Herbal Medicinal Products Research Articles

Extraction and Processing of Bioactive Phytoconstituents from Widely Used South African Medicinal Plants for the Preparation of Effective Traditional Herbal Medicine Products: A Narrative Review.

Medicinal plants are sources of crude traditional herbal medicines that are utilized to reduce the risk of, treat, or manage diseases in most indigenous communities. This is due to their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It is estimated that about 80% of the population in developing countries rely on herbal traditional medicines for healthcare. This signifies the need for traditional herbal medicines, which are polyherbal formulations prepared by traditional health practitioners. This review examines preparatory steps to extract bioactive phytoconstituents and post-extraction processes to increase the potency of the extracted bioactive phytoconstituents. Achieving this will allow for the reduced use of plant materials and promote the sustainable use of the limited resource of medicinal plants, especially in our South African context. Electronic ethnobotanical books and online databases were used to find studies that focus on phytoconstituent extraction and post-extraction processing to enhance the potency of the extracted bioactive phytoconstituents. Modification of the extracted bioactive phytoconstituents to synthesize daughter compounds facilitates an enhancement in their potency and bioavailability. Based on the data collected through this review, the importance of understanding the properties of the targeted phytoconstituents is essential in selecting the required extraction method. This determines the quality and yield of extracted bioactive phytoconstituents.

The activity of a herbal medicinal product of Phyllanthus niruri and Silybum marianum powdered extracts (Heptex®) in patients with apparent risk factors for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a phase II, multicentered, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

BackgroundNonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) characterized by damage and inflammation of hepatocytes. Some medicinal plants have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on liver cells. We aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of Heptex® capsules containing 200 mg of Dukung Anak (a powdered extract from aerial parts of Phyllanthus niruri) and 100 mg of Milk Thistle (a powdered extract from fruits of Silybum marianum) in patients with an apparent risk factor for NASH.MethodsThis was a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-arm, interventional clinical trial. Patients were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive placebo, low dose (one capsule) of Heptex®, or high dose (two capsules) of Heptex®. After 36 weeks, liver enzymes, Fib-4 score, lipid profile, CAP score, and kPa score were evaluated. Patients were monitored for safety throughout the treatment duration.ResultsA total of 146 patients were enrolled in the study. A significant decrease was observed in ALT levels in the low-dose group (57 IU/L to 40 IU/L, p = 0.026) and the high-dose group (61 IU/L to 47.5 IU/L, p < 0.0001) and in AST levels in the high-dose group (43.5 IU/L to 32 IU/L, p = 0.001), with no significant difference between the relative percent change in ALT (p = 0.465) or AST (p = 0.632) between the three groups. No significant difference was revealed between the three groups regarding the median change in Fib-4 score at the end of treatment (p = 0.985). No significant change in the lipid profile was observed in any of the three groups except for the total cholesterol level, which significantly decreased from 210 IU/L to 187 IU/L, p = 0.031 in the low-dose group.ConclusionHeptex® capsules were safe and well tolerated over a treatment period of 36 weeks. However, the hepatoprotective effect in patients at risk of NASH still needs further assessment using more accurate investigation tools, a larger sample size, and/ or higher doses of the combination.Trial registrationRetrospectively registered (registration date: 25/04/2022; trial registration number: NCT05343780)

Molecular Analysis of the Species Dracocephalum moldavica L.

There is a growing global trend in the consumption of cultivated medicinal and aromatic plants and an increasing demand for medicinal plants for the production of herbal medicines, health products, dietary supplements, and cosmetic products. The raw plant material from medicinal plant crops is insufficient to meet the needs of this industry. There is a preference for cultivated plant material because most pharmaceutical companies prefer raw materials that meet the required quality standards. Therefore, expanding the cultivation of medicinal plant and introducing new species into cultivation is becoming an important objective. These efforts are complemented by other advantages of cultivation (e.g., modern mechanized agricultural techniques, irrigation, fertilization, and mechanized harvesting). Molecular characterization of the species Dracocephalum moldavica, was focused on analysing the genetic structure of a cultivated plant population. Genetic analysis can provide important data regarding intra- and interpopulation genetic polymorphism, closely correlated with the adaptive capacity of the species to different pedo-climatic conditions, as well as the biosynthetic capacity of pharmacologically active compounds. This enables the accurate identification and selection of new valuable genotypes. Molecular analysis can be performed using DNA molecular markers, among which SSR (simple sequence repeats) and ISSR (inter simple sequence repeats) markers are frequently used due to their high reproducibility, relatively low cost, and avoidance of radioactivity (as is the case with other molecular markers). In this study, ISSR markers revealed genetic polymorphism of cultivated plants.

IMPLEMENTASI SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE (SVM) DENGAN QUERY EXPANSION RANKING PADA REVIEW PENGGUNAAN JAMU MADURA

Madura traditional herbal medicine is a traditional herbal medicine made from natural ingredients and is well-known for its efficacy. The popularity of Madura traditional herbal medicine is not only based on the diversity of traditional herbal medicine products and their health benefits, but also on traditional values that have been passed down from generation to generation. One of the most popular Madura traditional herbal medicine is Peluntur traditional herbal medicine. Peluntur traditional herbal medicine is a series of medicinal or herbal products specifically designed as a solution to overcome late menstruation or irregular menstruation, which is often a source of concern for mothers and young women. With the background of the increasing demand for Madura traditional herbal medicine products, a sentiment analysis was conducted on Madura traditional herbal medicine product reviews on the Shopee, Lazada, and Tokopedia applications. This study applies Support Vector Machine and Query Expansion Ranking to achieve the highest accuracy in reviewing the use of Madura traditional herbal medicine. The results obtained for the use of the Support Vector Machine algorithm have an accuracy of 93%, while for the use of the Support Vector Machine and Query Expansion Ranking algorithms at feature selection ratios of 50% and 100% the accuracy increases to 94%.Keywords: Madura traditional herbal medicine, Peluntur traditional herbal medicine, Query Expansion Ranking, Sentiment Analysis, Support Vector Machine

Critical analysis of Echinacea preparations marketed in Germany.

Colds are the most common cause of incapacity to work in 2023 and therefore have a significant impact on the German economy. Echinacea preparations are considered a non-specific immune stimulant that is used as a phytotherapeutic agent for the treatment and prevention of colds. In the 2021 ZEIT ranking of the best-selling pharmacy-only medicines in Germany, four Echinacea preparations were among the top ten, and they experienced a new hype during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In this study, 22 Echinacea monopreparations, which are approved as herbal medicinal products, were analyzed based on their package inserts. The preparations used in clinical studies were compared with the preparations available on the market with regard to the criteria of plant species used, plant part used, preparation (extract or pressed juice), drug-extract ratio, single dose administered, standardization of the preparations, prior performance of an ingredient analysis, galenics, dosage, duration of administration, and daily dose administered. The analysis revealed that the preparations available on the market are very heterogeneous. The composition can vary considerably in terms of ingredients. For customers, these products appear homogeneous in terms of their presentation on the market. The legal framework conditions promote this situation. The clinical studies are also unable to adequately reflect the market situation. New studies based on market reality, with an analysis of ingredients in the preparations used, a standardized study design, and the inclusion of hematological and biochemical parameters in the evaluation should improve this situation. Days of incapacity for work as an outcome parameter could be well suited.

The Efficacy and Safety of Leard-Ngam Remedy Powder versus Mefenamic Acid for Relieving Primary Dysmenorrhea

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea refers to uterine contractions and pain during menstruation. Leard-ngam remedy (LG) is listed as a Thai Herbal Medicine Product for the treatment of the menstrual period. Objective: To study the efficacy and side effects of LG compared with mefenamic acid (MFA) for reducing menstrual pain in primary dysmenorrhea. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted at Thammasat University Hospital in women diagnosed with primary dysmenorrhea. The numerical rating scale (NRS) was used for the pain score assessment, which was scaled from 0 to 10. The LG group received two capsules of 1 g, three times a day before meals for three days. The MFA group received two capsules of 500 mg, three times a day after meals for three days. Matching placebo capsules before and after meals were to be taken the same way as the LG and MFA capsules. Both groups started from the first day of menstruation and were told to repeat the same treatment for the subsequent two menstrual cycles. Results: Eighty-nine participants were enrolled, with 45 in the LG group and 44 in the MFA group. The groups had similar baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. Both drugs reduced menstrual pain when given for the first three days of the menstrual cycle. The mean pain scores in the first three months, as M1 to 3, were 5.22, 3.38, and 1.76 in the LG group versus 5.00, 4.16, and 2.24 in the MFA group on the first-, second-, and third-day period, respectively. They were not significantly different, and pain recurred when both drugs were stopped. Conclusion: LG was effective and well tolerated in young women with primary dysmenorrhea.

Natural Product for Wound Healing: Systemic Review

Any injury to the body, including damage to the skin's outer layer and impairment of its normal structure and function, is referred to as a wound. Since the beginning of time, people have recognized the crucial nature of wound healing, and significant resources have been used to create cutting-edge wound dressings made of the best materials possible for quick and effective recovery. A vital part of this healing process is played by medicinal herbs. Many studies conducted recently have focused on developing novel wound dressings that contain infusions from medicinal plants or their purified active components, providing viable substitutes for conventional dressings. Several investigations have looked into how various herbal remedies aid in the healing of wounds. This article intends to explain and examine the molecular components of wound healing that are aided by natural plant-based products. The remedies made from herbs participate in various phases of wound healing and work through a variety of processes. Certain herbal medications also increase the formation of important factors that are involved in re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, granulation tissue development, and collagen fiber deposition, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). encouraging anti-inflammatory in nature and antioxidant qualities at different stages of the wound-healing process. The field of herbal medicine and other natural products are used in traditional and alternative medicine to treat wounds. These methods have various benefits over conventional treatments, such as enhanced efficacy owing to different ways in which they work action, antibacterial qualities, and long-term safety when using wound dressings.

Enviro-economic sustainability of ivy leaf powder extraction process based on Phyto-geographic variation of hederacoside C in Hedera helix L. leaves: A lab scale study

The traditional industrial production of herbal medicines often relies on unsustainable processes that generate significant environmental pollution. This study focuses on developing a more eco-friendly approach to extracting hederacoside C, a key component in cough medicine derived from ivy (Hedera helix L.). By using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC), hederacoside C levels were determined in Hedera helix leaves samples from six different geographical locations and one sample from ivy grown under controlled conditions. The concentration of hederacoside C varies depending on the origin of the ivy leaf samples. The highest concentration is found in samples from Ukraine, while the lowest is found in samples from Pakistan. To optimize extraction, the study investigates the impact of different ethanol concentrations, soaking times, and extraction temperatures. The results show that a 40% ethanol solution, 30 min of soaking, and 45 min of extraction at 72 °C yield the highest hederacoside C content (15.26%) in the powder extract, with a 20.52% yield. This optimized method significantly outperforms the conventional extraction technique, which achieves a hederacoside C content of 8.68% in the powder extract. The enrichment of hederacoside C content by conventional method achieved is 2.22 times in powder extract produced with starting herb having hederacoside C content of 3.91%. The proposed sustainable extraction method not only enhances hederacoside C content but also reduces energy consumption and environmental impact by minimizing solvent usage and waste generation. This study highlights the potential for optimizing herbal medicine production to create a more sustainable and environmentally responsible industry.

HERBAL MEDICINE IN DENTISTRY: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

The treatment of inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa and inflammatory-dystrophic diseases of the periodontal tissues is a major concern in modern dentistry. The use of herbal medicines is one of the most promising areas of pharmacotherapy, employed both as standalone treatments and as part of comprehensive therapeutic regimens. Currently, nearly 50% of medications in the global pharmacotherapeutic arsenal are derived directly from medicinal plant materials. The high interest in herbal remedies stems from several key factors, including their natural origin, complex structure, pharmacological versatility, cost-effectiveness, and their applicability in treating a wide range of diseases. The development of modern herbal medicine is considered a priority in public health, aimed at preventing acute and chronic diseases and improving quality of life. At the same time, evidence-based approaches to medicinal plants are rooted in the principles of "phytonics," which emphasize the standardized production of herbal medicines at all stages. The aim of thus study is to review the literature on the use of herbal medicines in dental practice. The current range of phytopreparations available on the pharmaceutical market in Ukraine includes both well-established herbal products and new preparations that have undergone experimental testing and now require evidence-based clinical validation. Conclusion. Phytotherapy in dental practice presents a promising approach due to the polytropic effects of herbal medicines. Future research must adhere to the principles of scientific rigor to ensure the effectiveness and safety of these treatments.

Development and Validation of an Analytical Procedure for Determining Convallatoxin in Medicinal Products Containing Cardiac Glycosides of Lily of the Valley

INTRODUCTION. The safe use of lily-of-the-valley medicinal products requires adequately controlling the content of cardiac glycosides. The State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation stipulates that the content of cardiac glycosides in lily-of-the-valley medicinal products should be quantified using bioassays and spectrophotometry. However, the determination of cardiac glycosides needs more accurate and selective physicochemical methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).AIM. This study aimed to develop and validate an HPLC analytical procedure for the quantitative determination of cardiac glycosides (convallatoxin) in lily-of-the-valley herbal medicinal products.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study examined the Lily-of-the-Valley Tincture, Zelenin Drops, Valocormid, Carniland®, and Lily-of-the-Valley Extract Reference Standard samples. The content of cardiac glycosides was determined by comparison with a reference standard for convallatoxin by HPLC and spectrophotometry. The samples were prepared as outlined in Monograph 3.4.0003.18 Lily-of-the-Valley Herb Tincture of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation. Mixed cardiac glycosides were separated on a Luna 5 µm C18(2) column by gradient elution with 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in water and acetonitrile. The analysis was performed using an autoinjector with sample cooling to 5 °C.RESULTS. The developed analytical procedure met the acceptance criteria for specificity, intermediate precision, linearity (correlation coefficient of 0.99985), and repeatability (relative standard deviation of convallatoxin measurements of 1.61%). The analytical procedure is suitable for the quantitative determination of convallatoxin in lily-of-the-valley herbal medicinal products because it produces reliable and repeatable results.CONCLUSIONS. The authors developed a highly sensitive and selective HPLC analytical procedure for the quantitative determination of convallatoxin in lily-of-the-valley herbal medicinal products. The content of convallatoxin ranged from 0.012 to 0.018 mg/mL in the liquid active substance Lily-of-the-Valley Tincture, from 0.004 to 0.013 mg/mL in the medicinal product Zelenin Drops, and from 0.005 to 0.007 mg/mL in the medicinal products Carniland® and Valocormid. For the Lily-of-the-Valley Extract Reference Standard, the content of convallatoxin amounted to 0.029 mg/mL.

Strategi Mengembangkan Ekonomi Lokal melalui Pelatihan Pengolahan Jamu menjadi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah bagi Ranting Aisyiyah Wangkal

Jamu is a traditional concoction part of Indonesia's cultural heritage and traditions which has been passed down from generation to generation and is used as a treatment to treat minor illnesses, prevent disease, and maintain the body's resilience and health. Herbal medicine can be made from rhizomes, leaves, seeds, fruit, flowers, and the bark of herbal plants that can be found in the surrounding environment. Aisyiyah Wangkal Branch already has a medicinal plant cultivation program which will later be processed into herbal medicine for personal consumption, becoming a potential that can be developed. This training aims to empower existing potential by developing processed herbal medicine products which were originally only for personal consumption to become products that can be bought and sold and can add value to the economy, increase income and expand employment opportunities

Use of herbal medicinal products among patients in primary health care in a Brazilian southeastern city: evidence from the Prover project.

To determine the prevalence and factors associated with herbal medicinal product use among primary healthcare patients in southeastern Brazil. A cross-sectional study combined with documentary research was conducted between August and November 2017, involving interviews with 1,221 adults following dispensing from primary healthcare units. The characterization of herbal medicinal product usage included assessing the prevalence, redundancy, and interaction indicators, as well as identifying sources of recommendation and acquisition. Descriptive statistics were used for variable analysis and logistic regression was used to estimate the factors associated with herbal medicinal product usage, calculating odds ratios at a significance level of 5%. The prevalence of herbal medicinal product usage was 3.8%, with 60% of them prescribed by physicians. Private pharmacies (53%) were the main sources, and Valeriana officinalis (42%) was the most cited plant species and the sole herbal medicinal product on the municipal list. The indicators of redundancy and interactions between concurrently prescribed pharmaceutical and herbal medicinal products were 42.9% and 28.6%, respectively. Herbal medicinal products usage correlated with the female sex (OR= 2.50; 95%CI= 1.11-5.59), non-white race (OR= 0.52; 95%CI= 0.28-0.94), monthly income above 1 minimum wage (OR= 3.48; 95%CI= 1.51-8.01), and self-reported of anxiety, mood disorder or depression (OR= 2.97; 95%CI= 1.55-5.66). Despite the low use of herbal medicinal products, users face a high potential for interactions and therapeutic redundancy. Special attention should be paid to patients taking herbal medicinal products and allopathic medicines concurrently. Women with anxiety, mood disorders, or depression were more likely to use herbal medicinal products, whereas non-white people were 48% less likely to use them, suggesting potential socioeconomic disparities in access.

Adverse events associated with herbal medicine products reported in the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System from 2012 to 2021.

Systematic collection of diverse adverse events during herbal medicine administration is crucial. The Korea Adverse Event Reporting System (KAERS) compiles spontaneously reported adverse event data for medicinal products including herbal medicines. This study focused on extracting and analyzing adverse event data specifically related to herbal medicine products from the KAERS database. Individual case safety reports (ICSRs) encompassing 84 types of herbal medicine products, identified by item codes from 2012 to 2021, were extracted from the KAERS database. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the characteristics of the extracted reports, and adverse event information was systematically categorized and analyzed based on the MedDRA System Organ Class and preferred term classification. In total, 1,054 ICSRs were extracted, with some documenting multiple adverse events in a single ICSR, resulting in 1,629 extracted adverse events. When categorized by the MedDRA System Organ Class, gastrointestinal disorders were the most prevalent (28.7%), followed by skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (20.1%). Based on the preferred terms, the most frequently reported adverse events were diarrhea (5.8%), urticaria (5.3%), pruritus (4.7%), rash (4.4%), and abdominal discomfort (4.2%). The most frequently reported herbal medicines were Bangpungtongseong-san (297 cases), Kyeongok-go (144 cases), and Eunkyo-san (108 cases). Spontaneously reported adverse events associated with herbal medicine products were systematically documented using the KAERS database. This study, which focused on voluntarily reported adverse reactions, underscores the need for additional research to estimate the incidence rate of adverse events and assess causality.

Consensus Statement on the Outcome of the European Herbal Health Products Summit - Which Way Forward?

Herbal medicinal products are a vital part of the healthcare system in Europe and beyond. Being predominantly sold as non-prescription medicines in pharmacies, they are very popular with patients, physicians, and pharmacists and are therefore an important part of self-medication. Interest in this sector has recently gained momentum, reflecting the ongoing revision of the general pharmaceutical legislation and the recent discussion on nutrition and health claims on foods based on the implementation report of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 by the European Parliament 1. Therefore, on 20th February 2024, the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA), in collaboration with the German Pharmaceutical Industry Association (BPI) and the German Medicines Manufacturers' Association (BAH, now Pharma Deutschland), hosted an in-person summit in Brussels entitled 'European Herbal Health Products Summit - Which way forward?'. The summit featured a wide range of speakers, including policymakers, regulatory authorities, industry representatives, and academic experts. It was divided into several sessions covering topics such as the future and relevance of herbal medicinal products in the EU, the revision of the EU pharmaceutical legislation, and the resulting impact on herbal medicinal products. Furthermore, the discussions delved into the "Health Claims Regulation" - the European Parliament's implementation report and the related regulatory challenges of herbal medicinal products at an EU level. This consensus paper summarises the current status and provided recommendations to pave the way for future strategies to ascertain the continued use of herbal medicinal products as an important therapeutic option for patients.

Development of Indonesian Original Medicines Study of Standardized Herbal Medicine Products "Tolak Angin" as Traditional Medicine

The use of traditional medicine continues to grow rapidly in Indonesia, reflecting the country's abundant natural and cultural wealth. One of the leading herbal medicine products is Tolak Angin, which is produced by PT. Sidomuncul Herbal and Pharmaceutical Industry, Tbk. Tolak Angin is a Standardized Herbal Medicine (OHT) that has been scientifically tested for its safety, quality, and benefits. This article presents an overview of the ingredients, production process, and clinical trials of Tolak Angin, as well as its impact in the context of Indonesian public health. By involving literature studies and secondary data analysis, this article highlights the importance of standardization in the development of effective and safe traditional medicine products. In conclusion, Tolak Angin not only represents local cultural heritage and knowledge, but also plays a vital role in providing affordable and reliable treatment alternatives for the community.

Development of Indonesian Original Medicines Study of Standardized Herbal Medicine Products "Antangin JRG" as Traditional Medicine

This study aims to examine the potential for the development of indigenous Indonesian medicines based on traditional medicinal plants. Herbal medicine has been used for generations in Indonesia and has great potential to be developed into more standardized and modern products. This study covers various aspects ranging from product name, content, class, composition, efficacy claims, empirical data, standardization of raw materials, preclinical tests, toxicity tests, to clinical trials. The results of the study show that with proper processing and standardization, Indonesian traditional medicine can compete with modern pharmaceutical products.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction method of Syzygium cumini leaves based on extraction yield, content of bioactive compound, and inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzyme activity using response surface methodology

Syzygium cumini leaves show potential to be developed as herbal medicine products against diabetes mellitus due to their high polyphenol contents. S. cumini was optimized using response surface methodology and Box–Behnken design with solvent solid ratio, solvent concentration, time and temperature, extraction yield, total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) enzyme inhibitory activity to obtain an effective and optimal extraction method. The conditions were achieved using a 70% ethanol solvent for the extraction, with a solvent–solid ratio of 21 v/w and run at 20°C for 30 min. The results showed an extraction yield of 83.875%, with TFCs measuring at 3.068 mg QE/g, TPCs of 65.029 mg GAE/g, and DPP-IV enzyme inhibition activity of 66.079%. Further analysis of the phytochemical profile using untargeted liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry showed the presence of amine, amide, and fatty acid derivatives as major constituents. In addition, major flavonoids observed were myricetin and myricitrin, accounting for 0.2%. Ursolic acid and 25-azacholesterol accounted for 1.03% of the phenolics detected.

A Comprehensive Review of Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract: The choices of treatment for Alzheimer's are based on NMDA-receptor antagonists and cholinesterase inhibitors, although their efficacy as a therapy is still up for debate. BPSD (Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia) have been treated using herbal medicine products, with varying degrees of success. This manuscript sets out to answer the question, "Can herbs be effective in the treatment of cognitive impairments in patients?" by examining evidences from controlled research. The process by which Alzheimer's disease develops remains a mystery, and the present Alzheimer's treatment strategy, which consists of administering a single medicine to treat a single target, appears to be clinically ineffective. AD treatment will require a combination of approaches that target many signs and causes of the disease. The results of currently available licensed therapies for AD are often disappointing, and alternative medicine, especially herbal therapy, may play a role. Over 80% of the world's population, particularly in developing nation, gets their main health care from herbal medicines. They have persisted through the years due to their low risk, high reward, widespread acceptance across cultures, and absence of detrimental side effects. In some cases, herbal remedies have proven to be more effective than conventional medical treatments. They are assumed to be natural unless proven otherwise by the presence of unnatural additives. The absence of adverse reactions is a major advantage of herbal treatment. In addition, they provide ongoing advantages to health. Salvia officinalis, Ginkgo biloba, Melissa officinalis, Panax ginseng, Coriandrum sativum, Curcuma longa, Ashwagandha, Uncaria Tomentosa, Crocus Sativus and Allium Sativum are all studied for their potential effects on Alzheimer's disease.

A Short Review of the Current and Future Prospects of Herbal Medicine and Natural Products

A Short Review of the Current and Future Prospects of Herbal Medicine and Natural Products

Consumer Perceptions of Maslahah on Halal-Labeled Madura Herbal Medicine

The background of this study is based on the fact that Madura herbal medicine is an interesting alternative treatment and is believed to be effective, as well as being Madurese local wisdom that has been trusted for generations. Therefore, consumers are faced with the choice of the maslahah and halalness of Madura herbal medicine. This study was conducted as part of the description of answers to these problems by testing independent variables using comparative quantitative methods. The research variable was the consumer perceptions of Madura herbal medicine products that were halal-labeled and those that did not have a halal label. The population was consumers of Madura herbal medicine in Kwanyar and Modung districts, Bangkalan Regency. The sampling of the population in this study used Lemeshow's formulation because the exact number of populations was unknown, and the sample determination used a random sampling approach with an accidental sampling technique. The main data collection used questionnaires and documentation techniques. Following the principles of research methodology, a series of data analysis stages have been carried out through questionnaire instrument testing (validity and reliability tests), data distribution normality tests (as a requirement for the t-test), and the one-sample t-test. From the test results, it is known that the perception of the consumer of the maslahah of the Madura herbal medicine is different. Halal-labeled Madura herbal medicine is perceived to guarantee more maslahah, while nonhalal-labeled Madura herbal medicine is not.