Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbons Research Articles

One-Pot Production of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Nickel Loaded on Zeolite-Based Supports

One-Pot Production of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Nickel Loaded on Zeolite-Based Supports

Converting of Waste Crude Oil of East Baghdad Oil Field into Light Hydrocarbons Using Thermal Cracking Technology

East Baghdad oil field produces a lot of quantities of waste crude oil due to drilling and production processes activities. This waste is caused a negative impact on the environment and human health. In the present investigation, the collected waste crude oil of API= 13 was converted into light hydrocarbons via a thermal cracking reaction. The thermal cracking process was achieved in a batch reactor at temperatures ranging between 350-450°C in absence of oxygen. At each temperature, the reaction pressures varied between (1-6) kg/cm2. Moreover, a continuous stirring of the reaction mixture inside the reactor was continued during the course of the thermal cracking process at a velocity of 96 rpm. The best yield of produced liquid hydrocarbon, gases, and coke at optimum conditions was 77.56 wt.%, 9.3 wt.%, and 13.14 wt.%, respectively. Actually, this process regards cheap, and simple with a high rate of liquid hydrocarbon production as well as environmentally beneficial.

Dual role of ‘Al’ impregnated porous MCM-41/ZSM5 composites for the production of biohydrogen and green liquid hydrocarbons

Bio alternative fuels is the most researched concept due to the exhausting fossils and aggregating pollutants. Fuels of liquid and gaseous types are much in demand due to the high expectations from liquid and gas dependent engines. This report is the first of its kind to establish the effectiveness of the synthesized synergistic composite material of micro and mesoporosity for the simultaneous production of biohydrogen and bioliquid organics from kitchen waste. Optimization of temperature, feed:catalyst ratio, and time of study were studied using AlMCM-41 catalyst. Significant yield of products was obtained at 400 0C, 0.5 g of catalyst and at 40 min period. Core -shell type of composites were synthesized using AlMCM-41 and ZSM-5 zeolite with mesopores and micropores as shell and core respectively. The synthesized materials were characterized using XRD, BET, N2 sorption studies, TPD, SEM and TEM techniques. Composite AlMCM-41/ZSM-5 yielded the highest of 70% GLF and maximum of 26.5% of H2. The synergism was well established and also the catalysts showed remarkable reproducibility.

Characterization of the evolution of thermal maturity and pore structure of continental organic-rich shales

To clarify the evolution of thermal maturity and pore structure in continental organic-rich shales, calcareous shales of the Liaohe Basin (China) were pyrolyzed, and examined using Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen sorption isotherms, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The increase in Raman G‒D band separation and decrease in Raman ID/IG ratio with increasing thermal maturity indicate that these parameters provide superior thermal maturity indicators. This is also confirmed by the good linear correlation of G‒D band shifts and ID/IG with vitrinite reflectance (VR) and maximum temperature (Tmax), respectively. The relative detection accuracy (DA), sampling requirements (SR), sample preparation (SP), detection time (DT), and equipment requirement (ER) of VR, G‒D band shifts, ID/IG, Tmax, FTIR, and XPS indicate that Raman analysis is a simple, quick, and robust method to evaluate thermal maturity. The moderate SR, complex SP, and long DT suggest that VR and Tmax are less widely applicable for characterizing thermal maturity. The FTIR and XPS techniques provide semi-quantitative maturity indicators with poor DA and high ER. Pores observed within organic matter and minerals under SEM indicate that an increase in thermal maturity not only affects the development of organic pores but is also beneficial for the formation of mineral dissolution pores, such as those formed during the transformation of Na0.95Ca0.16Al1.16Si2.84O8 to Na0.84Ca0.02Al1.02Si2.98O8, a process confirmed by XRD. The BET and NMR data also indicate that the development of pore structure is closely related to the evolution of thermal maturity in calcareous shale. During the initial stage, primary pores are filled by bitumen generated from kerogen; this leads to a decrease in transition pores, mesopores, and shale porosity, and reduced pore connectivity. Then, secondary nanoscale pores, transition pores, and mesopores increase with increasing thermal maturity. The peak in secondary porosity is consistent with the liquid hydrocarbon production rate peak, a process that increases shale porosity and leads to improved pore connectivity. The dissolution of minerals induced by organic acids may also contribute to this secondary porosity. With a further increase in thermal maturity, secondary porosity at the microscale is further developed, while transition pores and mesopores collapse, resulting in reduced pore connectivity. The poor pore connectivity that occurs at both low and high VR values may be more conducive to the preservation of shale oil and gas. This study is significant for research into the evolution of thermal maturity and pore structure in continental organic-rich shales.

DETERMINATION OF THE CAPACITY OF PIPELINES TRANSPORTING LIQUID PRODUCTS, DEPENDING ON THE THERMOBARIC CONDITIONS

The article discusses the issues of calculating the capacity of pipelines through which liquid hydrocarbon products are transported, depending on thermobaric conditions. These calculations are important for such urgent tasks of pipeline transport practice as carrying out an inventory and establishing the fact of illegal withdrawal of oil/oil products from the pipeline. The work provides a fundamental equation of the state of the stopped pipeline, in consideration of which the focus of attention is on changing the geometric capacity of the pipeline depending on the change in temperature and pressure of the pumped medium. When considering the change in volume, from the classical equations of mechanics, refined dependencies were obtained for two cases: underground and above-ground laying. A comparison of the obtained relationships has been made, in which it has been found that a number of effects such as a change in gas volume and a temperature factor «mask» the effect of leakage/illegal sampling, preventing their identification from the pressure/temperature change data. An analytical explanation of the processes occurring in the shut down pipeline will allow further quantification of the uncertainties that arise, which will facilitate the decision and allow adjustments to be made to the software used.

Synthetic diesel from biomass by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

The production of liquid hydrocarbons fuel from biomass by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis has become more and more attractive due to its advantages compared to fossil diesel: environmental friendliness by recycling wood and agricultural wastes and reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (CO, CO2 ,SO2,NOx,unburned hydrocarbons and particulate matters), absence of sulphur and nitrogen, higher combustion efficiency, higher cetane number and also the compatibility with existing diesel engines and infrastructure. In this paper the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process from biomass applied at the Güssing plant was investigated. Each stage of the installation: biomass gasification, gas cleaning and Fischer-Tropsch process, in terms of the equipment used and the parameters necessary for the synthesis, was analysed and discussed. Also, during the synthesis the gas composition of the syngas before and after each stage was analysed, using gas chromatography. The same analytical method was used in order to determine the carbon distribution of the Fischer-Tropsch fuels obtained in the process. The ASF model was applied and an α value of 0.89 was calculated for the products.

Conversion of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and Mixed Low-Density Polyethylene with Polyethylene Terepthalate (LDPE and PET) into Hybrid Fuel

This research aims to provide the recycling techniques of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and mixture of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) waste. As a means of converting abundant waste to wealth, pyrolysis of LDPE and mixed LDPE - PET was carried out in a batch reactor made of stainless steel at temperatures between 450 – 460OC. The vapor produced from melting the waste was condensed to form the liquid hydrocarbon (fuel oil) product. The effect of reaction time and product yield were investigated. The physicochemical properties of the pyrolysis oil measured include density, specific gravity, flash point, color, fire point, flammability and viscosity. For the LDPE the flash point, fire point, density, specific gravity, and viscosity was found to be 39.5 oC, 48 oC, 8.1872, 0.793g/cm, 0.775g/cm3, and 1.566 cSt respectively while for the Mixture of LDPE with PET the flash point, fire point, density, specific gravity, viscosity and Sulphur content was found to be 44 oC, 48 oC, 8.1872, 0.7837g/cm, 0.7916 g/cm3, 1.1660 cSt and 8.1872 respectively. These values were found to be within the range of kerosene values. The fuel was tested in both kerosene lamp and petrol generator.

A bismuth-atom electrocatalyst for a stable and economical aqueous Zn–CO2 battery

A single Bi-metal atom electrocatalyst was employed in an H-type cell to produce liquid high hydrocarbon products. The customized Zn–CO2 device with Bi-SAs/NC exhibited an elevated power density of 3.8 mW cm−2.

Synergistic catalysis for promoting selective C-C/C-O cleavage in plastic waste: structure-activity relationship and rational design of heterogeneous catalysts for liquid hydrocarbon production.

Ever-increasing consumption of plastic products and poor waste management infrastructure have resulted in a massive accumulation of plastic waste in environments, causing adverse effects on climate and living organisms. Although contributing ∼10% towards the total plastic waste management infrastructure, the chemical recycling of plastic waste is considered a viable option to valorize plastic waste into platform chemicals and liquid fuels. Among the various chemical upcycling processes, catalytic hydroprocessing has attracted interest due to its potential to offer higher selectivity than other thermal-based approaches. Heterogeneous catalytic hydroprocessing reactions offer routes for converting plastic waste into essential industrially important molecules. However, the functional group similarities in the plastic polymers frequently constrain reaction selectivity. Therefore, a fundamental understanding of metal selection for targeted bond activation and plastic interaction on solid surfaces is essential for catalyst design and reaction engineering. In this review, we critically assess the structure-activity relationship of catalysts used in the hydroprocessing of plastic waste for the selective production of liquid hydrocarbons. We discuss the significance of C-C/C-O bond activation in plastic waste through active site modulation and surface modification to elucidate reaction networks and pathways for achieving selective bond activation and cleavage. Finally, we highlight current challenges and future opportunities in catalyst design to upcycle real-life plastic waste and produce selective liquid hydrocarbons.

Fuel-range liquid hydrocarbon products from catalytic deoxygenation of mixtures of fatty acids obtained from the hydrolysis of rapeseed oil

The combined hydrolysis–deoxygenation method reported here demonstrates the efficiency of hydrogen-free catalytic conversion of lipid-derived multi-fatty acids into renewable drop-in hydrocarbon biofuels.

Evaluation of the Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis product selectivity over iron‐based silica‐supported catalyst under mild temperatures

AbstractThe circular economy is considered a keystone of sustainable development, and its implementation requires analyzing both product and by‐products, as well as process waste. In this study Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis product selectivity over Fe/SiO2 catalyst was investigated in the reaction temperature range of 240 to 300°C. The composition of the gas, liquid hydrocarbon, and wax products is discussed alongside the aqueous phase, which is rarely addressed. It was found that 280°C is the optimal temperature for condensable hydrocarbon production over Fe/SiO2 catalyst. The increase in reaction temperature led to a decrease in the selectivity of 1‐olefins and alcohols in the liquid hydrocarbon phase and waxes, but at the same time contributed to an increase in the content of alcohols in the aqueous phase products.

КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ МОДЕРНИЗАЦИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОПРИВОДА ПРИ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ РЕМОНТНЫХ РАБОТ ТРУБОПРОВОДНЫХ СИСТЕМКОМПЛЕКСНАЯ МОДЕРНИЗАЦИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОПРИВОДА ПРИ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ РЕМОНТНЫХ РАБОТ ТРУБОПРОВОДНЫХ СИСТЕМ

The issues of organizing repair work on field pipeline systems during the production of liquid hydrocarbons are considered. The influence of the quality of washing of contaminated parts on repair operations was determined. Measures have been proposed to improve the efficiency of jet washing machines. To expand the functionality, it is proposed to introduce into the design an adjustable electric drive for rotating the washing basket. This will allow you to optimize the rota-tion speed in relation to the specifics of the part and the level of contamination

(Invited) Utilization of Bio-CO2 and Bio-Methane for Fuel Production: Integration Solid Oxide Electrolyzer, Low Energy Plasma Reformer with Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

Transition to renewable energy is essential to achieve climate protection objectives. Besides storing electricity for later use, fuel production using renewable energy is an essential part of reducing fossil dependance. The highest value application in current markets is the production of liquid transportation fuels such as sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) from sustainable, ideally biogenic carbon resources. A system is presented for processing anaerobic digester gas for liquid hydrocarbon production. Bio-CO2 is processed through a solid oxide electrolysis cell and bio-CH4through a low energy plasma reformer. The combined synthesis gas is supplied to a Fischer-Tropsch reactor for the production of liquid hydrocarbons. The combination of technologies nearly doubles the yield of biofuel by utilizing the bio-CO2 in addition to the bio-CH4. The product fuel is all bio-carbon but it also embodies renewable electric energy in a high-value, storable and transportable liquid hydrocarbon.

Catalytic pyrolysis of polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate waste using graphene oxide‐sulfonated zirconia (GO‐Szr) and analysis of its oil properties for Bharat Stage VI fuel production

AbstractThis research work is focused on the production of liquid hydrocarbon fuel from plastic waste. To perform the experiments, polypropylene waste (PPW) and polyethylene terephthalate (PETW) were selected and pyrolyzed in a semi‐batch reactor at a temperature of 500°C. Nearly 72.28 wt.% of liquid fuel was recovered from 100 g of plastic waste feed through non‐catalytic pyrolysis process. The application of catalyst GO‐Szr to the pyrolysis process increased the oil yield to 92.76 wt.%. The oil properties were studied, to assess the characteristics and to compare with that of diesel fuel. The properties of oil were found to possess very good diesel properties such as kinematic viscosity of 2.18 mm2/s, density of 790 kg/m3, cloud and pour point less than −11°C, Sulphur content less than 3 ppm and cetane number was found to be as high as 72.44. From these studies, it is highlighted that waste plastics pyrolysis is a suitable option to produce diesel‐like fuel.

Catalytic conversion of bioethanol over cobalt and nickel‐doped HZSM‐5 zeolite catalysts

AbstractThis study focuses on the use of H‐ZSM‐5 catalyst modified with transition metals for the conversion of ethanol into liquid fuel hydrocarbons. The HZSM‐5 catalyst was synthesized hydrothermally, and the transition metal (0.5 wt%) was incorporated by the incipient wetness impregnation method. The synthesized catalysts were tested in a fixed‐bed reactor at varying weight hourly space velocities (WHSVs) and temperatures to investigate their effects on the selectivity of the liquid hydrocarbon product. The pure and metal‐doped catalysts were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM–EDX, PSD, BET, N2 adsorption–desorption, and NH3‐TPD. The metal species were evenly dispersed on the catalyst support without affecting the porous framework significantly. The modification did not alter the morphology of the catalyst; however, the particle size was altered slightly. The pore distribution plot confirms the hierarchical porous framework of the catalyst. This unique feature facilitates internal diffusion and accelerates mass transfer, improving the selectivity and distribution of the liquid product. The catalytic evaluation showed ethanol conversion of more than 97% for all catalysts tested. A low space velocity (5 h−1) favored gaseous (C1‐C4) hydrocarbons, but more liquid products (C5+) were generated at 12 h−1 (at 350 and 400 °C), with metal‐doped catalysts showing higher selectivity (> 79%). In comparison with the unmodified catalysts, the metal‐doped catalysts enhanced the production of aromatics (benzene), with Ni/HZSM‐5 showing higher selectivity (> 4%). This study showed that the synthesized catalysts are active in the selective production of liquid hydrocarbon and improve the transformation of ethanol to fuel‐range hydrocarbons.

Pyrolysis-catalysis of medical waste over metal-doping porous biochar to co-harvest jet fuel range hydrocarbons and H2-rich fuel gas

This study developed a dual-stage pyrolysis-catalysis pathway to valorize disposal syringe waste into liquid hydrocarbons and H2-rich fuel gas. Two typical biomass sources (corn stover and cotton stalk) were used to synthesize metal-doping porous biochar catalysts through in situ carbothermal reduction treatment. For corn stover-derived biochar catalysts, Fe/C1 (Fe-doping corn stover biochar catalyst) presented a high yield (61.06 wt%) of liquid hydrocarbons with over 78% of jet fuel range (C8 – C16) hydrocarbons, and the 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene (C9H18) yield reached 101.6 mg/gsyringe. Bimetallic Zn-Fe/C1 (Zn-Fe co-doped corn stover biochar catalyst) was in favor of H2 production, with a proportion of over 37 vol%. Among the cotton stalk-derived biochar catalysts, bimetallic Zn-Fe/C2 (Zn-Fe co-doped cotton stalk biochar catalyst) achieved a highest yield (62.76 wt%) of liquid hydrocarbons, indicating a positive synergistic effect of bimetallic Zn-Fe composite on liquid hydrocarbons production. However, Fe/C2 (Fe-doping cotton stalk biochar catalyst) was responsible for a high yield (over 93 mg/gsyringe) of 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene and a high selectivity (over 76%) of jet fuel range hydrocarbons. Additionally, a logical reaction mechanism was provided for dual-stage pyrolysis-catalysis of syringe waste over metal-doping porous biochar catalysts. Briefly, this work provides a green route by using metal-doping biochar for valorization of medical wastes into liquid hydrocarbons and H2-rich fuel gas.

An alkylation route for developing novel liquid aviation fuels from α-pinene and mixed isobutane/isobutene

As a naturally rigid polycyclic biomass platform compound without oxygen, α-pinene has always been expected to develop high-energy–density fuel with both good combustion performance and cryogenic properties by increasing carbon number in a high atom economical way. The present work has explored the screening of alkylation blocks for α-pinene over H3PW12O40 (HPW). Here, a novel pinene-based blended fuel was prepared through cross-alkylation of α-pinene with mixed isobutane/isobutene, the common low-cost feedstock of alkylated gasoline. The reaction conditions including feed composition, reaction time, catalyst dosage, and reaction temperature were optimized. The mechanism of the hybrid alkylation process was further computationally speculated and experimentally verified. Produced liquid hydrocarbon products after hydrogenation and vacuum distillation possessed higher net heat of combustion and flash point than those of pinane, and lower freezing point and viscosity than those of dimers fuel from pinene. These favorable performances indicate that alkylated pinanes have promising potential as high-energy aviation fuel.

Enhancing the production of liquid hydrocarbons by coupling blast furnace gas (BFG) of steelwork with syngas in the GTL process

Steelwork is one of the main emitters of CO2 in the world. For this reason, many efforts are being made to reduce or avoid CO2 emissions by unit optimization or by carbon capture and storage (CCS) or utilization (CCU) processes. In the steelwork, three main off-gases are generated including the Blast Furnace Gas (BFG), the Coke-Oven Gas (COG), and the Basic Oxygen Furnace Gas (BOFG). Different processes and technologies can be proposed for recovery based on the volume and composition of the steelwork off-gases. In this paper, the BFG stream is utilized to improve the efficiency of the GTL process and reduce CO2 emissions. For this purpose, a part of the BFG gases is mixed with the syngas produced in the methane autothermal reforming process and injected into the Fischer-Tropsch reactor to produce liquid hydrocarbons. The BFG flow rate was determined according to the optimum H2/CO value. The pressure and volume of the reactor were set at 10 bar and 300 m3 for optimal hydrocarbon production. The simulation results showed that mixing a portion of the BFG with the syngas increases the C5 + production by 11268 bbl/day, while the CO2 emissions decreased by 146529 ton/yr.

Catalytic Hydrothermal Deoxygenation of Stearic Acid with Ru/C: Effects of Alcohol- and Carboxylic Acid-Based Hydrogen Donors.

Catalytic hydrothermal processing is a promising technology for the production of biofuels used in transportation to alleviate the energy crisis. An important challenge for these processes is the need for an external supply of hydrogen gas to accelerate the deoxygenation of fatty acids or lipids. It follows that in situ-produced hydrogen can improve process economics. This study reports on the use of various alcohol and carboxylic acid amendments as sources for in situ hydrogen production to accelerate Ru/C-catalyzed hydrothermal deoxygenation of stearic acid. Addition of these amendments significantly increases yields of liquid hydrocarbon products, including the major product heptadecane, from stearic acid conversion at subcritical conditions (330 °C, 14-16 MPa during the reaction). This research provided guidance for simplifying the catalytic hydrothermal process of biofuel production, making the production of the desired biofuel in one pot possible without the need for an external H2 supply.

Production of liquid hydrocarbons by thermo-acidic method from waste high-density polyethylene.

The study explains the production of useful liquid hydrocarbons by thermo-acidic catalytic thermal degradation of waste high-density polyethylene. A comparative study of the liquid samples with or without catalysts. Energy demand is high in the world. Waste plastic conversion is nowadays a concern of interest research for scientists. HDPE (High-density polyethylene) is the most common plastic used in households. Different types of catalysts and techniques have been used in the alteration process of waste HDPE. This paper deals with the kandite group of catalyst kaolin and the montmorillonite group of catalyst sodium bentonite in acid-activated mutated form. This paper aims to explore the prominent utilization of kaolin clay and sodium bentonite clay minerals as a catalyst for the alteration of waste HDPE into fuel resources and to develop a cost-effective recycling experimental set-up for plastic waste conversion. Thermo-catalytic acid activation has been done for clay mutation. Hydrochloric acid-activated catalysts have been used in this study. FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometer) techniques have been used to explore the prominent compounds in the product samples. Maximum energy per photon for RO (Parent Oil/Raw Oil) and AO(Acid treated thermo-catalytic oil) samples are respectively 58034.01×1024 Joules and 59271.40×1024 Joules concerning wave numbers 2921.42 and 2983.71 cm-1. Compounds of functional groups C-CH3, CH2, alkenes, and CH3 have been identified for RO and AO samples. Less gaseous hydrocarbons 31.79% (outcomes) or 29.66 % (production yield) and 150.06 % of increment in wax have been calculated after using acid-treated catalysts. Aliphatic compounds like alkanes and alkenes are present in the samples. A mixture of acid-treated kaolin and acid-treated sodium bentonite as the catalysts for degrading waste HDPE into liquid oil greatly reduces wax formation. Average outcomes and production of liquid hydrocarbons are good results with the acid-treated catalytic degradation of HDPE waste. One remarkable fact is that the yield percentage of liquid products is higher in acid-activated catalytic thermal degradation.