Liquid Products Research Articles

Upgrading the quality of biomass by advanced oxidative torrefaction pretreatment: Rebuilding the oxidative torrefaction mechanism based on hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin

The oxidative torrefaction pretreatment (OTP) is a promising approach to upgrade the quality of biomass. This work investigated the oxidative torrefaction mechanism based on the OTP experiment of biomass pseudo component (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) at varying OTP temperatures and oxygen concentrations. Results showed that more mass of biomass was transferred into the torrefied gaseous and liquid products with OTP temperature and oxygen concentration increasing, remaining less mass in torrefied solid product. The element distribution in biomass pseudo component was optimized after OTP, presenting as the removal of oxygen element and the enrichment of carbon element. The variation of these two elements in hemicellulose after OTP was much higher than that of cellulose and lignin due to the more intensive thermal decomposition reaction in hemicellulose. The chemical compounds in torrefied liquid products from biomass pseudo component were highly differentiated with each other, the anhydrosugars (e.g., levoglucosenone (LGO) and levoglucosan (LG)) and furans (e.g., furfural (FF)) from OTP of cellulose, the furans (e.g., furfural (FF)) and acids (e.g., acetic acid (AA)) from OTP of hemicellulose, the phenols from OTP of lignin. The concentrations of the released gas components during OTP of biomass pseudo component were ranked as CO2 > CO > H2 ≈ CH4. The thermal degradation mechanism of biomass OTP was revealed.

Characterization and impact of oxygenates in post-consumer plastic waste-derived pyrolysis oils on steam cracking process efficiency

Mechanical recycling of mixed packaging waste has limitations due to challenging separation into pure polyolefin streams which often leads to low quality recyclates. A solution to improve overall recycling rates of polyolefins is chemical recycling. One promising approach is conversion into a liquid product via pyrolysis and subsequent steam cracking of the pyrolysis oil towards light olefins. In this study, distilled fractions of pyrolysis oils from PE and PP-rich waste were characterized via GC × GC including normal and reversed-phase column configurations with a special focus on oxygenated components. Distilled pyrolysis oils were subsequently steam cracked in 20/80 weight‐based blends with conventional naphtha. All pyrolysis oil samples contained substantial amounts of oxygenates (1–10 wt%) which poses a huge challenge for steam cracker feedstocks and it was found that ketones are the most prevailing oxygenate group. Steam cracking experiments showed slightly increased ethylene yields of the blends compared to pure fossil naphtha, with the PE-derived samples outperforming the PP-derived samples. Furthermore, diesel-range distillation cuts led to higher formation of heavy products compared to the naphtha-range cuts. Increased formation of CO was observed as a consequence of the substantial oxygen contamination which can be a deal-breaker in industrial steam crackers. This work shows that distilled pyrolysis oils with conventional naphtha are promising steam cracking feedstocks if intermediate processing steps are performed to remove the oxygenates and other impurities using, for instance, hydrotreatment. With the findings of this work, such upgrading processes can be designed in a more effective way.

Evaluation of an alternative process for the production of hydrocarbons from CO2: Techno-economic and environmental analysis

This study aims to evaluate and compare two integrated processes (Plant A and B) for hydrocarbon production from CO2. They involve proton exchange membrane water electrolysis for H2 production, reverse water-gas shift reaction for syngas production, pressure swing adsorption for syngas purification, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis for diesel-range hydrocarbons from CO2, and atmospheric distillation for product separation. Plant B additionally integrates a hydrocracking-based upgrading section. The simulations were performed using Aspen Plus® v10, Aspen Adsorption® v10, and Aspen Custom Modeler® v10. The evaluation covers technical, economic, environmental, and multi-criteria assessment (GREENSCOPE). The proposed processes demonstrate the potential to convert CO2 to hydrocarbons, with carbon conversion rates of 75% and 71% for Plants A and B, respectively. Process energy intensity is 155 and 170 MJ/kgLP for Plants A and B, respectively. Environmental assessment reveals CO2 reduction, resulting in negative global warming potentials of −2.20 and −0.84 kgCO2-eq/kgLP for Plants A and B, respectively. The sustainability degree indices for Plants A and B are 1.00 and 0.06, respectively, indicating Plant A as the more sustainable process alternative based on both quantitative and qualitative metrics. Economic analysis shows project unviability in the Brazilian context due to reliance on H2 production and prevailing pricing conditions. Economic viability requires a price increase of liquid products by 266% and 302% or CO2-eq abatement costs ranging from 2.05 to 3.43 US$/kgCO2-eq for Plants A and B, respectively. GREENSCOPE methodology indicates better performance for Plant A across all scores, highlighting a clear connection between the hydrocracking unit and performance indicators. The findings show that these processes align with sustainable development goals (SDGs) targets for climate action (SDG 13), clean energy (SDG 7), industry, innovation, and infrastructure (SDG 9), decent work and economic growth (SDG 8), and responsible consumption and production (SDG 12). Overall, the research moves forward SDGs by offering solutions to cut carbon emissions and promote sustainable industrial practices.

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF DOGS SKIN WITH ATOPIC DERMATITIS AFTER TREATMENT USING ECO ENZYME

Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common diseases in dogs that is multifactorial and usually attacks dogs aged between 6-36 months. This study was aimed to determine the histopathological appearance of the skin of dogs suffering from atopic dermatitis after treated with eco enzyme. Eco enzyme is a liquid product resulting from the fermentation of organic kitchen waste product such as fruit and vegetable dregs, molasses, and water. This study used five dogs suffering from atopic dermatitis which were divided into two groups. Group A: three dogs samples were bathed with 10% eco enzyme liquid every three days for 28 days. In Group B: two samples of dogs were bathed with 10% eco enzyme every three days until the 9th day, followed by a 2% eco enzyme bath once a week (13th, 20th, 27th day). Both treatment groups started from day 0 until day 28. Skin samples were taken using the biopsy method and histopathological changes were observed by making histopathological skin preparations stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Observations of the preparations were carried out using a light microscope. Data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance test followed by the Duncan multiple range test and the Kruskall Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney test, then the data was explained descriptively. The results of the Anova test showed that the thickness of the dogs epidermis treated with 2% and 10% eco enzyme was significantly different (P<0.05). The Kruskall Wallis test for scoring inflammatory cell infiltration and degeneration showed that there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the administration of 2% and 10% eco enzyme. Eco enzyme liquid is able to reduce atopic dermatitis lesions in dogs. Giving eco enzyme at a concentration of 10% and followed by a concentration of 2% with an extended application time can return the histological structure of the dog’s skin to normal, especially the thickness of the epidermis, reduce inflammatory cell infiltration, and reduce degeneration.

Biochemical properties of sludge derived hydrothermal liquid products and microbial response of wastewater treatment

Sludge hydrothermal treatment can achieve efficient reduction and resource utilization, and the hydrothermal liquid products (HLPs) generated in the hydrothermal process may be returned to beginning of the wastewater plant for resource utilization. In this study, dehydrated sludge was treated by a hydrothermal treatment process, and hydrothermal products were separated by centrifugation. Then the HLPs were returned to the front end of the anaerobic-oxic (A/O) reactor to explore their potential role as a source of denitrified carbon. Study focuses on the HLPs’ changes of Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and Phosphorus (P) speciation and distribution, and clarifying the organic matter forms and their impacts on the microbial community composition and functional expression in biological process after recirculation. The results show C and N components are dissolved to HLPs, existing in forms of easily biodegraded components, such as acetic acid (28.04 %), tryptophan, and humic substances, while P mainly precipitates in the solid residue, avoiding accumulation in the wastewater treatment system. The dominant bacteria Proteobacteria accounts for 30 %–40 % of the total sequence, and the abundance of metabolism-related genes maintain the highest level. The wastewater treatment process can withstand the shock of the recirculation of HLPs, and the microbial community composition remains stable.

Valorisation of Tannery Waste to Recover Chromium with a View to Reusing It in Industrial Practise.

This paper presents the basic assumptions of the concept of a new technology for the valorisation of chromium tannery waste. It assumes the use of an integrated system of the thermal pressure hydrolysis process and membrane filtration techniques for the recovery of chromium compounds and the use of a separated organic matter during anaerobic fermentation. According to the assumptions of the developed technological concept, at the first stage, the crushed mixture of chromium tannery waste is decomposed in the process of thermal pressure hydrolysis using appropriate process conditions in an alkaline environment. Then, the liquid product of this process (the so-called hydrolysate) is processed using centrifugal force separation and ultrafiltration. Such activities enable the recovery of chromium compounds for rawhide currying and concentration of organic matter (fats, proteins) with energy potential. Research carried out under conditions similar to real operating conditions proved that chromium compounds recovered from waste can be successfully used in the processing of cowhides intended for the production of footwear. The industrial implementation of the developed technology for valorising chromium tannery waste would enable the transition from a linear to a circular economy.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Sabun Cair dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Tanaman Lahan Rawa Gambut Galam (Melaleuca leucadendron Linn.) dan Telang Ternate (Clitoria ternatea) bagi Siswa SMK 1 Palangka Raya

Soap on the market is purchased as a household necessity at a cheap or affordable cost. However, if you calculate the total cost of purchasing soap with the frequency of washing dishes and clothes for each family for an unlimited amount of time and for a long time, this will result in quite a large amount of expenditure for the family every month. Therefore, additional income is needed that can improve the family's economy. Based on this, the aim of implementing the community service program under the Community Entrepreneurial Assistant Lecturer Program (PDPWM) is to increase the insight and skills of students (i) SMKN 1 Palangka Raya regarding plants. local medicine typical of Central Kalimantan through counseling on the Introduction and Utilization of Local Medicinal Plants Typical of Central Kalimantan, namely the Galam Plant (Melaleuca leucadendron Linn.) as a fragrance and Ternate Telang (Clitoria ternatea) as a natural coloring in soap making. Training on making liquid hand-washing soap for students of SMKN 1 Palangka Raya has been successfully implemented. The output of this training is a liquid hand-washing soap product packaged in plastic bottles. Another result is the acquisition of knowledge regarding soap making along with the practices carried out by service activity participants

Investigation of value-added compounds derived from oak wood using hydrothermal processing techniques and comprehensive analytical approaches (HPLC, GC-MS, FT-IR, and NMR)

In this study, slow pyrolysis of oak woods was carried out in a fixed bed tube reactor at four different temperatures ranging from 100 °C to 400 °C and at 5 °C/min speed time intervals. The compositions of the produced bio-tar and bio-oils were determined in detail using FT-IR, GC-MS, HPLC, and NMR devices. Several pyrolysis parameters were carried out to reveal the distribution of pyrolytic products under different pyrolysis temperatures (100–400 °C) and times (1–4 h). During the slow pyrolysis process, oak wood started to decompose to form organic volatile products at a set temperature of 100 °C and reached a maximum yield of volatile products at around 400 °C. GC-MS analyses revealed that different valuable components such as furans, phenolic compounds, carbonyls, linear, aromatic compounds, acids, and hydrocarbons have been formed. Based on the experimental results of the pyrolysis, it has been detected that the temperature and time interval are very effective parameters in the conversion of oak wood to the amount of liquid product.

Coprecipitation preparation of copper -cobalt based catalysts for higher alcohol production

A series of K modified coppercobalt based catalysts were prepared using step by step continuous coprecipitation method, and the catalytic performance of the catalysts was investigated. The experimental results showed that the catalyst exhibited the best activity, CO conversion, the yield of C₂+OH in liquid products and the mass fraction of C₂+OH was 65.74%,0.062 g·(mL·h)-I and 18.95%, respectively, under the condition as follows: mass ratio of cobalt to copper 1:1, K₂CO₃ loading mass fraction 1%, pH=7.2 and reaction temperature 310 ℃.

Long-Term Corrosion of Eutectic Gallium, Indium, and Tin (EGaInSn) Interfacing with Diamond.

Thermal transport is of grave importance in many high-value applications. Heat dissipation can be improved by utilizing liquid metals as thermal interface materials. Yet, liquid metals exhibit corrosivity towards many metals used for heat sinks, such as aluminum, and other electrical devices (i.e., copper). The compatibility of the liquid metal with the heat sink or device material as well as its long-term stability are important performance variables for thermal management systems. Herein, the compatibility of the liquid metal Galinstan, a eutectic alloy of gallium, indium, and tin, with diamond coatings and the stability of the liquid metal in this environment are scrutinized. The liquid metal did not penetrate the diamond coating nor corrode it. However, the liquid metal solidified with the progression of time, starting from the second year. After 4 years of aging, the liquid metal on all samples solidified, which cannot be explained by the dissolution of aluminum from the titanium alloy. In contrast, the solidification arose from oxidation by oxygen, followed by hydrolysis to GaOOH due to the humidity in the air. The hydrolysis led to dealloying, where In and Sn remained an alloy while Ga separated as GaOOH. This hydrolysis has implications for many devices based on gallium alloys and should be considered during the design phase of liquid metal-enabled products.

Effect of flow behavior index of CMC solutions on heat transfer and fluid flow in a cylindrical can

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the flow behavior index (n) on heat transfer and fluid flow in carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions during the thermal process within a cylindrical container. The study employed a numerical model based on the finite element method to solve the governing equations for mass, momentum, and energy conservation. Four different values of n were considered, ranging from 0.25 to 1, representing varying degrees of non‐Newtonian behavior. The results revealed that this index significantly influenced the apparent viscosity of the fluid, subsequently affecting the fluid flow patterns and heat transfer. Specifically, the n = 0.25 fluid exhibited a notably higher Grashof number (GR) and velocity compared to the n = 1 fluid. The average GR for the n = 0.25 fluid was ~2300 times larger than that of the n = 1 fluid, while the average velocity for the n = 0.25 fluid was ~37 times higher. In addition, the study identified the presence of secondary flow in the CMC solution with n = 0.25, which enhanced fluid mixing and heat transfer. Notably, the slowest heating zone for the n = 1 fluid remained fixed at the mid‐height of the can, whereas for the n = 0.25 fluid, it continuously shifted and contracted, ultimately settling at the 10% height from the bottom of the can. These findings underscore the critical importance of considering the non‐Newtonian characteristics of the fluid and convective flow during heat transfer processes in product applications.Practical applicationsThe study investigates the impact of flow behavior indices of the CMC solution on heat transfer and fluid dynamics within cylindrical containers. By examining parameters such as concentration, temperature, and heating duration, the researcher aims to optimize thermal processing for liquid food products containing thickening agents, such as sauces, soups, or dairy items. These findings significantly contribute to ensuring the safety, quality, and nutritional value of diverse liquid food products. Moreover, the study's insights may lead to energy savings and reduced environmental impact by minimizing heating time and temperature during thermal processing. In summary, this research bridges scientific understanding with practical applications, benefiting both consumers and the environment.

Hydrothermal Pyrolysis of Sargassum Marine Macroalgae: "Synthesis and Characterization of Products"

Abstract In recent years, there has been an explosive growth and overabundance of pelagic Sargassum macroalgae in the North Atlantic Ocean, which wash up on the beaches in the United States, Mexico and the Caribbeans, causing both environmental and health issues in those coastal regions. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process was investigated as a potential solution by converting this wet algae biomass into solid and liquid products, namely hydrochar and organic process water, respectively. In this study, the effects of HTC reaction temperatures on the yields and physicochemical properties of hydrochar and organic process water derived from Sargassum algae sample obtained from a coastal region in South Florida were evaluated by using various analytical techniques, including SEM, TGA, BET, FTIR and GC-MS. As a result of the increase in temperature, hydrochar yield decreased, while the yield of bio-oil increased. During the heating process, the volatile matter in hydrochar decreases, whereas the fixed carbon increases. Ash content in hydrochar increases as temperature increases. There were some interconnected pores on the surfaces of all three temperatures. It has been shown that a change in temperature has a significant effect on the chemical composition of bio-oils. In some cases, certain compounds increased as the temperature increased, but in others, it was temperature dependent. This study demonstrated that HTC technology could be a potential solution for mitigating Sargassum pollution issue by converting it into value-added bio-based products.

SiO2 Content and Chemical Properties of Potassium Silicate Extracted from Sugarcane Bagasse Ash using Sol Technique

Abstract Bagasse is a by-product of the extraction process in sugarcane production. In sugar factories, the bagasse is generally used as fuel in boilers for steam power plants and sugar production. The burning process produces abundant bagasse ash containing high levels of silica (SiO2). The end product of by-product utilization has high economic value and is widely used in various industries, such as absorbent materials, food, rubber products, paints, ceramics, glasses, cement/concrete, toothpaste, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. The present study investigates the effect of concentration of alkaline solution/KOH (5, 7, and 9 %), extraction time (30, 60, and 90 min) and ratio of sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) and alkaline solution (1:5, 1:7, and 1:9 w/v) on the characteristic of “intermediate” liquid potassium silicate product. The extraction process was conducted using sol technique. The result showed that silica extraction conducted using KOH 5% at 90 min with ratio of SBA and alkaline solution 1:9 produced liquid potassium silicate with high content of SiO2 (14.85 %) and K2O (19.73%).

Revealing the structural evolution of CuAg composites during electrochemical carbon monoxide reduction

Comprehending the catalyst structural evolution during the electrocatalytic process is crucial for establishing robust structure/performance correlations for future catalysts design. Herein, we interrogate the structural evolution of a promising Cu-Ag oxide catalyst precursor during electrochemical carbon monoxide reduction. By using extensive in situ and ex situ characterization techniques, we reveal that the homogenous oxide precursors undergo a transformation to a bimetallic composite consisting of small Ag nanoparticles enveloped by thin layers of amorphous Cu. We believe that the amorphous Cu layer with undercoordinated nature is responsible for the enhanced catalytic performance of the current catalyst composite. By tuning the Cu/Ag ratio in the oxide precursor, we find that increasing the Ag concentration greatly promotes liquid products formation while suppressing the byproduct hydrogen. CO2/CO co-feeding electrolysis and isotopic labelling experiments suggest that high CO concentrations in the feed favor the formation of multi-carbon products. Overall, we anticipate the insights obtained for Cu-Ag bimetallic systems for CO electroreduction in this study may guide future catalyst design with improved performance.

Life cycle cost assessment of geothermal energy assisted hydrogen liquefaction for sustainable and renewable energy applications: Case study and adaptation for Afyon geothermal power plant

This study presents a comprehensive Life Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA) of geothermal-assisted hydrogen liquefaction, explicitly focusing on the Afyon Geothermal Power Plant (AGPP) as a case study. The study evaluates the economic viability and sustainability of integrating geothermal energy into hydrogen liquefaction. The results of the LCCA contribute to the ongoing discourse on sustainable energy solutions, offering a nuanced understanding of the economic considerations associated with geothermal-assisted hydrogen liquefaction. The study serves as a model for assessing the economic feasibility of similar systems, fostering informed decision-making in the pursuit of cleaner and more economically sustainable energy pathways. This study has conducted a technical and economic investigation of liquid hydrogen production using geothermal heat and electricity effects. Geothermal water pre-cools the hydrogen by providing heat to the absorption system. Then, the electricity generated in the geothermal plant is used to work in the liquefaction cycle. The generated electricity is used to liquefy hydrogen in the liquefaction cycle. The capacity of the electricity generated from the AGPP produced here is 2621 kW. The proposed system can be achieved by pre-cooling unit H2 up to −30 °C at 120 °C and 150 kg/s geothermal source. In the liquefaction cycle, 0.84 kg/s H2 can be liquefied. As a result, the total energy efficiency of the proposed system can be calculated as 32.4% and exergy efficiency as 15.4%. The system's net present value (NPV) was calculated as 65,320,000 $. When life cycle cost analysis was performed using the levelized annual cost (LAC) method, the project's levelized cost was calculated as 7,673,000 $/yr. The unit cost of the liquid hydrogen produced is 1.252 $/kg. This system's discounted payback period (Ndpp) is calculated as 3.48.

KARAKTERISTIK PRODUK CAIR CO-PYROLYSIS SAMPAH PLASTIK DAN PELUMAS BEKAS

The increasing usage of plastic is proportional to the amount of plastic waste today. The plastic usage makes the human live easier especially for packaging purposes. However, it also has a negative impact to the environment. This is due to it cannot easily decompose. Therefore, it can reduce the level of soil fertility. Besides plastic, lubricant waste from motor vehicles can induce an environmental problem as well since it is categorized of hazardous material (B3) waste. Currently, the use of plastic waste has been widely carried out by correlating into liquid fuel through thermal cracking or pyrolysis treatment. It produces liquid and it can be used as an alternative liquid fuel. This study uses the co-pyrolysis method for treating the used plastic waste with used lubricants. The composition ratios used are 10:0, 10:2, 10:4, 10:6, and 10:8. The highest acquisition of liquid products was in the composition ratio of 10:6 as much as 24.67% with a calorific value of 11015.33 cal/g. Then the highest calorific, density, and viscosity values were obtained, namely at the 10:8 composition ratio of 11061.67 cal/g, 0.8906 g/mL, and 0.927 cSt. It was concluded that the mixing of used lubricants in the co-pyrolysis of LDPE plastic waste was able to increase the calorific value of the liquid product produced.

Continuous rotary kiln pyrolysis of cassava plant shoot system and wide speciation of oxygenated and nitrogen-containing compounds in bio-oil by HESI and APPI-Orbitrap MS

This work proposes the pyrolysis of the cassava plant shoot system biomass and a comprehensive chemical characterization of the resulting bio-oil. The highest yields of liquid products were obtained at 600 °C, with 12.6 % bio-oil (organic fraction), which presented the lowest total acid number of 65.7 mg KOH g−1. The bio-oil produced at 500 °C exhibited the highest total phenolic content of approximately 41 % GAE, confirmed by GC/MS analysis (33.8 % of the total area). FT-Orbitrap MS analysis found hundreds of oxygenated constituents in the bio-oils, belonging to the O2-7 classes, as well as nitrogen compounds from the Ny and OxNy classes. Higher pyrolysis temperatures resulted in more oxygenated phenolics (O4–7) undergoing secondary degradation and deoxygenation reactions, generating O2–3 compounds. Additional classes affected were O3–5N2–3, while O1–2N1 presented more stable compounds. These findings show that cassava bio-oils are promising sources of renewable chemicals.

Study on Pyrolysis Behavior of Avermectin Mycelial Residues and Characterization of Obtained Gas, Liquid, and Biochar

The proper disposal of antibiotic mycelial residue (AMR) is a critical concern due to the spread of antibiotics and environmental pollution. Pyrolysis emerges as a promising technology for AMR treatment. In this study, we investigated the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the thermal decomposition behavior and product characteristics of avermectin (AV) mycelial residues. Various characterization techniques were employed to analyze thoroughly the compositions and yields of the obtained gas, liquid, and biochar products. The results indicated that most of the organic matter such as protein, carbohydrate, and aliphatic compounds in AV mycelial residues decomposed intensely at 322 °C and tended to end at 700 °C, with a total weight loss of up to 72.6 wt%. As the pyrolysis temperature increased, the biochar yield decreased from 32.81 wt% to 26.39 wt% because of the enhanced degradation of volatiles and secondary reactions of the formed aromatic rings. Accordingly, more gas components were formed with the gas yield increased from 9.76 wt% to 15.42 wt%. For bio-oil, the contents were maintained in the range of 57.43–60.13 wt%. CO and CO2 dominated the gas components with a high total content of almost 62.37–97.54 vol%. At the same time, abundant acids, esters (42.99–48.85%), and nitrogen-containing compounds (32.14–38.70%) such as nitriles, amides, and nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds were detected for the obtained bio-oil. As for the obtained biochars, particle accumulation and irregular pores were presented on their bulk surface, which was primarily composed of calcium oxalate (CaC2O4) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This work can provide theoretical insights for the harmless disposal and resource recovery for AMR, contributing significantly to the field of solid waste reuse and management.

Investigation of the Static Pressure Drop and Production that Occurs due to Flow Patterns in a Perforated Horizontal Wellbore

This study examined the intricate interaction between flow patterns and production within a perforated horizontal wellbore. The study precisely assessed the behavior of static pressure drop by utilizing an array of flow regimes encompassing bubble, dispersed bubble, transitional bubble/slug, slug, stratified, transitional slug/stratified wave, and stratified wave. Remarkably, an upward trend in static pressure drop was observed with increasing water phase presence, while the converse was true for the air phase. Besides, the air phase superficial velocity exhibited a direct correlation with the magnitude of pressure drop fluctuations. The liquid production demonstrated a peak during bubble and slug flow regimes, followed by a descent during the transition to stratified and stratified wave flow. This decline can be attributed to mixing pressure drops localized during the perforations. Furthermore, an upward trend in average liquid production was observed with increasing mixture superficial velocity, primarily due to the dominant presence of the water phase. Additionally, the percentage of liquid production was positively associated with the water's superficial velocity when the air's superficial velocity was held constant. While the experimental and numerical results were in agreement for slugs and structured flows, there were discrepancies in the behavior of static pressure for bubbles, small bubbles, and structured waves.

Peningkatan Kesehatan Masyarakat dengan Pembuatan Cairan Fermentasi dari Limbah Sayur dan Buah sebagai Obat Kumur dan Obat Aneka Luka

The liquid product resulting from fermentation of leftover vegetables and fruit that is still fresh and not rotten for approximately 100 days has the characteristics of being brown in color, has an aroma like vinegar or fresh sourness and a very acidic pH, namely less than 4. This fermented product contains acertic acid and lactic acid and is a natural antimicrobial source, so it has antibacterial and anti-fungal capabilities. This antibacterial activity can inhibit the activity of bacteria that cause tooth decay such as L.acidophilus and S.mutans bacteria so it can be used as a mouthwash. The wound healing process can be accelerated due to the presence of antibacterial compounds by stimulating the body's immune response. So that this fermented liquid can be used as a wound medicine. Community service activities in the form of counseling, practice of making fermented liquid and providing ready-made products are topics carried out at RT 07 LK IV, Timbangan Indralaya Utara, Ogan Ilir Sumatera Sealatan. The counseling participants were mothers and young women, estimated to be 15 - 25 people. To make it easier for the extension participants to understand and the aim of the activity to be achieved, a demonstration was carried out on making fermentation liquid, harvesting F2 products with mint leaves for gargling and distributing the product. The extension participants were very enthusiastic about participating in the activity, seen from the many questions asked.