Production Of Insulation Materials Research Articles

Production of insulation material using styrene acrylic resin from animal and agricultural waste part 1. Thermal insulation and water absorption

Decreased energy resources and subsequent increasing environmental pollution have increased the tendency towards the production of renewable and sustainable insulation materials. This study aimed to produce an innovative and sustainable insulation material using water-based resin from wastes such wood shavings, wheat straws, goose down, to bring the large amount of Kars regional waste into the economy. Response Surface Method Box-Behnken Design was used for process optimization. The result of the optimization optimum mixing ratio was determined as 125 gr binder, 80 gr wood shaving, and 30 gr wheat straw for 0,06 W/mK the thermal conductivity coefficient. It was observed that goose down added to the optimum mixture reduced the thermal conductivity coefficient. %5 Polydimethylsiloxane as hydrophobic agent was used to reduce water absorbency, which is one of the biggest disadvantages of materials produced from animal and agricultural wastes. As a result of this study, water absorbency was reduced from 175% to 20% and the thermal conductivity coefficient of the produced samples were determined between 0.055 W/mK − 0.0681 W/mK. The resulting samples were found to have thermal conductivity and waterproofing properties that make them suitable for building envelope insulation. Produced samples have the potential to be used as light and sustainable insulation materials produced from natural materials in future in building industry.

Impact of Eggshell Powder on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Lightweight Geopolymer

Adopting proper waste management technology in the place of the construction industry to the extent possible to lower the production of new materials and intern reduces the environmental impact pertaining to the industry. In this work, eggshell powder (ESP; waste from the poultry industry) and fly ash (FA; waste from combustion of coal) were utilized as precursors for producing geopolymer and to substitute conventional cement-based construction materials. Three different weight percentage ratios of precursors, namely, 90FA:10ESP, 80FA:20ESP, and 70FA:30ESP were reinforced with two different weight percentages, namely, 15 and 30 wt% of paddy straw in the presence of suitable combinations of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide to obtain lightweight geopolymer panels. Results received from different analytical tests, namely, density, water absorption, compressive strength, and flexural strength infer that the incorporation of ESP enhances the performance of the geopolymer products to a considerable extent. The specimen sample made using 70FA:30ESP in the absence of paddy straw reinforcement possesses a compressive strength value of 15.64 MPa, which is higher than that of paddy straw reinforced panels. It was observed that there was a reverse trend noticed in the case of flexural behavior on reinforcement of paddy straw, namely, 15 wt% possesses a higher value than that of the panel (70FA:30ESP) made using in the absence of reinforcement. The lowest thermal conductivity value was observed at 0.0633 W/m·K for the sample 90FA:10ESP reinforced with 30% paddy straw. Data from different studies infer that using ESP and paddy straw reinforcement influences strength properties and thermal conductivity. The present study indicates valid information related to the using biowastes for the production of insulation materials and environmental preservation and energy conservation.

Comparison of the Carbon Payback Period (CPP) of Different Variants of Insulation Materials and Existing External Walls in Selected European Countries

The EU “Fit for 55” legislative package provides for the introduction of regulations enabling the achievement of the emission reduction target by 55%. As part of the necessary actions, it is necessary to increase the energy efficiency of existing buildings. To achieve this, there are plans to increase the pace of the modernization of buildings, from 1% to 3% of buildings annually by 2030. However, this must be done with respect to the principles of sustainable development, circular economy and the conservation of buildings. This article presents a comprehensive comparison and calculation of carbon payback period (CPP) for selected insulation materials, combined with selected typical building partitions, and shows how quickly the payback period of greenhouse gases in the production of insulation materials is completed. Individual insulation materials (stone and glass wool, expanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded polystyrene (XPS), polyurethane (PUR) and cellulose) were analyzed in relation to different types of walls (seven types—including solid wall, diaphragm wall, large panel system (LPS), and concrete), in different locations (Poland, Germany, Czech Republic, Austria, Finland, Europe) and for various energy sources (electricity, gas, oil, biomass, district heating). After taking into account the carbon footprint embodied in the insulation materials, along with the potential reductions in the operational greenhouse gases emissions, the carbon payback period (CPP) was determined, resulting from the use of a given technology, insulation material and location. By comparing the CPPs for different insulations, this paper shows that the results vary significantly between EU countries, which have different embodied carbon factors for energy sources and materials, and that there is still a serious lack in the availability of reliable environmental information, which can limit research results.

Seagrass Leaves: An Alternative Resource for the Production of Insulation Materials.

Seagrass wracks, the remains of dead leaves accumulated on seashores, are important ecosystems and beneficial for the marine environment. Their presence on the touristic beaches, however, is a problem for the tourism industry due to the lack of aesthetics and safety reasons. At the present time, seagrass leaves are landfilled, although this is not considered an ecological waste management practice. Among other proposed practices for more sustainable and environmentally friendly management, such as composting and biogas or energy generation, in this study we aim to use seagrass leaves for the production of insulation materials. Insulation boards from two types of seagrass leaves (Posidonia oceanica and Zostera marina) at densities varying from 80 to 200 kg m−3 were prepared and their physical and mechanical properties were examined and compared to those of wood fiber insulation boards. The thermal conductivity of seagrass-based insulation boards varied from 0.042 to 0.050 W m−1 K−1, which was up to 12% lower compared to the latter. The cone calorimetry analysis revealed that seagrass-based insulation boards are more fire resistant than those from wood fibers, as they release very low amounts of heat during combustion and do not ignite when exposed to a single flame (Bunsen burner). A simplified cost analysis showed that insulation boards made from seagrass leaves can be up to 30% cheaper compared to those made from wood fibers. After their end of life, seagrass leaves can again be considered a valuable resource and be further utilized by adopting other management strategies.

Hybrid RF-Si Xerogels: A Cost-Effective Proposal for Insulator Materials.

Hybrid xerogels RF/Si were synthesized by controlling the chemical variables involved in the polymerization process (i.e., molar ratios, dilution ratio, catalysts, etc.) and evaluated as insulator materials. Higher insulating performances were recorded for these hybrids compared with their counterparts made from only one of their components (i.e., RF or Si xerogels with similar porous characteristics). The analysis of chemical and structural features correlated with heat transfer methods was useful in understanding the sum of contributions involved in the thermal conductivity of RF/Si xerogels. Variables such as roughness and tortuosity can be used to improve the performance of xerogels from a different perspective. In this way, thermal conductivities of 25 mW/mK were achieved without lengthy process steps or special drying methods. Knowledge of material design and the use of microwave heating during the synthesis allowed us to approach a simple and cost-effective process. These results suggest that the hybrid materials developed in this work are a good starting point for the future of the massive production of insulation materials.

Investigation of Thermal Conductivity Properties of Polymer Based Composites Containing Waste Materials

Mineral yünlerden (taş yünü, cam yünü) oluşan yalıtım malzemesi üretimi esnasında, doğal kaynak tüketimi ve yüksek enerji maliyetleri ortaya çıkmaktadır. Doğal kaynak tüketimini azaltmak için alternatif yalıtım ürünlerine ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, kullanım ömrünü tamamlamış ve atık konumundaki mineral yün (taş yünü, cam yünü), tarımsal atık olan ceviz kabuğu ve endüstriyel atık olan MDF tozu kullanılarak polyester reçineli kompozit malzemeler üretilmiştir. Polimer matris ağırlığının %10’u oranında belirlenen atık malzemeler (taş yünü, cam yünü, ceviz kabuğu ve MDF tozu) polimerle ikame edilmiştir. Üretilen kompozit malzemelerin birim hacim ağırlığı, ultrases geçiş hızı ve ısıl iletkenlik değerleri incelenmiştir. Yapılan deneylerde, ceviz kabuğu takviyeli numunenin ısıl iletkenlik değerinin, kontrol numunesine göre daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. MDF tozu takviyeli kompozitin ısıl iletkenlik değerinin kontrol numunesinden kısmen daha düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Taş yünü ve cam yünü katkılı kompozitlerde kısmen çökme gözlenmiştir. Isıl iletkenlik değeri kontrol numunesine göre yüksek çıkmıştır.

Evaluation of By-products’ Potentiality for the Reincorporation in New Building Materials

This article explores the potentiality of agro-industrial by-products for the reincorporation into new industrial cycles from a circular economy perspective. Focusing on the chemical characterization of the pineapple by-product coming from the Mexican food industry, the methodology for the evaluation of the most proper and sustainable application of this material into the Mexican social system is shown. The application of pineapple by-product for the production of new low-impact insulation material is proposed to solve a social problem affecting the country: the wide diffusion of self-built houses and their poor habitability features, like a proper thermal comfort. The environmental impacts coming from the production of the insulation material have also been evaluated according to the guidelines given by the International EPD system in order to guarantee the reliability of the methodology and the possible future comparison with other insulation materials.

The possibility of vermiculite, sunflower stalk and wheat stalk using for thermal insulation material production

In order to reduce heating costs in winter and cooling costs in summer, buildings are thermally insulated. In Turkey, large amounts of sunflower and wheat are produced every year. After production, sunflower and wheat stalks, create a serious storage problem. When these waste materials are used in houses for heating purposes, they cause environmental pollution. On the other hand, a large amount of vermiculite mineral is obtained during the natural wear of mica in Malatya and Sivas mines in Turkey. This mineral is capable to expand at high temperatures. A new insulation material produced by using vermiculite, sunflower stalk, wheat stalk and gypsum was investigated in this study as an alternative to non-renewable plastic-based synthetic insulation materials. The physical, mechanical and engineering properties of the samples were determined and the values were compared with the products on the market.The proposed compressed insulation material including vermiculite, sunflower stalk, wheat stalk and gypsum has a great potential as an insulating construction material with a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.063–0.334 W/mK, a compressive strength of about 0.363 MPa and a density of 0.166–0.302 g/cm3.

A framework for sustainable and circular system design: Development and application on thermal insulation materials

Circular economy is increasingly promoted as a solution to decouple economic growth and environmental impacts. To design a circular and sustainable system, a structured approach is needed. In this study, we suggest to follow a 3-step approach. First, the status quo is evaluated using environmental assessment methods. We determine current circularity (share of assessed product and material retained and further used in the system), environmental impacts, the most impactful products and processes, and assess contaminants and impurities. Second, scenarios favoring circularity strategies are developed and their environmental impacts evaluated. Third, the scenarios are compared and measures for environmental impact mitigation derived.The suggested approach was applied to the case study of thermal insulation in residential buildings in Switzerland. Coupling dynamic, prospective material flow analysis with life cycle impact assessment enabled to determine current and future environmental impacts. Current material circularity is low due to lacking incentives for recycling and legally required incineration of flame retardant containing oil-based materials. The most impact-intensive processes were the production of insulation materials and the incineration of oil-based materials including their adhering residues. The investigated scenarios include (i) increased recycling, (ii) augmented use of biogenic materials, and (iii) a combination thereof. All scenarios lead to reduced climate change and human toxicity impacts. The second and third scenario showed increased impacts for land use, ozone depletion, and ecotoxicity. Taking into consideration end-of-life already in the design process, phasing out toxic materials, and increasing usage of renewable materials are crucial for sustainable, circular system design.

PRODUCTION OF THERMAL INSULATION MATERIAL BASED ON VOLCANIC ASH DEPOSITS OF PRIMAGADANYA

Modern technologies are not standing still, and scientists are trying not only to invent new building materials, but also to find non-standard use of various raw materials that were previously considered unsuitable for use. Innovative technologies are actively used for modern construction of buildings, in particular, some types of new materials are used in the construction of various facilities. This is especially true in areas where it is not possible to import or use ordinary building materials for various reasons. Often, when designing a building, developers are wondering whether it is worth making the house warm during construction, and which insulation for the walls of the house is better to choose. This article addresses the question of which insulation for walls is most suitable for construction. The most common are mineral insulation, which are represented on the market today in the form of basalt slabs, fiberglass, etc. They have such advantages as low thermal conductivity, good thermal insulation and vapor permeability. The article presents a table with comparative performance characteristics of a mineral wool stone slab and a fiberglass slab. Stone or basalt wool has several advantages. It is able to withstand significant temperatures and temperature changes, the mats are easy to transport, convenient to install. In our opinion, a serious alternative to basalt in the production of thermal insulation materials is volcanic ash. One of the main features of volcanic ash are its building qualities, such as good thermal insulation and an environmentally friendly composition. Since here we are considering the possibility of producing insulation materials based on volcanic ash, we performed a thermal calculation of the enclosing structures. Also in the tables are the costs of transportation of volcanic ash from the field to the point of the proposed production of insulating material. Volcanic ash can be widely used in countries with high volcanic activity as an inexpensive raw material for the manufacture of building materials. It does not require additional processing and has a number of useful properties.

Use of municipal, agricultural, industrial, construction and demolition waste in thermal and sound building insulation materials: a review article.

Production and usage of green and sustainable building materials realizes the desire to integrate more biodegradable, natural, recycled, and renewable resources into the construction industry. The aim is to replace traditionally available construction industry materials due to their environmental impacts through air emissions and waste generation. An observed trend is the production of insulation materials by recycling of industrial, agriculture, construction and demolition (C&D), and municipal solid wastes, thus reducing the environmental burdens of these wastes. While thermal insulation is important in saving energy, sound insulation has drawn much attention in recent years. There are various waste materials that have good thermal and sound properties, enabling effective replacement of traditional materials. This review investigates the use of industrial, agricultural, C&D, and municipal solid wastes to produce innovative thermal and acoustic insulating building materials. The performance of these insulating materials, and the influence of several materials parameters (density, thermal conductivity, sound absorption coefficient) on thermal and acoustic performance are reported after a brief description of each material.

Experimental Investigation of Refractory Insulation Material Production

Silis dumanı yüksek sıcaklık ürünü seramik bir malzemedir. Endüstriyel bir atık olan silis dumanına bu özelliği refrakter yapısı kazandırmaktadır. Endüstriyel atıklar tüm dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de küçümsenmeyecek miktarlarda çevresel problemlere sebep olmaktadır. Bu atıkların değerlendirilmesi çevre problemlerinin çözümüne ve ekonomik girdilere katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, endüstriyel refrakter atık bir malzeme olan silis dumanı termal yalıtım malzemesi üretiminde kullanılmıştır. Üretilen yalıtım tuğlasında, silis dumanı, sönmüş kireç ve su kullanılmıştır. Tuğla macunu, silis dumanı atıkları, su ve kireç farklı ağırlık oranlarında karıştırılmak suretiyle kullanılmıştır. Üretilen ısı yalıtım malzemesinin özelliklerini değerlendirmek için, elde edilen tuğlanın fiziksel, mekanik ve mikro yapı özellikleri test edilmiştir. Bağlayıcılık oranına göre 1.2 oranında silis dumanı katılan tuğla düşük yoğunluk ve yüksek mekanik mukavemet bakımından iyi özellikler göstermiştir.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ДИСПЕРСНОГО СКЛАДУ ПИЛУ ПРИ ВИРОБНИЦТВІ ТЕПЛОІЗОЛЯЦІЙНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ


 
 
 The problem of air pollution with environmentally hazardous dust with a particle size of up to 10 microns at plants for the production of thermal insulation materials is considered. The purpose of this work is to study the dispersed composition of dust in the production of insulation materials (such as mineral wool), and to determine the effectiveness of the existing gas cleaning equipment, which traps pollutants. The dispersed composition of the dust generated at the plant for the production of thermal insulation materials, and the dispersed composition of the dust collected by the dust-cleaning equipment was investigated. Experimentally and with the use of computer programs, it has been established that the efficiency of extracting fine dust from dust- cleaning equipment does not exceed 78%. It is established that the dust of mineral wool entering the aspiration system is dominated by particles with a size from 2.5 microns to 25 microns. Dust with a SiO2 content of up to 70%, which is released during unloading and transportation of raw materials (dolomite, basalt), enters the atmospheric air without purification. At the same time, particles with a size of up to 60 microns and up to 72 microns dominate in atmospheric air, respectively. The main characteristics of the dust necessary for the objective selection of dust-cleaning equipment are determined.
 
 

Ecological and technological aspects of the use of wastes of combustible shale in the production of various thermal insulation materials

It is shown that at present the current system of environmental regulation in Russia is divorced from the real context in which to exist. One of the most promising areas for the use of waste production is ─ involving them recycled as secondary material or energy resources. On the basis of waste oil shale obtained heat-insulating materials with high physical-mechanical indicators. Due to the involvement of industrial waste in manufacturing of heat-insulating materials may dramatically change the parameters of the raw material base of Russia, which also contributes to reducing environmental impact in the regions. The use of waste fuel and energy complex: inter-shale clay and slate slag in the production of insulating materials contributes to recycling of industrial waste, the protection of the environment and expansion of raw materials base for production of ceramic building materials. The compositions of the developed compositions, proposed to obtain a lightweight brick and a porous filler, the authors of this article obtained three patents of the Russian Federation. Utilization of industrial wastes contributes to the development of "green" economy.

Promising use of waste coal in the production of insulating material without the use of traditional natural materials

It is shown that one of the promising directions for the production of thermal insulation materials are waste coal (waste of the fuel and energy complex). Insulation materials (ceramic lightweight bricks) with the density not higher than 1250 kg/m3 were derived from waste coal without using the traditional natural raw materials. The innovative proposals for the use of waste coal in the manufacture of insulation materials were developed and their novelty was confirmed by four RF Patents. The investigated coal waste is characterized by high calorific value (1800–2800 kcal/kg); thus, such waste should be used not only as nonplastic materials but also as combustible additives so as to exclude the use of anthracite, coke breeze, etc., in the compositions of ceramic masses. Combustible additives containing increased amounts of organic compounds (the loss of ignition of >15%) and iron oxide (Fe2O3 of more than 3%) not only increase the porosity of ceramic products but also facilitate the uniform sintering of a ceramic crock. It was shown that there are three types of pores that mainly occur in samples of insulation materials: slitlike ones, isothermal ones, and bizarre pores. In addition, the samples contain relatively large oval pores and “channel” isometric pores. These pores determine the water absorption of ceramic materials. The presence of pores and, consequently, the heterogeneity of the material adversely affect the properties of ceramic products, and the harmful effect on the mechanical strength of the elongated (slitlike) pores is estimated at about 5 times higher than that for round ones. In addition, the presence of slit-shaped pores indicates the incompleteness of the sintering processes. The use of waste from the fuel and energy complex in the production of ceramic materials makes it possible to efficiently utilize industrial waste, to save scarce traditional natural materials, to expand the range of raw materials for construction materials, and to make a significant contribution to environmental protection.

Novel Miscanthus Germplasm-Based Value Chains: A Life Cycle Assessment.

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in miscanthus research: improvement of management practices, breeding of new genotypes, especially for marginal conditions, and development of novel utilization options. The purpose of the current study was a holistic analysis of the environmental performance of such novel miscanthus-based value chains. In addition, the relevance of the analyzed environmental impact categories was assessed. A Life Cycle Assessment was conducted to analyse the environmental performance of the miscanthus-based value chains in 18 impact categories. In order to include the substitution of a reference product, a system expansion approach was used. In addition, a normalization step was applied. This allowed the relevance of these impact categories to be evaluated for each utilization pathway. The miscanthus was cultivated on six sites in Europe (Aberystwyth, Adana, Moscow, Potash, Stuttgart and Wageningen) and the biomass was utilized in the following six pathways: (1) small-scale combustion (heat)—chips; (2) small-scale combustion (heat)—pellets; (3) large-scale combustion (CHP)—biomass baled for transport and storage; (4) large-scale combustion (CHP)—pellets; (5) medium-scale biogas plant—ensiled miscanthus biomass; and (6) large-scale production of insulation material. Thus, in total, the environmental performance of 36 site × pathway combinations was assessed. The comparatively high normalized results of human toxicity, marine, and freshwater ecotoxicity, and freshwater eutrophication indicate the relevance of these impact categories in the assessment of miscanthus-based value chains. Differences between the six sites can almost entirely be attributed to variations in biomass yield. However, the environmental performance of the utilization pathways analyzed varied widely. The largest differences were shown for freshwater and marine ecotoxicity, and freshwater eutrophication. The production of insulation material had the lowest impact on the environment, with net benefits in all impact categories expect three (marine eutrophication, human toxicity, agricultural land occupation). This performance can be explained by the multiple use of the biomass, first as material and subsequently as an energy carrier, and by the substitution of an emission-intensive reference product. The results of this study emphasize the importance of assessing all environmental impacts when selecting appropriate utilization pathways.

Influence of envelope insulation materials on building energy consumption

In this paper, the influence of different external wall insulation materials on the energy consumption of a newly built apartment in Germany is investigated. Three types of insulation materials commonly used in Germany including mineral fiber, polyurethane, and vacuum insulation panel are chosen for the case studies. An energy analysis model is established to clarify the primary energy use for production of the insulation materials and for building space heating. The calculation results show that the energy consumption for insulation material production increases with the insulation thickness, whereas the energy use for space heating decreases with the insulation thickness. Thus, there exists an optimum thickness to get the lowest total energy consumption for each kind of insulation material. The ascending order of the total energy consumption of the three materials is mineral fiber, polyurethane, and vacuum insulation panel. However, the optimum insulation thicknesses for the three insulation materials show a verse order at a certain heat transfer coefficient of the base envelope. The energy payback time (EPT) is proposed to calculate the payback time of the primary energy use for insulation material production. Mineral fiber has the shortest time, followed by polyurethane and vacuum insulation panel. The EPTS is 10, 19 and 21 years, respectively when the heat transfer coefficient of the base envelope is 0.2 W/(m2·K). In addition, the simulated results show that the theoretical value and the simulated value are basically identical.

The Development of Peat and Wood-Based Thermal Insulation Material Production Technology

The Development of Peat and Wood-Based Thermal Insulation Material Production Technology

Progress on Optimizing Miscanthus Biomass Production for the European Bioeconomy: Results of the EU FP7 Project OPTIMISC.

This paper describes the complete findings of the EU-funded research project OPTIMISC, which investigated methods to optimize the production and use of miscanthus biomass. Miscanthus bioenergy and bioproduct chains were investigated by trialing 15 diverse germplasm types in a range of climatic and soil environments across central Europe, Ukraine, Russia, and China. The abiotic stress tolerances of a wider panel of 100 germplasm types to drought, salinity, and low temperatures were measured in the laboratory and a field trial in Belgium. A small selection of germplasm types was evaluated for performance in grasslands on marginal sites in Germany and the UK. The growth traits underlying biomass yield and quality were measured to improve regional estimates of feedstock availability. Several potential high-value bioproducts were identified. The combined results provide recommendations to policymakers, growers and industry. The major technical advances in miscanthus production achieved by OPTIMISC include: (1) demonstration that novel hybrids can out-yield the standard commercially grown genotype Miscanthus x giganteus; (2) characterization of the interactions of physiological growth responses with environmental variation within and between sites; (3) quantification of biomass-quality-relevant traits; (4) abiotic stress tolerances of miscanthus genotypes; (5) selections suitable for production on marginal land; (6) field establishment methods for seeds using plugs; (7) evaluation of harvesting methods; and (8) quantification of energy used in densification (pellet) technologies with a range of hybrids with differences in stem wall properties. End-user needs were addressed by demonstrating the potential of optimizing miscanthus biomass composition for the production of ethanol and biogas as well as for combustion. The costs and life-cycle assessment of seven miscanthus-based value chains, including small- and large-scale heat and power, ethanol, biogas, and insulation material production, revealed GHG-emission- and fossil-energy-saving potentials of up to 30.6 t CO2eq C ha−1y−1 and 429 GJ ha−1y−1, respectively. Transport distance was identified as an important cost factor. Negative carbon mitigation costs of –78€ t−1 CO2eq C were recorded for local biomass use. The OPTIMISC results demonstrate the potential of miscanthus as a crop for marginal sites and provide information and technologies for the commercial implementation of miscanthus-based value chains.

Insulation material production from onion skin and peanut shell fibres, fly ash, pumice, perlite, barite, cement and gypsum

This study examines the suitability of fly ash, pumice, perlite, barite, cement and gypsum along with onion skin and peanut shell fibers as an insulating material. Apparent specific gravities, water absorption rates, flexure and compressive strengths of the prepared samples were determined. Moreover, thermal conductivity, ultrasonic sound penetration coefficient and radioactive relative permeability values were, also, investigated. The latter three properties of the samples produced with barite, pumice, perlite, onion skins and peanut shells were observed to be low. Consequently, this composite can be used in various situations because of its improved thermal conductivity feature, especially, as coating material in offices which are exposed to radiation a lot. Moreover, it can, also, be used for the radiation insulation of the walls of the radiation units of hospitals.