All clusters are classified as carrying capacity Class III, that means rice fields in each clusters has not been able to food self-sufficiency.

Investigating Pest Birds Problems and Potential Solutions in Sawah Ring, Tangkak

In the agricultural sector, especially paddy fields, birds are considered pests when they destroy the paddy plants by eating the grains and reducing crop production. Pest birds are a common problem in agriculture. Nevertheless, studies of the pest birds, particularly on their distribution, ecology, and management, are still scarce in Malaysia. One of the significant pest birds in this case study is the Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio). The objectives of this study are (1) to identify pest birds species (2) to investigate the behaviour of Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio) and (3) to provide potential solutions for pest birds problems to local farmers at Sawah Ring, Tangkak. The methods used were direct observation using binoculars, spotter scope, and a digital camera. Besides that, a survey through the distribution of questionnaires and interviews was also conducted among the local people at the study site. Five species of pest birds have been recorded, which are, Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio), Lesser Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna javanica), Scaly-breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata), Javan Munia (Lonchura leucogastroides) and Baya Weaver (Ploceus philippinus). From the list, Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio), was identified as the most disturbing pest bird. The occurrence of this species were marked at Block 1, Block 3, Block 15, Block 16, Block 18, and Block 19 at Sawah Ring, Tangkak, and the species' behaviour (resting, nesting, feeding, etc.) was also recorded. In terms of solutions, several methods have been identified to overcome the pest bird problem based on the literature studies, such as physical and chemical repellent, buzzer and mesh networks, and also acoustic tools. Overall, pest birds are a significant problem in the paddy field areas of Sawah Ring, Tangkak. It reduced the quantity and quality of paddy production and caused losses to farmers. Understanding the occurrence and behaviour of pest birds is indeed crucial for better management of these pest bird species.

Safe Application of 75% Trifloxystrobin-Tebuconazole as Water-Dispersible Granules in Paddy Based on Residue and Dietary Risk Assessment.

The present study describes the development of a highly effective approach for determining the residue distribution and dissipation of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole, and their risk assessment in brown rice, husk, straw, and grain using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The current study provides considerable novel information regarding the safe utilization of a mixture of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in paddy production. The samples demonstrated a range of mean recoveries between 72% and 86%, with a 1.1-9.2% relative standard deviation (RSD). The limits of quantification (LOQ) and half-lives (t1/2) for brown rice, husk, straw, and grain were, respectively, established to be 0.001-0.01 mg/kg and 4.1-7.7 days. The concentrations of terminal residues in the brown rice, husk, straw, and grain were, respectively, found to be 0.02-0.05, 0.03-0.11, 0.02-0.07, and 0.02-0.05 mg/kg after being treated twice at 168.75 g a.i./ha with 21 and 28 days of pre-harvest intervals (PHIs). Trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole presented a non-negligible chronic risk to human subjects, as evidenced by a risk quotient (RQ) value of less than 1.

Soil Properties and the Technical Efficiency of Paddy Production in Malaysia: An Application of Stochastic Frontier Analysis

This study investigates the impact of soil properties on technical efficiency in paddy production, focusing on Malaysia’s two main paddy granaries: KADA and IADA BLS. These granaries play a significant role in Malaysia’s paddy production. The research employed three different models, with productivity as the dependent variable. In models 1 and 2, standard physical inputs were used as independent variables. Model 3, however, augmented the inputs with the addition of soil property variables. The empirical results revealed significant impacts from fertiliser, pesticide and land inputs, with the exception of land in model 1, where its coefficient was not statistically significant. Additionally, soil pH and the calcium+magnesium/potassium ratio emerged as crucial factors affecting paddy productivity. Importantly, incorporating soil property variables into the analysis resulted in a relatively lower technical inefficiency estimate. These insights are invaluable for policy formulation, highlighting key inputs that can optimise paddy production. The study’s findings regarding soil properties are particularly relevant for refining strategies in national paddy development programs, emphasising the importance of sustainable soil management. Looking ahead, the study advocates for comprehensive technical efficiency estimations that account for all forms of heterogeneity, including weather conditions, to ensure more accurate and insightful assessments.

Development of Subak Lestari as a sustainable tourism attraction in Denpasar city

This research examines the management and development of Subak Lestari as a sustainable tourist attraction in Denpasar City. Subak Lestari consists of five pilot subaks namely Anggabaya Subak, Umadesa Subak, Umalayu Subak, Subak Intaran Barat and Subak Intaran Barat Timur. The purpose of this study is to analyze institutional management and formulate a strategy for developing Subak Lestari as a sustainable tourist attraction in Denpasar City. This study uses an interpretive qualitative analysis method. Data collection was carried out through literature study, observation, in-depth interviews, triangulation and focus group discussions (FGD) with key informants including Subak Lestari officials, Denpasar City Government Agencies, Expert Team from academics who designed Subak Lestari, the Government and Pokdarwis in the Village and local Villages, as well as tourism actors. The results of this study found that there is a need for special management that manages Subak Lestari as tourist attraction, comprehensive HR training and assistance from related agencies, construction of tourism support facilities that still pay attention to paddy field productivity, implementation of policies and giving strict sanctions for violations related to land conversion and outreach to the community regarding the benefits of subak development as a sustainable tourist attraction. The conclusions from the research results are (1) Krama Subak is expected to maintain awig-awig in preserving agricultural land and open up to the concept of developing Subak as a tourist attraction; (2) the government is responsible for determining policies and collaborating with various related parties; (3) Academics conduct studies on concepts that are suitable for development in Subak, especially as a tourist attraction; (4) The community participates in preserving the Subak environment which has been designated as a tourist attraction.

Resource Use Efficiency in Paddy Production in the Salinity Affected and the Unaffected Areas of Alappuzha District in Kerala: An Economic Analysis

Rice is one of the foremost and principal food crops in the world, feeding more than four billion people primarily in Asia and India stands second in the production of rice after China with highest production. Even though rice is a staple food of Kerala, it occupies less than 7.7 per cent of the total cropped area. Kerala is known for its cultivation of paddy below the sea level. Salt water intrusion is the major problem in these areas. In this context, the present study aims to examine the efficiency of resource-use in paddy production in the salinity affected and the unaffected areas of Alappuzha District in Kerala. The study was based on the primary data collected from 50 rice farmers, viz 25 from salt water affected and 25 from unaffected areas and Cobb Douglas production function was used to estimate the resource use efficiency. The study revealed that the inputs viz., hired labour, manures and fertilizers, soil ameliorants, plant protection chemicals, machine and bullock labour power had a positive and significant effect on the rice yield in both salinity affected and unaffected areas. The returns to scale worked out for unaffected and affected farmers was 2.24 and 1.31 respectively. Chow test revealed that there is a significant difference in coefficients between the factors affecting yield of paddy among the salt water affected and the unaffected farmers. Marginal productivity analysis revealed that economic efficiency of all the variables except manures and fertilizers was more than one, indicating their sub-optimum usage and there exist the chances of improving the yield by the enhanced application of these inputs.

A DYNAMIC HETEROGENEOUS NEXUS BETWEEN PADDY AND POVERTY: EVIDENCE FROM DUMITRESCU-HURLIN CAUSALITY AND PMG-ARDL

Agriculture is supposed to have a pivotal role in assisting poverty alleviation in Indonesia. Hence, this paper empirically examines the causal link between paddy productivity and poverty rates in Sumatra, retrieving balanced panel data from ten provinces for the period 2010-2022. Dumitrescu-Hurlin (DH) causality and Pooled Mean Group (PMG) methods are applied in order to reveal the causal direction and the elasticity under heterogeneous panel models. This paper integrates slope homogeneity, panel unit root, and panel cointegration tests. The results reveal that poverty rates and paddy productivity, are integrated in mixed order, and , and they are cointegrated. The DH causality test denotes a unidirectional causality from paddy productivity toward poverty rates which implies the absence of a feedback effect. Following the PMG model, there is a positive impact of paddy productivity on poverty rates in the short run (∆β= 0.29); however, this linkage switches to become negative in the long run (β= -0.48). A 1% improvement in paddy productivity will be followed by a 0.48% reduction in poverty rates. Thus, augmenting paddy productivity has a favorable role in declining poverty rates. The estimated parameters of long-run PMG are robust, i.e., consistent with alternative methods of cointegrated regressions.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Volume Produksi Padi Provinsi Aceh

The agricultural sector has a very significant contribution to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's) and is also the second largest contributor to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Aceh's agricultural sector excels in various commodities such as rice, corn, soybeans, and chili. One of the main commodities in Aceh's agricultural sector is rice. Rice is a staple food commodity for the Indonesian people whose needs continue to increase along with the increase in population and also as a source of income for the farming community in meeting their needs. The volume of rice production from year to year fluctuates greatly, experiencing a decrease or increase. the realization of the rice harvest from January to December 2022 amounted to 271.75 thousand hectares, or decreased by around 25.31 thousand hectares (8.52 percent) compared to 2021 which reached 297.06 thousand hectares. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that affect the volume of rice production in Aceh Province. The results of the study obtained a regression model Y = 556505,224 + 3,081 X1-1376,14 X2 + 139,57 X3 + 92,797 X4-1,019 X5. The results of the simultaneous test show that the harvest area, rainfall, irrigation area, seed use, and labor together or simultaneously have a significant effect on rice production at a significance level of 0.05. Partially, the variable that has a positive and significant effect on rice production is the variable of harvest area. In addition, the variable area of irrigation and the use of seeds also have a positive effect on rice production but not significant. Meanwhile, the variables of average rainfall and labor have a negative effect on rice paddy production.

Climatic variability and its impact on the indigenous agricultural system using panel data analysis in the Sikkim Himalaya, India.

Climate-induced extreme events with fluctuations in climatic indicators like temperature and precipitation highly influence crop productivity. This study deals with quantitative analysis of climatic variability and crop production (1990-2018) using panel data regression analysis. The focus is on variability of three crops, i.e., paddy, maize, and wheat in the Rangit river basin of Sikkim Himalaya, India. Meterological data were acquired from the Indian Meteorological Department, agricultural data from the state agricultural department and a field survey were also conducted with the farmers, using a structured questionnaire, focused group discussion, and key informant observations. The acquired data was analyzed with the help of correlation and multiple linear regression analysis to analyze the relationship between climatic variability and crop production. The result of the study shows that all three crops are dependent on rainfall; however, paddy was the most sensitive to climatic variability. It was found that the overall grain production had an inverse relation to temperature, but it had a positive correlation with rainfall. It was observed that there was a continuous decline in the overall production of paddy and wheat. During deficiency years, it was found that when - 11.33% rainfall was deficient, paddy yield declined by - 1.52%. Further, a deviation of - 13.48% led to a decline of - 54.78% in wheat. The study advocates that timely policy interventions and strategies shall reduce climatic shocks and improve productivity. This would strengthen the livelihood security of the local communities, overcome the challenges of food security, and ensure long-term sustainability of Rangit River basin.

The impact of oil palm and paddy production on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Indonesia’s agricultural sector

The most widely produced agricultural commodities in Indonesia are oil palm and paddy crops, which contribute the most to national income in the agricultural sector. On the other hand, in 2020, the agricultural sector contributed 9% to national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study aims to determine the effect of agricultural crop production, namely oil palm and paddy on GHG emissions in Indonesia’s agricultural sector from 2000-2020. Data for the study were obtained from the Directorate General of Climate Change, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and BPS-Statistics Indonesia. The GHG effect of agricultural crop production were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The findings showed that the production of oil palm and paddy crops significantly affects the agricultural sector’s GHG emissions. Oil palm and paddy production have a significant level of 5% with a regression coefficients of 0.4958 and 0.0003, respectively. From the findings, it can be implied that an increase in oil palm and paddy production will raise Indonesia’s agricultural sector GHG emissions. The government can draw up regulations related to (1) protecting forest areas and peatlands close to community residential areas so that land conversion does not occur in oil palm plantations and (2) a sustainable agricultural system to increase paddy productivity, hoping that the agricultural sector’s GHG emissions will decrease.

Constraint Analysis of Paddy Seed and Grain Production in Karimnagar District of Telangana Using Garrett’s Ranking Technique

The present study was conducted in Karimnagar purposively selected district of Telangana to identify the constraints perceived by farmers in grain and seed production of hybrid and open pollinated varities of paddy . From this district three mandals i.e Vinavanka mandal, Manakondur mandal and Shankarpatnam mandal, were selected randomly among seed growing mandals for collecting primary data. From each mandal, one village was selected as a sample i.e Elbaka village (Vinavanka mandal), Utoor village (Manakondur mandal) and Kannapur village (Shankarpatnam mandal). Sampling was done covering all farm size groups. In every chosen village, a total of 60 farmers were selected for sampling. This selection was designed to encompass 20 farmers engaged in the production of Hybrid seeds, another 20 involved in the production of OPV seeds, and an additional 20 farmers focused on grain production. Consequently, the complete sample consisted of 180 farmers distributed among the three villages. Garrett’ ranking technique was adopted to analyze the constraints as perceived by the respondents in Grain and seed production of paddy. The results revealed that major constraints perceived by rice growers were unfavourable weather conditions which ranked first with Garrett mean score around 85, followed by higher labour wage.

Migrant Labor and Farm technical Efficiency of Paddy Production in North Bihar

"It has long been known that migration and remittances contributed to the growth of agriculture. This study was conducted in East Champaran and West Champaran for paddy production. Multistage random sampling was applied to the study area. The study area was selected based on the annual production of Paddy in Bihar. Stochastic Frontier Analysis was applied to get an appropriate result for remittance on paddy farming. Our findings have important policy ramifications because they suggest that smallholder paddy production may become more technically efficient by using migrant labour’s remittances more frequently. By providing small-holder growers with continuously growing support from extension services, enough market access for selling their product, and farmer empowerment for women, the government may be able to increase the technical efficiency of smallholder rice farmers. Instructing farmers on correct weeding schedules, for instance, would be one way that effective extension services might enhance crop management practises."

Pemodelan Spasial untuk Analisa Produksi Padi Integrasi Machine Learning

The growing human population has sparked interest in accurate rice production prediction. This research combines Geographic Information Systems and machine learning to model rice paddy production prediction with minimal error. Using linear regression, this research analyzes rice paddy production in 13 districts/cities in South Kalimantan with spatial and historical data as features, and rice paddy production as the target variable. Experimental results show that this approach produces accurate predictions, with the Linear Regression Algorithm having a consistent level of accuracy and R2 of 0.992, explaining that 99.2% of the variation in the response variable can be explained by the predictor variable, and 0.8% is influenced by other factors. While Hulu Sungai Utara district has the highest rice production and Barito Kuala district has the lowest. This study makes an important contribution in spatial modeling for rice paddy production prediction, helping agricultural experts and decision makers identify rice paddy production potential and improve the accuracy of rice paddy production prediction.

Assessment of Yield Potential of Paddy Variety CR 1009 Sub 1 to Impart Resilience to Farmers in NICRA Village, Thiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu, India

The study was conducted in the villages of Rayapuram and Keezhapattu in Tamil Nadu, as part of the National Innovation on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) project in the Needamangalam district of Thiruvarur from 2015 to 2018. These villages frequently experienced floods, particularly impacting the rabi season's crop growth and maturity. The monsoon season (September to December) contributed to about 71% of the total rainfall. A comparative analysis was carried out to assess the economic performance of the flood-resistant paddy variety CR 1009 sub 1 in contrast to the commonly grown CR 1009. Traditionally, farmers in Rayapuram and Keezhapattu favored CR 1009 due to its high market value during the monsoon period. However, they faced low income due to flooding in the rabi season. To address this challenge, scientists from KVK, Thiruvarur, recommended the flood-tolerant paddy variety CR 1009 sub 1 for cultivation during the rabi season under the "National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)" project. Specific climate-resilient technologies, including flood-tolerant paddy variety "CR 1009 sub 1" and a high-yield, long-duration rice variety, were tested and demonstrated in the project villages to ensure rice production despite climatic variations leading to floods. It was crucial to assess how these varieties responded to climate vulnerabilities and how receptive farmers were to adopting them. Calculations were made to compare paddy productivity and economic returns under the improved technology with the traditional practices of farmers. The results indicated that the "CR 1009 sub 1" variety yielded higher harvests compared to the farmers' practices in the years 2015–16, 2016–17, and 2017–18, with increases of 12.60%, 11.69%, and 12.95% respectively. Furthermore, using improved technologies for paddy cultivation generated higher net returns of Rs. 57233, 60768, and 57728 per hectare in 2015–16, 2016–17, and 2017–18, respectively, in contrast to the farmers' practices (which yielded Rs. 49147, 50295, and 46266 per hectare in the same years). In comparison to the farmers' practices (with an average net return of Rs. 48569 per hectare and a benefit-cost ratio of 2.37), the demonstration fields showed an average net return of Rs. 58576 per hectare and a benefit-cost ratio of 2.56.

A comparative economic analysis of seed and grain production of paddy in Karimnagar district of Telangana state

A comparative economic analysis of seed and grain production of paddy in Karimnagar district of Telangana state

Conservation tillage and fertiliser management strategies impact on basmati rice (Oryza sativa L): crop performance, crop water productivity, nutrient uptake and fertility status of the soil under rice-wheat cropping system.

The sustainability of paddy production systems in South Asia has recently been affected by a decline in soil health and excessive water usage. As a response to the global energy crisis, escalating costs of synthetic fertilisers, and growing environmental concerns, the utilization of organic plant-nutrient sources has gained considerable attention. Emerging adaptation technologies, including conservation tillage and innovative approaches to fertilizer management, present practical choices that can significantly contribute to the long-term preservation of soil fertility. The two year-long field experiment was completed in sandy loam soil during rainy (Kharif) seasons in 2019 and 2020 at the crop research centre farm of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agricultural & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh to analyze the impacts of different tillage establishment of the crop and its methodologies as well as integrated nutritional management approaches on rice growth, yield, productivity of water, nutrient uptake, and fertility status of soil under a rice-wheat rotation system. The experiment was set up in a factorial randomized block design and replicated three times in a semi-arid subtropical environment. The conventionally transplanted rice puddled (CT-TPR) grew substantially better taller plants, and higher dry matter buildup leads to increased yields than transplanted rice under raised wide bed (WBed-TPR). WBed-TPR plots had more tillers, LAI, CGR, RGR, and yield characteristics of the rice in two year study. CT-TPR increased grain yield by 4.39 and 4.03% over WBed-TPR in 2019 and 2020, while WBed-TPR produced the highest water productivity (0.44 kg m-3) than CT-TPR, respectively. The 100% RDF+ ZnSO4 25 kg ha-1 + FYM (5 t ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1) + Azotobacter 20 kg ha-1 (N6) treatment outperformed the other fertiliser management practices in terms of crop growth parameters, yields of grain (4,903 and 5,018 kgha-1), nutrient uptake and NPK availability, organic soil carbon. Among the fertilizer management practices, with the direct applications of the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), farm yard manure (FYM), phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Azatobactor and zinc worked synergistically and increased grain yields by 53.4, 51.3, 47.9 and 46.2% over their respective control treatment. To enhance rice productivity and promote soil health, the study suggests that adopting conservation tillage-based establishment practices and implementing effective fertilizer management techniques could serve as practical alternatives. It is concluded that the rice yield was improved by the inclusive use of inorganic fertiliser and organic manure (FYM). Additionally, the study observed that the combination of conventional puddled transplanted rice (CT-TPR) and N6 nitrogen application resulted in enhanced rice crop productivity and improved soil health.

Research Advances in Barrier Technology of Paddy Soil Co-contaminated with As and Cd

Arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) are the most common toxic and harmful heavy metal elements in paddy soils and are easily transferred from the soil to grains. At present, As and Cd and their co-contamination in paddy soils in China are widespread, posing a serious threat to food security and human health. As and Cd have opposite environmental behaviors in soil, and the simultaneous remediation of co-contamination with As and Cd is a current technical difficulty for safe rice production. This review focuses on several practical techniques for simultaneous mitigation of As and Cd uptake and transport in rice in recent years, including water management, passivation, drenching techniques, electrokinetic remediation, phytoremediation, selection of low-accumulation rice varieties, and foliar spraying application. The treatment effects, mechanisms of action, and constraints of various technologies are summarized and analyzed; the development direction of the main barrier control technologies is proposed and the importance of constructing a comprehensive technology model with high regional adaptability is emphasized to provide a reference for the remediation of co-contamination with As and Cd in paddy and safe rice production.