Onion Production Research Articles

Efficiency Analysis of Fried Onion Processing Business in Kwt Kemuning, Kepahiang Regency

Fried onion processing business is aimed at obtaining optimal profits. The problem is the price of shallot raw materials which often fluctuate so that it affects business efficiency which will have an impact on production continuity. This study aims to determine the efficiency range of fried onion processing business in KWT Kemuning, Lubur Lama Village, Bermani Ilir District, Kepahiang Regency. The study was carried out in June 2021. Data collection was conducted through interviews with the management and members of the KWT processing fried onions. The data collected is input and output data of production, selling price of fried onions, materials and tools used, and processing. Observations to observe the processing of fried onions were used to clarify the data obtained at the time of the interview. Business efficiency was analyzed by calculating the R/C ratio and the profitability of the fried onion sales business. The results showed that the R/C ratio of fried onion processing was between 1.36 - 1.78 with profitability between 35.91 - 77.61. The fried onion processing business at KWT Kemuning is already efficient. The efficiency of the processing business is largely determined by fluctuations in the price of shallots. KWT kemuning will process fried onions at a price of raw materials (shallots) between Rp. 20,000 – Rp. 30,000 per kilogram. The break-even point of fried onion production at raw material prices is around Rp. 44,539/kg assuming other variable costs are fixed. The efficiency of the fried onion processing business is strongly influenced by the price of shallots in the market.

Genetic Approaches for Sustainable Production of Onion Against Abiotic Stresses

Genetic Approaches for Sustainable Production of Onion Against Abiotic Stresses

A Study on Adoption of TNAU Released Small Onion Variety CO (On) 5 among Farmers of Perambalur District, Tamil Nadu

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an inevitable vegetable in Indian diet. India holds first place in onion cultivation in the world and Tamil Nadu state occupies ninth place in onion production in India. Perambalur district is the top most producer of small onion in Tamil Nadu. This study was aimed to find the adoption level of small onion variety CO (On) 5 among the farmers of Perambalur district of Tamil Nadu. This study had been conducted using ex post facto research design. Of the 4 blocks of Perambalur district, Alathur block was purposively selected for this study that it produces more quantity of small onion compared to other 3 blocks. Irur, Chettikulam, Nattarmangalam and Padalur were the four villages selected in Alathur block for study. The data were collected from 120 respondents among selected four villages using well-structured interview schedule between April to May, 2022. The collected data were tabulated and analysed using frequency and percentage. The results of the study revealed that 65.83 % of the respondents belonged to medium level of adoption category, followed by 23.33 % and 10.33 % of the respondents in low and high level of adoption categories. The farmers who had adopted small variety CO (On) 5 have not been adopted the package of practices properly.

RED ONION FARMERS COMMUNICATION NETWORK THROUGH PLANTING OF REFUGIA PLANT AS THE ADOPTION OF INTEGRATED PEST CONTROL (IPM) BASED ON ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING IN NGANJUK REGENCY

Nganjuk Regency is one of the highest red onion producers in East Java, but its productivity is not followed by a commensurate productivity yet. One of the causes is the attack of plant-disturbing organisms and chemical pesticides which are often the most effective way. Adoption of technological innovations for planting Refugia plants is an alternative in overcoming problems. Several roles of actors are needed to communicate with each other regarding this matter. This study aims to: 1) Analyze the communication network of farmers adopting technological innovations; (2) Analyzing the effect of farmers' characteristics and farming on the communication network; (3) Analyzing the effect of farmer communication networks on the adoption of technological innovations. The method used is a sociogram to determine the distribution of information on farmer groups and related parties. To determine the effect of the characteristics of farmers and farming on communication networks and the effect of communication networks on the adoption of technological innovations using regression analysis. The results of the study show that there is a role in the communication network, namely the head of each farmer group as opinion leader, active and dominant farmers as bridges and farmers who have other main jobs as isolated. Characteristics of farmers and farming have a significant effect on the communication network, so that it has a positive impact on the dissemination of information. The communication network also has a significant effect on the adoption of technological innovations so that the process of using the adoption of refugia plant innovations on red onion plants can be carried out because of the openness of farmers to existing information

Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Jengkol sebagai Bahan Baku Kompos dan Biochar dalam Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Tanaman Bawang Merah (allium ascalonicum L.)

The Waste Utilization Of Jengkol Peel As Raw Material Compost And Biochar In Increasing Growth And Production Of Onion (Allium Ascalonicum L.). Guided by Dr.Ir. Sumihar Hutapea, MS and Ir.H.Abdul Rahman, MS. This research aimed to determine effect of giving compost jengkol peel on the growth and production of onion, effect of giving biochar jengkol peel on the growth and production of onion, and effect of the combination between compost and biochar waste of jengkol peel on the growth and production of onion (Allium ascalonicum L.). This research was conducted in the House Kasa Growth Centre Kopertis Region I North Sumateta-Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam from April until September 2016. The research was conducted by planting in polybags with soil weight 5 kg/polybag. This research was conducted by using Randomized Block Design (RBD) factorial with 2 factors treatment. The first factor is compost of jengkol peel that consists of 4 levels dose are : K0 = (control), K1 = (10 ton/ha or 25 g/polybag), K2 = (20 ton/ha or 50 g/polybag), K3 = (30 ton/ha or 75 g polybag). The second factor is biochar of jengkol peel that consists of 4 levels dose are : B0 = (control), B1 = (5 ton / ha or 12.5 g / polybag), B2 = (10 ton / ha or 25 g / polybag), B3 = (15 ton / ha or 37.5 g / polybag). The results of research showed that treatment of jengkol peel compost was very significant effect on plant height at of 2 and 3 MST observation, significant effect on the observation aged 4 and 5 MST, and it is not affected real to the age of 6 MST observation. To the observations on the number of leaves on the age of 2, 3 and 4 MST is very significant effect, significant effect on the age of 5 MST observation and not affected real on the age of 6 MST observation. On the number of cloves and tuber diameter is not affected real. Fresh weight of tuber and dry weight of tuber is significant effect. Treatment of jengkol peel biochar is not affected real on all parameters of observation. Interaction treatment of compost and biochar of jengkol peel is significant effect on leaf length 2 and 3 MST, number of leaf age 2 MST and it is not affected real on other parameters.

Performance of a semi-glossy onion hybrid in certified organic onion fields infested with Thrips tabaci and bulb-rot causing bacteria

More than one-third of the certified organic farms that produce dry bulb onions in the USA are in the Great Lakes region, while onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, and bulb-rot causing bacteria are important onion production constraints. Onion cultivars with semi-glossy foliage have been reported to support fewer thrips and suffer less thrips damage and therefore may provide a non-chemical option for thrips management. However, inconsistent results regarding efficacy of semi-glossy onions to reduce thrips densities have been reported in field studies. Bacteria causing bulb rot can infect onion plants through wounds in leaves, but the relationship between thrips damage and bacterial bulb rot disease needs further investigation. In this study, the performance of a semi-glossy onion hybrid, ‘USDA Maia’, was compared with the commonly grown waxy, thrips-susceptible cultivar ‘Bradley’ on certified organic farms in New York and Wisconsin from 2019 to 2021. Results indicated that thrips abundance was not different between ‘USDA Maia’ and ‘Bradley’. Bacterial bulb rot incidence in ‘USDA Maia’ was either similar or lower than the incidence in ‘Bradley’ in four of six trials, but higher in the other two. Marketable bulb yield in ‘USDA Maia’ was similar to yield in ‘Bradley’ in four of seven trials, but lower in the other three. Positive relationships between thrips density and bacterial bulb rot incidence occurred in one of three trials for both onion cultivars. Similarly, negative relationships between thrips density and marketable bulb yield only occurred in one of three trials, regardless of onion cultivar. ‘USDA Maia’ did not reduce thrips infestations as anticipated, but it was similar in susceptibility to bacterial bulb rot disease and produced similar large bulb yields as ‘Bradley’. While high thrips abundance can potentially increase incidence of bacterial bulb rot disease, wet growing conditions during bulbing was more important.

Morphology, Structure and Potential of Bulbils Yield as a Planting Material of Onion in Tropical Region

Onion is one of the essential horticultural commodities in Indonesia. The productivity of onion in 2019 is only 7.27 t/ha. Low productivity levels are a problem faced by farmers in Indonesia. One of the causes of low productivity is the low quality of planting material. The majority of onion cultivars can only be propagated vegetatively through bulbs and are known as sterile species. Therefore, other planting materials that have high production potential are needed. Bulbils are possible as planting material. Several onion varieties have a tendency to produce bulbils, one of which is the Tawangmangu Baru variety. Tawangmangu varieties of onion include the type of softneck that can form bulbils. This study aims to examine the morphological characteristics and structure of bulbils and to determine the yield potential of onion bulbils. Field experiments were carried out descriptively by planting onion bulbils. Each Tawangmangu Baru variety plant is capable of forming 1-5 bulbils. Bulbils that are formed have a small size with a single bulb shape. Bulbils and cloves have the same morphological and structural characteristics as the embryo. However, there is a difference in size between bulbils and clove bulbs, bulbils are smaller in length, size and weight. The longitudinal cross-section of the clove bulbs' bulbils is the first foliar leaf, leaf clove base storage. The cross-section of the bulbils and cloves consists of the carrier bundle, embryonic parenchyma, embryonic epidermis, bulb parenchyma. Growing bulbils require controlled environmental and climatic conditions. Bulbils can grow and produce bulbs with a productivity of 6 - 8 tons/ha. Bulbils have the potential to be developed as planting material.

Water Application Method Influences Survival or Growth of Escherichia coli on Bulb Onions during Field Curing

The impact of water application method on bacterial survival at or after the final irrigation was evaluated in bulb onions during commercially relevant field drying (curing). A three-strain rifampin-resistant cocktail of Escherichia coli was introduced to onions via a single overhead spray application in two separate trials (5.22 [trial 1] or 2.40 [trial 2] log CFU per onion) 2 to 3 days after the final irrigation. Onions were lifted from the soil 8 days after spray inoculation and, in some cases, foliage was removed (topping); onions remained in the field for an additional ca. 2 weeks (total ca. 3 weeks of curing). E. coli populations declined on the onions in the first 4 h after spray inoculation. E. coli was recovered from 38 (48%) or 28 (35%) of 80 whole-onion enrichments at the end of curing in trials 1 or 2, respectively. Topping did not significantly impact the percentage of E. coli-positive onions detected at the end of curing. From 8 h to 21 days, E. coli populations on positive onions ranged from 1 CFU per onion to 7 log CFU per onion in both trials, representing a potential risk of E. coli growth with overhead application of contaminated water at the end of onion production. In trial 2, additional rows of onions were inoculated via a 22-cm subsurface or surface drip irrigation line (1.94 log CFU/mL for 2.5 h). E. coli was detected in 0 (subsurface) and 4 (surface) of 50 whole-onion enrichments 3 h after the initiation of drip irrigation. Positive onions were detected at days 1 (4 of 50) and 7 (1 of 50) with subsurface drip inoculation, and at days 1 (7 of 50), 7 (2 of 50), and 14 (2 of 50) with surface drip inoculation. E. coli was not detected in whole-onion enrichments at the end of curing when inoculated by subsurface (0 of 50) or surface (0 of 50) drip irrigation. Application of contaminated water through drip irrigation, when coupled with field curing, results in low rates of contamination of bulb onions at the time of harvest.

PARÂMETROS GENÉTICOS, DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA E CORRELAÇÕES EM LINHAGENS DE CEBOLA

ABSTRACT Plant breeding programs have been investing in the development of high commercial standard onions; thus, they depend on the genetic resources available for obtaining commercial hybrids. The objective of this study was to evaluate genetic parameters and diversity, and phenotypic and genotypic correlations of characters related to onion production. The experiment was conducted in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Fifty-three onion strains were evaluated, and a randomized block design was used. The number of plant and bulb characteristics evaluated was 13. The statistical analyses were performed using Genes and R software. A genetic variability among the genotypes was found for most of the characters at 1% level of significance in the F test. The heritability of most characters presented moderate to high values (≥ 70%) and high CVg/CVe ratio (≥ 1). The UPGMA method separated the genotypes into 20 groups, while the Tocher method separated them into 19 groups. The groups that stood out were V, XIV, XV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, and XX. The results of t-test showed six significant phenotypic correlations with low to moderate degree of association, and the genotypic correlations, in most cases, were higher than the phenotypic ones and showed the same sign. From the genetic parameters studied, the possibility of gains in the selection is high. The separation of groups of divergent genitors was possible due to the wide genetic variability for the studied characters. Moreover, the phenotypic and genotypic correlations showed that indirect selection is not feasible.

Optimization of energy ratio, benefit to cost and greenhouses gasses using metaheuristic techniques (genetic and particular swarm algorithms) and data envelopment analysis: Recommendations for mitigation of inputs consumption (a case crop: edible onion)

AbstractThe present study aimed to optimize the energy, economic, and greenhouse effects indices for edible onion production in Fereydan (85 growers), and Buin (15 growers) regions in Isfahan. Required data were collected through direct measurement, interview, and questionnaire. Total energy input was obtained before and after optimization using data envelopment analysis (DEA), multi‐objective genetic algorithm (MOGA), and multi‐objective particle swarm algorithm (MOPSA), and was determined as 236,335, 213,068 (8.75% saving), 125,663 (48.63% saving), and 320,657 MJ ha−1 (35.67%), respectively. In addition, energy ratio (ER) was improved from 0.79 to 0.84, 1.81, and 0.8 using DEA, MOGA, and MOPSA, respectively. By reducing the production costs by 10.2%, 63.12%, and 29.4% using DEA, MOGA, and MOPSA, respectively, benefit‐to‐cost ratio (BCR) index was improved from 1.44 to 1.88, 5.21, and 1.94, respectively. Also results showed that GHG emissions were mitigated by 18.39%, 47.56%, and 27.94%, respectively. Based on the findings, MOGA showed better performance compared to DEA, and MOPSA in terms of ER, BCR, and GHG factors. Despite applying metaheuristic, and artificial intelligence methods by MOPSA, this algorithm was not able to optimize the target factors, and applied the energy, and production costs in negative status (in reverse).

Impact of Reducing Synthetic Chemical Inputs on Pest and Disease Management in Commercial Onion Production Systems

Onion production is reliant on synthetic chemical inputs such as fertilizer and pesticides to ensure its profitability. In the Great Lakes region (USA), onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) and a complex of bacterial pathogens that cause bulb rot disease threaten the sustainability of onion production. The potential exists for reducing T. tabaci infestations and bulb rot disease incidence in onions by decreasing the amounts of fertilizer applied at planting and the insecticide applied to foliage during the season. In a three-year study that included 20 New York commercial onion fields, the impact of synthetic fertilizer (no fertilizer, half rate, and full rate) and insecticide use (action threshold-based application program and weekly application program) on T. tabaci populations and bulb rot disease incidence was examined. Results indicated that the amount of fertilizer applied to an onion at planting had no impact on T. tabaci population levels, bulb rot disease incidence, or onion bulb size and yield. In contrast, insecticide use had the greatest impact on reducing T. tabaci densities. Both the action threshold-based program and weekly spray program reduced T. tabaci infestation levels below the economic injury level, but the action threshold program averaged 2.3 fewer applications per season. The insecticide program had no effect on bulb rot incidence, bulb size, or yield. We conclude that synthetic fertilizer and insecticide inputs can be reduced substantially without compromising onion bulb yields, and this should lead to greater profits and a reduction of chemicals in the environment.

Phenology‐regulated defence mechanisms as drivers for Fusarium basal rot in onion (Allium cepa)

AbstractFusarium basal rot (FBR), caused by Fusarium spp., is a serious impediment for onion production. In the present study, the interaction of onion (Allium cepa) var. Takstar F1 with Allium‐derived isolates of the toxigenic species F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum was investigated at seedling and bulb stage. Using a set of isolates with distinct virulence profiles, we provide evidence that the outcome of FBR is driven by the phenology of onion. Reverse transcription‐quantitative PCR analysis revealed distinct expression of reliable marker genes for phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL1, PAL2), lipoxygenase (LOX2), chalcone synthase (CHS), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) and pectin methylesterases (PME) during the infection of seedlings and bulbs. These defence‐related genes in seedlings were differentially expressed depending on the aggressiveness of Fusarium isolates. Despite these differential kinetics, the activated plant defence did not seem to be effective in protecting the seedlings from Fusarium infection and proliferation. Meanwhile, gene expression in the bulb organs correlated positively with FBR severity, indicating an ineffective defence response. Among the major metabolites of these Fusarium species, beauvericin was not toxic to either the seedlings or the bulbs, while fumonisin B1 appeared to be a virulence factor specific for the seedling stage. This points to differential roles of fumonisin B1 during an infection of F. proliferatum depending on the infected organ and the phenological stage of the onion host. We hypothesize that this variation, along with the differences within and between Fusarium species in terms of virulence and metabolism, contributes to the determination of disease outcome.

Influences of spraying algae extract fertilizer and N application on growth, productivity and quality of Onion

Influences of spraying algae extract fertilizer and N application on growth, productivity and quality of Onion

Structural Breaks, Growth and Instability Test in Onion Cultivation: A Case of Saurashtra Region of Gujarat

Onion is one of the most important commercial vegetable crops grown in India. Among the bulb crops onion is the only member grown to a great extent in this country. The historical data on area, production and yield of onion from Gujarat were collected for 26 years from the year 1992-93 to 2017-2018 and analysis was carried out using compound growth rate, Cuddy- Della Vella index and Structural break analysis (Chow test). This study was conducted on onion cultivation in Gujarat for the study period of 1992-93 to 2017-18. To capture the impact of NHM (National Horticulture Mission), the study period was re-categorized into: Pre- NHM Period (1992-93 to 2004-05); Post- NHM Period (2005-06 to 2017-18) and Overall Period (1992-93 to 2017-18). Major onion producing districts of Gujarat were selected for analysis. In case of growth rate and instability the yield was showed negative during study period so, more emphasis should be given to enhance the yield level with the help of innovations and technology in onion cultivation. structural break points plays a vital role regarding the forecasting purpose. For, structural break chow test was carried out, the results revealed that occur of structural break in particular district due to area and yield components used in this study.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) bulb yield in low input production systems can be sustained through combined application of chicken manure and blended fertilizer

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of onion to different rates of chicken manure (CM) and blended fertilizer (BF) on growth and bulb yield at Jimma, Southwestern Ethiopia during the 2017/18 cropping season. Treatments consisted of four rates of CM (no CM, 5, 10 and 15 t ha- 1) and four rates of BF (no BF, 62.5, 125.0 and 187.5 kg ha−1) and laid out in 4 × 4 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on growth and bulb yield of onion were collected and analyzed using SAS version 9.3. Results showed that application of 15 t ha−1 CM + 125 kg ha−1 BF resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) desirable onion bulb characteristics such as larger bulb neck diameter (1.6 cm)bulb diameter (6.7 cm) and higher bulb dry weight (26.05 g plant−1). In addition, aboveground dry biomass weight (4.67 g plant−1), harvest index (84.79%), marketable bulb yield (37.34 t ha−1) and total bulb yield (37.86 t ha−1) were significantly influenced by the combined application of CM and BF suggesting that that productivity of onion can be improved through combined application of CM with BF. We conclude that combined application of CM along with BF could improve soil fertility and productivity of low input onion production systems.

Effects of Fadama III Project on Dry Season Onion Farmers’ Income in Sokoto State, Nigeria

The effect of Fadama III project to the improvement in the income of participating dry season onion farmers inSokoto State was studied. Population of the study comprised of all dry season onion farmers in Sokoto State.Purposive sampling was used to select six Local Government Areas, while random sampling technique was usedto select 15 respondents each from the project participants and non-project participants in each of the six LocalGovernment Areas. Descriptive statistics and gross margin analysis were used for data analyses. Findings of thestudy revealed that Majority (63.53% and 76.40%) of project beneficiaries and non-project beneficiariesrespectively did not attain any form of formal education. Cost of fertilizer dominated the production cost for boththe project beneficiaries (46.61%) and non-project beneficiaries (55.99%) of total cost. Result of the gross marginanalysis shows that the project participants made more profit in dry season onion production (₦241, 854.89)compared to the non-project participants (₦63,328.59). It was recommended that Fadama III project should as muchas possible expand their area of operation so that more farmers can benefit from their services.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Stemphylium Leaf Blight and Potential Inoculum Sources in New York Onion Fields.

Stemphylium leaf blight (SLB) caused by Stemphylium vesicarium is the dominant foliar disease affecting large-scale onion production in New York. The disease is managed by fungicides, but control failures are prevalent and are attributed to fungicide resistance. Little is known of the relative role of inoculum sources in initiation and spread of SLB epidemics. Plate testing of 28 commercially available organic onion seedlots from 2016 and 2017 did not detect S. vesicarium. This finding suggests that although S. vesicarium has been reported as seed-transmitted, this is unlikely to be a significant inoculum source in commercially available organic seed lots and even less so in fungicide-treated seed used to establish conventional fields. The spatial and spatiotemporal dynamics of SLB epidemics in six onion fields were evaluated along linear transects in 2017 and 2018. Average SLB incidence increased from 0 to 100% throughout the cropping seasons with an average final lesion length of 28.3 cm. Disease progress was typical of a polycyclic epidemic and the logistic model provided the best fit to 83.3% of the datasets. Spatial patterns were better described by the beta-binomial than binomial distribution in half of the datasets (50%) and random patterns were more frequently observed by the index of dispersion (59%). Geostatistical analyses also found a low frequency of datasets with aggregation (60%). Spatiotemporal analysis of epidemics detected that the aggregation was influenced by disease incidence. However, diseased units were not frequently associated with the previous time period according to the spatiotemporal association function of spatial analyses by distance indices. Variable spatial patterns suggested mixed inoculum sources dependent upon location, and likely an external inoculum source at the sampling scale used in this study. A small-plot replicated trial was also conducted in each of 2 years to quantify the effect of S. vesicarium-infested onion residue on SLB epidemics in a field isolated from other onion fields. SLB incidence was significantly reduced in plots without residue compared with those in which residue remained on the soil surface. Burial of infested residue also significantly reduced epidemic progress in 1 year. The effect of infested onion residue on SLB epidemics in the subsequent onion crop suggests rotation or residue management may have a substantial effect on epidemics. However, the presence of an inoculum source external to fields in onion production regions, as indicated by a lack of spatial aggregation, may reduce the efficacy of in-field management techniques.

Major Constraints in Production and Marketing of Onion in Haryana

Onion is an inevitable item in all Indian kitchens. As onion is an important and obligatory item of consumption basket, fl uctuation in its prices will have great impact on food consumption pattern of the Indian consumers. The present study was conducted to identify the major constraints in the production and marketing of onion in Haryana. Ambala and Mewat districts were selected purposively based on the largest area under onion in the state. In total 200 onion growers were randomly selected for collecting the required information. Garrett’s ranking technique was used to analyze the results. The study revealed that the high labour cost was the major constraint in the production of onion in Ambala district followed by high incidence of pest and disease and viability of seed. As regards to major constraints reported by the respondents during the marketing of onion were frequent price fl uctuation, non-availability of storage facility and lack of awareness of BBY/government procurement (NAFED). Regarding the production of onion in Mewat district, major constraints observed were poor quality and inadequate underground water, high cost of onion seed, non availability of quality seed, etc. The study further found that the major constraints observed during the marketing of onion in Mewat district were distance market, non-availability of storage facility, high transportation cost. Adequate storage facility needs to be created enabling the producers to spread the sale throughout the year. Eff orts may be made to supply quality seeds and also to safeguard the producers against the low prices during the peak season.

Determination of Optimum Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates on Bulb Yield of Onion (Allium cepa L.) at Bako, Western Oromia, Ethiopia

Field experiment was conducted to evaluate bulb yield of onion (Allium cepa L.) under different levels of nitrogen and P 2 O 5 for two years (2013-2014) at Bako, Western Oromia. Treatments comprised of three levels of nitrogen (46, 92, 138 kgha -1 ) and three levels of P 2 O 5 (46, 92,138 kgha -1 ) and including check 0, 50 and 0,100 kgha -1 P 2 O 5 and nitrogen respectively. The experiment was designed in RCBD and replicated three times. The variety bombe red is used as test material. Fertilizer rates were applied in split applications two times for nitrogen and once for P 2 O 5 . Combined analysis of variance showed as highly significant differences were observed among the treatments. So, an optimum fertilizer rates for nitrogen &amp; P 2 O 5 which gave the highest marketable bulb yield ha -1 was recommended for the study area and for similar agro-ecologies. The result showed that application of nitrogen significantly increased the average bulb yield of red bulb onion after harvest but application of the main effect P 2 O 5 alone, year * nitrogen, year * P 2 O 5 and year * P 2 O 5 * nitrogen has no significant effect on bulb yield of onion. The interaction of 138kgha -1 P 2 O 5 with 138kgha -1 nitrogen can significantly increases total bulb yield of onion (28.07 tha -1 ) and recommended for the study area. Besides, it is possible to produce and obtain reasonable bulb yield of 20.58 tha -1 bulb onion with the interaction of 92kgha -1 nitrogen and 92kgha -1 P 2 O 5 . During vegetative growth stage and at its maturity it was observed that there is disease reaction of purple blotch recorded. Eventually, it is also possible to recommend from the result that onion bulb yield was more responsive to the main effect of nitrogen and its interaction with P 2 O 5 but not much respond to the main effect P 2 O 5 application alone. We can conclude that rather than application of 92 kgha -1 N*138kgha -1 P 2 O 5 and 46kgha -1 N*92kg ha -1 P 2 O 5 , application of 100 kgha -1 N alone gave remarkable bulb yield. This directly indicated that bulb yield of onion production is more responsive to nitrogen application than P 2 O 5 fertilizer rates. As this experiment was conducted during the main rainy season disease infestation (purple blotch) was the main problem encountered especially in the second year followed the humid environment. So, application of chemical (Orious) 2 litha -1 2-3 times with in fourteen days interval is very crucial to check/control this diseases. Keywords: Bulb Yield, Nitrogen, Onion, Phosphorus DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/13-8-01 Publication date: April 30 th 2022

Aplikasi ekstrak daun tapak dara (Catharanthus roseus l.) terhadap pertumbuhan dan morfologi tanaman bawang daun (Allium fistulosum l.)

Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) is one of the horticultural commodity crops with high consumer value in Indonesia, but production remains low. Efforts to increase the production of Welsh onion can be performed by induction of anti-mitotic substances. Catharanthus roseus leaves contain anti-mitotic alkaloid compounds that promote growth and yield. This research aimed to analyze the effect of extract C. roseus leaf on the growth and morphology of Welsh onion. This research was conducted in Kejajar, Wonosobo, Central Java, followed by analysis in Plant Physiology and Breeding Laboratory, Diponegoro University. This research used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) factorial with three concentrations; 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%, and three levels of soaking duration; 6, 9, and 12 hours. The data were analyzed statistically using ANOVA followed by Post-hoc Test using Honestly Significant Different (HSD) at 5%. The result showed that applying 0.05% C. roseus leaf extract significantly affected sprouting time, number of tillers per plant, number of leaves per plant, fresh weight, and stomatal density. In addition, the interaction between 0.1% C. roseus leaf extract treatment and 12 hours of soaking duration increased root length by 16.67 cm.