Moringa Products Research Articles

Quality and Drying Kinetics of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) Seed Flour After Drying Process

The moringa presents great nutritional value thanks to its bioactive compounds, providing many benefits to human health. Therefore, this plant has been studied with the aim of being used as a food fortifier. The objective of this work was to describe the technological process in the production of moringa seed flour at different temperatures through numerical and analytical solutions and assess its final chemical quality. Moringa pods were obtained in experimental area and were treated by removing their seeds. A drying process was performed at different temperatures (40, 50, 60 °C) with progressive weighing on a semi-analytical scale until constant weight which was obtained after 2 hours of drying. The flour was obtained with the use of a knife mill. Empirical models of Lewis, Herdenson and Pabis, Peleg and Page were used to describe the dehydration curve of moringa seeds. Protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash and moisture contents were determined in the flours obtained at different temperatures. We verified that best fit model was Page’s, representing the best coefficients of determination and chi-squares. The Peleg model showed incoherent behavior, indicating that it is not ideal for simulating the drying process of moringa seeds at the studied temperatures. The temperature influenced the quality of the flour. The flour obtained at a temperature of 40 °C showed the best percentages of protein, ash, moisture and carbohydrates. For the lipid content, the best flour results was obtained at temperatures of 50 and 60 °C.

Technical Efficiency of Moringa Production: A case Study in Wolaita and Gamo Zones, Southern Ethiopia

Moringa has been becoming among vastly growing and trading commodities in different parts of Ethiopia for its multiple benefits. However, empirical researches analyzing its productivity at smallholder farmer level were missing. This study aimed to fill the existing gap with a cross-sectional survey study on sampled 117 Moringa producer farmers from southern Ethiopia. The Stochastic Frontier Model was used to estimate the level and factors determining the technical efficiency of Moringa production. The collected data fitted Cobb-Douglas production function with inputs, labor and the numbers of trees positively and significantly determined the output of Moringa. An estimated level of efficiency shows farmers have the possibility to increase Moringa output by 47.81% with existing inputs and technology. The land, off-farm activities, access to road, credit, and irrigation were significant factors affecting the technical efficiency of Moringa. It requires policies and development actions to perform on mechanisms to advance the production of Moringa. Hence, any development direction to enhance Moringa production should consider households with limited access to land and irrigation. Furthermore, the development of road infrastructure is required to increase agricultural productivity. In sum, modern credit institutions, as well as facilities, found essential to improve the livelihood of Moringa producers in the area.

Economics of Moringas Marketing in Enugu Metropolis, Enugu State, Nigeria

This study assessed the economics of Moringa marketing in Enugu metropolis. It is an obvious truth that agricultural production and other agricultural business are never completed without getting to the final consumers (the primary target) thus, the importance of marketing is to make these products available to the final consumers and improve access to food consumption. This study was carried out in Enugu Metropolis. Eighty (80) respondents were purposively selected from two local government areas of the study using descriptive sampling techniques. A questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection. The result showed that the majority (75%) of marketers of Moringa products in the areas were females. About 47.5% were within the age of 31-40 years, 50% attended secondary Schools, 81.25% were married, 90% were Christians and 62.5% had 1-5 years of experience. The two intermediaries in the marketing system are the wholesaler and retailer. The major forms in which moringa products are marketed are the Moringa powder, seeds, oil and herbal tea. The monthly costs and returns from moringa marketing showed gross margin to be N 43,400, net profit to be N 22,800 and benefits cost ration BCR) to be 1:16 indicating that moringa is profitable in the study area. Despite the profitability of Moringa, marketers identified their major constraint to be low demand as a result of difficulties in convincing people to buy. It is therefore recommended that extension agent and processors should help in enlightening people on the multifarious benefits of Moringa by organizing programs on Moringa.

Challenges and Opportunities for Small Farms Marketing Dried Moringa Products in California’s San Joaquin Valley

Challenges and Opportunities for Small Farms Marketing Dried Moringa Products in California’s San Joaquin Valley

Study on food-feed competitive efficiency of Moringa fodder in the active Brahmaputra-Jamuna Floodplain Agro-Ecological Zone of Bangladesh

The research work was carried out to evaluate the food-feed competitive efficiency of Moringa fodder in the Active Brahmaputra-Jamuna Floodplain Agro-Ecological Zone (ABJF-AEZ) of Bangladesh. For determining the competitive land use efficiency of Mornga feed (Mf) production, the Moringa fodder was cultivated in Gaibandha district at ABJF-AEZ with four replications. The annual dry matter (DM) yield of Moringa at on-farm condition was the height (26.67 ton/ha) and it was varied significantly (P<0.05) with on-station condition. Comparing the Moringa fodder with available cash crop, the cost of production of Moringa was higher than that of other two cropping system like Boro-fellow-Jute (BFJ) and Boro-Fellow-Matikalai (BFM) but the gross return of Moringa cultivation was Tk.186.3 thousand, it was about five times higher income than existing cash crop. For determining the impacts of Mf on milk production and their quality, twelve local cows of third or fourth parity after 1 to 2 weeks of calving in Gaibandha Sadar Upazila were selected and divided into three dietary groups having four animals in each considering their live weight and ante-diet daily milk yield. During 50 days feeding period all experimental cows were fed freshly threshed rice straw and keeping randomly a group under on farm practice that received supplementation of conventionally mixed concentrates (CMC), the other two groups of cows were either received a commercial cattle feed available at the market or Mf replacing conventional concentrate supplements. Mf produced significant amount of milk (1.64 kg/day) and meat (441.3 g/day) followed by commercial cattle feed (1.1 kg/day and 128.2 g/day) and CMC (0.73 kg/day and 48.4 g/day), respectively. It was also indicated that Mf is better than market feed for the increase of milk yield and live weight gain. So, Mf is an unbeatable animal feed to increase the productivities of cows.
 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2019. 48 (1): 36-41

Present and potential uses of Moringa oleifera as a multipurpose plant in Guinea-Bissau

A field survey in Guinea-Bissau revealed the present uses of Moringa and the knowledge of rural populations about its properties in this West African country. Also, a market survey in Bissau assessed the moringa products traded there. The species is planted all over the country, mainly as a living fence in homegardens. The leaves are the most commonly used part of the plant, primarily as food and in traditional medicine. The seeds are used to treat a few ailments. Only in recent years began the seeds and ground dried leaves to be traded in the markets and the local knowledge on the medicinal and dietary properties of moringa to increase. However, many of the uses reported in other parts of Africa remain unknown or undocumented in Guinea-Bissau. Much further potential use and dissemination of the qualities of this plant seem possible in the country.

The miracle mix of Moringa: Status of Moringa research and development in Malawi

Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala are grown in Malawi in different agro-ecological zones. Moringa oleifera is the most widely cultivated pan-tropical species of a monogeneric family, the Moringaceae, regarded as versatile because of its ability to provide edible food, oil and purify water for local communities. The tree is sometimes referred to as a “Miracle Tree” because of nutritional and pharmacological properties. Despite its great importance, M. oleifera is still not well exploited and hence considered as underutilized in Malawi. Natural distribution of M. oleifera in Malawi and elsewhere reveals rich variability in fruit types of semi-domesticated populations. Distribution pattern among others has had an influence on domestication trends in Malawi in terms of diversity. Despite the great variability of M. oleifera, there is no properly established genebank or database with either cultivated or spontaneous accessions in Malawi and elsewhere. Absence of elite varieties adapted to local conditions and use of seeds obtained through open pollination from planted plants are some of the major factors that limit productivity. In Malawi, there is limited knowledge of available genetic diversity present in Moringa species to warrant serious breeding programmes for meaningful scaling up. Furthermore, commercialization of Moringa products in Malawi is still very informal making it difficult to get reliable information of production volumes and prices thereby making it unattractive for scaling up. There is however a growing interest to upscale Moringa species distribution nationwide. Moringa oleifera is fairly distributed in specific agro-ecological zones of Malawi and easily adapted to new sites. This offers an opportunity to be planted much more widely by introducing the species within the existing farming systems as the species can also survive in degraded soils. As such, increased use of the species could have a positive impact on the nutritional and health status of people of Malawi.

PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKTIVITAS KELOR (Moringa oleifera) PERIODE VEGETATIF AWAL DENGAN PEMUPUKAN SUMBER P YANG BERBEDA PADA TANAH ULTISOL

Greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the effects of phosporous fertilizer on the growth and production of Moringa oleifera in ultisol. The experimental design was Completely Randomized Design (CRD), treatments which include 0 kg/ha, 100 kg/ha SP36, 200 kg/ha SP36, 300 kg/ha SP36, 100 kg/ha Rock Phospat (RP), 200 kg/ha RP, and 300 kg/ha RP, in five replicates. The result showed there wasn’t signicantly differences (P>0.05) of all phosporous fertilizer treatment to growth and production of moringa in early vegetative periode.
 Keywords: plants growth, Moringa oleifera, phosporous fertilizer

Economics of production of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) in Tamil Nadu

The study was carried out in Theni and Dindigul districts of Tamil Nadu during 2017–18 to estimate the costs and returns of moringa cultivation and economic feasibility of moringa orchards. Multistage purposive sampling was employed in the present study. A sample of 160 moringa growers was drawn from eight purposively selected villages of four highest moringa producing blocks of Theni and Dindigul districts. Required data were recorded on a well-structured pre-tested schedule through personal interaction with selected moringa growers. The study revealed that the establishment cost of moringa was Rs 7.72 and 6.88 lakh: the cost of plant protection occupied a major share to the tune of 30.44 and 25.62 per cent in Theni and Dindigul districts respectively. The average yield of moringa was 27, 015 kg/ha in Theni and 22, 063 kg/ha in Dindigul. The net present value (NPV) of moringa plantation was Rs 16.87 and 12.82 lakh, benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of moringa orchard was 1.72 and 1.63 and internal rate of return (IRR) was 27.66 and 25.00 per cent in Theni and Dindigul districts respectively indicating that moringa was a profitable venture. Among the constraints in production of moringa the major constraint was invasion of pests and diseases in Theni and lack of labour availability in Dindigul district. Indicators of economic analysis (B-C ratio and IRR) showed that investment on moringa plantation was a sound financial worthy one fetching substantial returns. Appropriate technological intervention was needed to combat the menace of pests and diseases in moringa plantation to fetch higher returns.

INTRODUKSI TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN DAUN KELOR YANG MENDUKUNG EKONOMI MASYARAKAT DI POSDAYA BERINGIN SAKTI

Tanaman Kelor (Moringa oleifera) sangat mudah dikembang biakan, dan tidak membutuhkan tanah dengan kualifikasi khusus serta bersifat tahunan, sehingga tidak memberatkan masyarakat dalam pengelolaannya. Hasil tanaman kelor dapat dijadikan peluang usaha dibidang obat-obatan herbal seperti teh kelor, atau dibuat pangan fungsional seperti Mie Kelor. Dengan adanya usaha tersebut, dapat mengajak masyarakat untuk melakukan pengelolaan tamanan kelor yang bernilai ekonomis atau di konsumsi langsung oleh masyarakat, sehingga tetap sehat serta pendapatan meningkat. Untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang pengembangan dan pengolahan tanaman Kelor, dilakukan tahapan: 1) Sosialisasi; 2) Pelatihan, dan 3) Pendampingan. Berdasarkan dari hasil kegiatan dapat disimpulkan bahwa tanggapan masyarakat akan sesuatu yang baru dan bermanfaat bagi kehidupan sangat tinggi. Ini ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan persentase hasil implementasi setiap langkah kegiatan. Saat awal kegiatan, 91,30 % peserta yang hadir dalam sosialisasi tanaman Kelor belum mengetahui manfaat tanaman tersebut. Namun diakhir kegiatan 100% peserta pelatihan yang telah diajarkan pembuatan Teh kelor, telah mampu secara mandiri dan membentuk Kelompok Usaha Bersama (KUB) dengan nama Beringin Sakti. Saat ini teh Kelor hasil olahan masyarakat mitra telah dijual Rp 10.000,- per kemasan isi 25 gram, yang didapatkan dari satu batang tanaman Kelor. Hasil kalkulasi menunjukkan bahwa dengan menanam 40 batang Kelor, dapat menambah pendapatan masyarakat minimal Rp. 1 juta per bulan.

Unique antioxidant effects of herbal leaf tea and stem tea fromMoringa oleiferaL. especially on superoxide anion radical generation systems

This study aimed to investigate the unique antioxidative effects of Japanese moringa products, herbal leaf tea and stem tea, using established free radical assays, focusing on superoxide anion (O2-) radical generation systems. Hot-water extracts from moringa teas resulted in different but lower scavenging activities than Trolox in four synthetic free radical models. Interestingly, these extracts further showed higher O2- radical scavenging effects than Trolox in the phenazine methosulfate-NADH-nitroblue tetrazolium and xanthine oxidase assay systems. Incubating human neutrophils in the presence of these tea extracts rather than Trolox effectively suppressed cellular O2- radical generation. Among the eight known phenolic constituents of moringa leaves, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid may be responsible for the O2-specific radical scavenging capacity stronger than that of Trolox. These results suggest that moringa herbal teas are a good source of natural antioxidants for preventing O2- radical-mediated disorders. Abbreviations: O2-: superoxide anion; ROS: reactive oxygen species; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; XOD: xanthine oxidase; DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; ABTS+: 2,2'-azinobis(2-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation; CPZ+: chlorpromazine cation; PMS: phenazine methosulfate; NBT: nitroblue tetrazolium; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate.

Production and Utilization of Moringa by Farmers in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Production and Utilization of Moringa by Farmers in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Consumer willingness to pay a premium for a functional food in Ghana

Interest in functional foods has been growing in sub-Saharan Africa due to consumer concerns with diet and nutrition. This paper analyses consumer awareness, perceptions and effects of the determinants of consumer willingness to pay (WTP) a premium for Moringa bread in Ghana. An ordered probit model is employed. The empirical results indicate that consumer knowledge of the nutritional and health benefits of Moringa bread is what matters most to consumers in respect of their WTP a higher premium for the product. Consumers with knowledge on Moringa products are more willing to pay above 50% price premiums for Moringa bread. Fruitful policy recommendations are made in the paper.
 JEL code: D12

Improving the moringa value chain in Bangladesh and linking growers with the market

The demand for food in Bangladesh and around the world is changing rapidly. Driven by economic growth, rising incomes, and urbanization, demand is shifting away from traditional staples toward high-value vegetable commodities. In Bangladesh, additional demand for these commodities is projected to be worth about $10 billion by 2020. More than 80% of people living on less than $ 2.5 a day in Bangladesh live in rural areas. This spatial distribution of poverty makes capitalizing on the opportunities afforded by high value vegetables like moringa production an important strategic priority for those seeking to reduce poverty in the country. Insufficient processing capacity, the lack of cold storage facilities or a functioning cold chain, and the persistence of transport bottlenecks are significant constraints to high value moringa production in Bangladesh. The promise of generating higher income and increased export revenues by accessing international markets is matched by the challenges of meeting the exacting quality and safety standards that apply in those markets and by the prospect of having to compete with high quality imports from those markets. There is limited processing of moringa in Bangladesh leading to value addition. The majority of moringa produce is not processed at all and, thus lacks any value addition. Most farmers do not have adequate knowledge of moringa processing and value addition. This paper mainly deals with the present status, value addition, processing and marketing of moringa in Bangladesh. Suggestions were also made on the improvement of the moringa value chain, market access and generation of additional household income.

The moringa industry in the Philippines: status, challenges and opportunities

Moringa is one of the world's most useful trees and in the Philippines almost all parts of the plant are used for food and traditional medicine. Various research and development efforts are currently focused on food fortification to utilize the nutritional value of moringa and its medicinal potentials. For the past 10 years the moringa industry in the Philippines has grown significantly as research and development efforts have focused on this crop. Moringa leaves and seed oil are the major raw materials used in the food and nutrition industry, in cosmetics and herbal medicine. The leaf powder is mainly used for food fortification as ingredient of bread, noodles, juices, milk and tea, while the leaf powder capsule is mostly used as food supplement and herbal medicine. Moringa oil is predominantly used in cosmetics and personal health care products such as shampoo, soap, perfumes and skin care. More new moringa-based products are being developed by more than 20 food and cosmetic industries in the Philippines. In spite of the growing moringa industry there is a shortage of good quality fresh and dry moringa raw materials. The supply of moringa powder is inadequate and unstable and can be attributed to a scarcity of seed and planting materials. There is no stable and commercial moringa oil industry due to limited seed supply. The moringa industry in the Philippines is slowly being developed with the assistance of the government and private sectors. The next step is to develop a national program for the industry. There are gaps that need to be addressed. Establishing good agricultural practices and stringent regulations to guarantee the quality and stability of moringa products is top priority. Addressing the great demand for planting materials is another major challenge. The opportunities of moringa-based products seem bright and key players are aiming to penetrate the international market.

Effect of Planting Density and Harvest Interval on the Leaf Yield and Quality of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) under Diverse Agroecological Conditions of Northern South Africa

Smallholder livestock farmers who depend on natural communal grazing lands are particularly vulnerable to climate change as well as to food insecurity and should be encouraged to grow drought-tolerant fodder crops. Moringa oleifera is a highly valued plant, due to its exceptionally high nutritional content. This study was conducted at two experimental sites in the Limpopo province of northern South Africa to evaluate for the first time the effect of plant density and cutting interval on biomass production and chemical composition of moringa grown under two diverse climatic conditions. Four different planting densities (435,000, 300,000, 200,000, and 100,000 plants/ha) were arranged in a randomized complete block design and experimental samples were replicated four times. Data for biomass and gravimetric soil moisture content were collected each time the plants reached a height of 50 cm. Harvested leaves were analysed for chemical composition. An increase in the plant density led to elevated biomass production at both study locations, ranging between 527 and 2867 kg/ha. Moringa is capable of meeting all nutrient requirements of livestock depending on harvest time and location.

Composition de la poudre des feuilles sèches de Moringa oleifera dans trois régions du Niger

In Niger, the acute and chronic malnutrition constitutes a public health problem among children aged from six to fifty-nine months. The use of local foods was identified in the national protocol of malnutrition management as an alternative for ready to use therapeutic foods that are currently used. Among these local foods, the powder of dried leaves of Moringa oleifera was analyzed in order to know the composition of the powder of dried leaves of Moringa oleifera produced in Niger compared to the available data. To achieve this, four samples from the three main Moringa production regions in Niger namely Tillaberi, Niamey both located in the river basin and southern Maradi of the Sahel-Sudanese zone, were analyzed. The chromatographic analysis hasbeen made in the laboratory of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics. The nitrogen extraction technique was done using H 2 SO 4 digestion + salicylic acid + H 2 O 2 and selenium. It was measured using the calorimetry auto analyzer, based the Bertholet reaction. Total phosphorous, iron, zinc, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium and copper was also extracted, using the same method. Phosphorus was measured by calorimetry using the method of molybdo-phosphate reduced to ascorbic acid. The other elements were measured using atomic spectroscopy absorption. The results correspond to the average of two parallel tests. Five standards enabled to make the calibration and a control sample was analyzed in the same conditions. The test is valid if the regression is about 0,9950 - 0,9999. The powder of dried leaves of Moringa produced in Niger turned out be rich in proteins with an average of 24, 8 % (Confidence Interval at 95%: 19, 34-30, 24) with values going from 21,58% in Tillaberi to 28,72% in Niamey and in micronutrients. According to regions, the composition varies for iron between 51,9 and 55,12 mg/100g, 0,45 and 1,58 mg/100g for zinc, 1192,5and 1957,5 mg/100g for calcium, 414,37 and 714,37 mg/100g for magnesium,1587 and 2037 mg/100g for potassium, 207,75 and 326,25 mg/100g for sodium, 32 and 61 mg/100g for phosphorus. These results are close to those revealed by earlier studies. Key words: Moringa oleifera , composition, powder, dry, leaves, different, regions, Niger

Accounting Information Systems of Kuwaiti Companies: Obstacles and Barriers

Moringa oleifera is mainly used as herbal medicine in most homes in Northern Nigeria. The plant is easy to grow and thrives very well regardless the type of soil. Use of moringa leaves in food production can yield attractive varieties on menu. This paper evaluates the acceptability of dishes produced with fresh moringa leaves with a view to promoting it in popular restaurants. A three course menu consisting of cream of moringa soup as the starter, mixed meat moringa sauce with semovita as the main dish and moringa roll as sweet was produced and served to a 60-member taste panel made of three groups of 20 each. Respondents were asked to rate the organoleptic qualities of the samples on a 10-point bipolar scale ranging from 1 (Dislike extremely) – 10 (Like extremely). Data collected were treated to one sample t-test and One Way ANOVA. Results show that the panelists extremely like the moringa products. It is recommended that Moringa oleifera should be incorporated into meals which is more readily acceptable than medicine.

Cultivation, Genetic, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Moringa oleifera Leaves: An Overview.

Moringa oleifera is an interesting plant for its use in bioactive compounds. In this manuscript, we review studies concerning the cultivation and production of moringa along with genetic diversity among different accessions and populations. Different methods of propagation, establishment and cultivation are discussed. Moringa oleifera shows diversity in many characters and extensive morphological variability, which may provide a resource for its improvement. Great genetic variability is present in the natural and cultivated accessions, but no collection of cultivated and wild accessions currently exists. A germplasm bank encompassing the genetic variability present in Moringa is needed to perform breeding programmes and develop elite varieties adapted to local conditions. Alimentary and medicinal uses of moringa are reviewed, alongside the production of biodiesel. Finally, being that the leaves are the most used part of the plant, their contents in terms of bioactive compounds and their pharmacological properties are discussed. Many studies conducted on cell lines and animals seem concordant in their support for these properties. However, there are still too few studies on humans to recommend Moringa leaves as medication in the prevention or treatment of diseases. Therefore, further studies on humans are recommended.

Feasibility Analysis of Leaf-Based <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Plantation in the Nigerian Guinea Savannah: Case Study of University of Ilorin Moringa Plantation

This study examined the profitability and economic feasibility of a leaf-based Moringa production and processing under a plantation system in the Nigerian guinea savannah using the University of Ilorin Moringa Plantation as a case study. To achieve this objective, data on production and processing cost and revenue for the 2011/2012 planting season were collected and a simulated 10-year production and cost and revenue scenarios were scheduled based on the assumption of a constant cost and cash inflow over the same period. The cost-benefit was reported using the Return on Investment (ROI), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and the Net Present Value (NPV) analyses. Result indicated an estimated average net profit of N827,109 (USD5, 137) ha/annum from a Total production cost of N1,371,360 (USD8, 580) ha/annum and a gross revenue of N2,200,000.00 (USD13,750) ha/annum derived from the sale of an average of 110kg of processed dry leaf powder output. This indicates the relative profitability of the enterprise. Furthermore, at varying discount rates of 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, and 25%, the BCR indicated that for every N1 invested in cost, the investor could realize N1.60 in returns, the ROI indicate a profit return turnover of 26.7% of the cost of investment and a NPV estimate at the end of the 10-year period considered the project to be financially worthwhile. Based on these findings, this study recommends the encouragement of Moringa production and value addition development due to the potential it portends for income generation.Key words: feasibility analysis, Moringa leaf and enterprise