Production Of Green Matter Research Articles

Production of green matter of hybrid maize INIAP H-551 in two harvest ages

Satisfacer las demandas alimenticias de especies animales, tanto menores como mayores, se convierte en un desafío durante periodos de escasez, dada la limitación de espacio disponible para la siembra y los recursos a disposición de los productores. El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar la producción de biomasa forrajera en el maíz híbrido INIAP H-551 durante la temporada seca. Se examinó el maíz híbrido INIAP H-551, utilizando diferentes cantidades de semillas por metro cuadrado (300 g, 400 g y 500 g), con cosechas a los 15 y 21 días. Se implementó un Diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar con arreglo factorial; el estudio comprendió dos fases, la primera llevada a cabo en la Finca Machete y Garabato, y la segunda en el laboratorio de bromatología y rumiología de la UTEQ. La mayor altura, alcanzada con 300 g/m2 * 15 días, fue de 68,05 cm. Aunque la producción de biomasa en materia verde no mostró diferencias estadísticas, la cosecha con 500 g/m2 * 15 días registró 43,470.00 kg/ha. En cuanto a la producción de biomasa seca, la máxima eficiencia se logró con 300 g/m2 * 21 días, obteniendo un rendimiento de 4,358.13 kg/ha. A los 21 días, se observaron el menor porcentaje de humedad (88.72%) y materia inorgánica (18.88%). Por otro lado, los mayores porcentajes de materia seca y materia orgánica fueron del 11.28% y 81.12%, respectivamente, a los 21 días. La mayor concentración de proteína bruta, con un 16.93%, se obtuvo a los 15 días. La fibra bruta y la energía bruta no presentaron diferencias estadísticas en ninguna de las condiciones evaluadas

Corn (Zea mays L.) green matter production in different sowing densities

Objective: To evaluate the corn green matter production at different sowing densities, in Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: The DK-4018 hybrid corn was sown in the spring-summer 2021 cycle. The treatments (T) were different sowing densities: (T1) 112,500, (T2) 120,000, and (T3) 136,000 plants per hectare. The experimental design was completely randomized. The evaluated variables were: plant height at 30, 60, and 76 days after sowing (cm); final stem diameter at ground level (cm); fresh weight (g); and green matter yield (ton ha-1). The results were analyzed with the SAS program (2001) and the means were compared with the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). Results: The highest green matter production of the DK-4018 hybrid corn was obtained with a sowing density of 136,000 plants per hectare, with an estimated yield of 114.6 ton. Study limitations/implications: No scientific publications about the DK-4018 hybrid corn green matter production were found. Findings/Conclusions: With a population density of 136,000 corn plants per hectare, 114.6 ton of DK-4018 corn green matter yield is estimated.

Viabilidad del uso de cenizas de vinaza como fertilizante para forrajeras

Fue evaluada la utilización de cenizas de vinaza como fertilizante para forrajeras. La vinaza fue llevada a mufla a 600ºC por 90 minutos para producción de las cenizas. Se sembró la forrajera Urochloa brizantha - cv. Marandu, en bolsas plásticas de polietileno que se mantuvieron en casa de vegetación. Los tratamientos utilizados fueron la aplicación de ceniza de vinaza en cantidades equivalentes a 0, 100, 250, 500, 1000 kg/ha. Las plantas fueron cortadas con 30 días y 60 días para evaluar la producción de materia seca (MS) y materia verde (MV). En el suelo enriquecido, se retiró una muestra para realizar análisis. Hubo corrección de pH del suelo y aumento de los macrominerales fósforo, potasio, calcio y magnesio. El tratamiento con 100 kg/ha se mostró más eficaz e elevó en promedio el 18,5% la producción de MV y el 24% la producción de MS de la forrajera estudiada. Se concluye que el uso de cenizas de vinaza es una potencial fuente de minerales para forrajeras.

AGRONOMIC TRAITS EVALUATION IN IRRIGATED SORGHUM IN THE BRAZILIAN SEMI-ARID

Green and dry matter production, along with grain yield and otheragronomic traits, were assessed in 44 sorghum genotypes. Two sets of genotypes were formed based on known plant height, aiming to evaluate green and dry matter production and grain yield, as well as to separate forage and grain sorghum genotypes. The evaluations were performed based on experiments with three replications, being one irrigated (drip system) in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, and the other rainfed, in Nossa Senhora da Glória, state of Sergipe, Brazil. Sowing dates were July 30, 2016, in Nossa Senhora da Glória; July 13, 2017, and October 24, 2018, in Petrolina; with 117 and 128 days from sowing to harvest, respectively. Expressive forage production was observed in genotypes EP-17 and SF-11, which exceeded 120 t ha-1. BRS 506 produced 108 t ha-1, while 13F03(1141572), P-294, P-288, 2502 x 467, BRS Ponta Negra, and SF-15 presented green matter production ranging from 94 to 98.5 t ha-1. Dry matter production was highly correlated with green matter production, and SF-11 had the best performance of 45.5 t ha-1. The observed plant height was more expressive for forage sorghum genotypes, being this trait highly correlated with the green and dry matter. The best grain yield performance reached 13.4 and 10.3 t ha-1, values observed for 9910032 and BRS Ponta Negra, respectively. The results demonstrate the full adaptability of sorghum to the semi-arid environment and the feasibility to produce roughage and grains under irrigation in the Brazilian semi-arid region.

Photosynthesis as a thermodynamic cycle

Thermodynamics of photosynthesis has been a subject of interest to the scientific community; it is, therefore, addressed in this paper. This work reveals that traditional thermodynamic relationships may be used to calculate and project photosynthesis. Solar energy is required for the chemical reaction of green matter production. When the size of the green matter expands, less solar energy is received by the surroundings and more chemical energy is stored in plants and vegetation. If everything else is the same, the increase in the chemical energy produced is equal to the decrease in the heat of the biosphere and vice versa. Photosynthesis expansion is thus equivalent to heat transfer from the biosphere to the green matter. Plants surrounding air may be assumed as a heat reservoir at air dry bulb temperature, Tdb. The colder air enclosed by the space of the green matter may be assumed as a cold reservoir at air wet bulb temperature, Twb, and photosynthesis may be represented by a Carnot engine cycle. The thermal efficiency of the cycle is equal to 1-(Twb/Tdb)0.5. If everything else is the same, the difference, Tdb-Twb, is a limiting factor of terrestrial photosynthesis. Based on this understanding, equations to predict growth of the green matter and tree diameter are derived and validated based on observations. Other findings include photosynthesis global average thermal efficiency is between 0.61% and 0.72%, and seasonal greening is nearly 0.80%. Neglecting deforestation, surface greening trend with climate change is between 0.23% and 0.28% annually.

Productivity and nutritional value of BRS capiaçu grass (Pennisetum purpureum) managed at four regrowth ages in a semiarid region.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity, productive efficiency, and nutritional value of the elephant grass cultivar BRS capiaçu (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), managed at four regrowth ages during winter in the semiarid region of northern Minas Gerais, Brazil. A completely randomized design with the elephant grass cultivar BRS capiaçu was submitted to four cut intervals (30, 60, 90, and 120days) in the winter with ten replications, for a total of 40 plots, each with a useful area of 6 × 5m. There was a linear increase of 76.25% (P < 0.01) in the height of BRS capiaçu grass when cut from 30 to 120days. Green matter production (P < 0.01) and dry matter production (P < 0.01) increased daily by 1081kg/ha and 237kg/ha, respectively. The annual dry matter production was 72t/ha. Efficiency in water use changed (P < 0.01) from 7.91kg of dry matter (DM)/mm at 30days to 57.59kg of DM/mm at 120days of regrowth. There was a reduction in the ash content (P < 0.01), crude protein (P < 0.01), and the total digestible nutrient content (P < 0.01) with the increase in the age of the cut. The readily soluble fraction of DM (fraction A, P < 0.01), degradation rate "c" of insoluble fraction "B" (P = 0.01), potential degradability (PD; P < 0.01), and degradability (ED; P < 0.01) decreased linearly as the regrowth age increased. Harvesting is recommended at 90days of regrowth during the winter season in this semiarid region.

&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Nopalea&lt;/i&gt; cactus pear fertilized with nitrogen: morphometric, productive and nutritional characteristics

This study aimed to evaluate the structural, productive and nutritional characteristics of cactus pear (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck. cv. Miúda/Doce) under five nitrogen doses and two planting orientations. A randomized block design in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme was used in the scheme: five nitrogen doses (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 kg of N ha-1), and two planting orientations (North/South and East/West), with three replicates. Except for the thickness of the secondary (p = 0.04) and tertiary cladodes (p = 0.02), the morphometric characteristics of the cactus pear were not influenced by the nitrogen doses (p &gt; 0.05). The mean height was 120 cm, the areas of the primary, secondary and tertiary cladodium were 160.9; 208 and 158.4 cm², respectively. The application of nitrogen fertilizer, in the dry conditions and doses evaluated, did not affect the production of green matter (PGM, p = 0.56), dry matter (PDM, p = 0.74) and dry matter content (DM, p = 0.72), with averages of 276 t ha-1, 43.2 t ha-1 and 15.7%, respectively. The increase of the nitrogen doses does not improve the majority of the morphometric characteristics or the dry matter yield of the cactus pear cv. Miúda at 730 days after planting.

Plants population and harvesting times influence in saccharine sorghum BRS 506 production

Saccharine sorghum is an excellent option for ethanol production under industrial and agronomic perspectives, due to high green matter production and succulent stalks with fermentable sugars. The aim of this work was to evaluate the harvesting season and plants population effect over theethanol and fodder production from sweet sorghum culture BRS 506. The experiment was installed in November 2012, at (CDTCA/UFLA), located in Lavras (MG). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with 3 repetitions, factorial scheme 4 x 4 (4 populations: 70, 100, 130 and 160thousand plants ha-1 ; 4 harvesting seasons: flowering (0 days after flowering (DAF), 10 DAF, 20 DAF and physiological maturity at 40 DAF). The variables evaluated at harvesting: green matter weight (GM), dry matter weight (DM), juice volume (JV), total soluble solids (ºbrix), total reducing sugars (TRS) and brix tonnes per hectare (TBH). The populations increase provided the highest JV and it has not affected other variables. The characteristics were influenced by the harvesting seasons. The harvesting season at 40 DAF provided the highest ºbrix. The ºbrix and the TRS showed linear growth with an increase after flowering for plants harvesting. The highest productivities (GM, DM, JV and TBH) were obtained close to 17, 22, 17 and 14 DAF, respectively, favoring higher fodder and ethanolproduction in these stages.

&lt;b&gt;Agronomic traits and nutritional value of forage sorghum genotypes

This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of 24 sorghum genotypes in four Brazilian regions and the chemical characteristics of genotypes grown in Sete Lagoas, state of Minas Gerais. Genotypes BRS655 and 12F37005 had higher average production of green matter (&gt; 44 ton ha-1) and dry matter (&gt; 17 ton ha-1), respectively. Genotypes 12F38019, 12F40019, 12F37005, 12F37043 and Volumax took more days to flower in three of the four municipalities (75-90 days). Genotypes 12F38006, 12F40006 and 12F37016 were taller (&gt; 2 m). Values of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber ranged from 37.15 to 50.13; 5.51 to 10.28 and 43.57 to 65.69%, respectively. The genotypes were not different regarding acid detergent fiber content, with mean value of 34.83%. Genotypes 12F38019, 12F37016, 12F39005, 12F39019, 12F37007, 12F37014, 12F39014 and BRS 655 showed the best values of dry matter digestibility (64.31 to 74.20%) and crude protein content (8.33 to 10.28%). Among them, 12F139014 exhibited the lowest lignin content (3.32%), suggesting less effect of this fraction on digestibility. Genotype 12F39014 is the most suitable for cultivation, as it presented the best nutritional value and good dry matter production in the four municipalities.

&lt;b&gt;Chemical composition of sorghum genotypes silages

The objective was to select sorghum genotypes for silage production using its chemical characteristics. The experiment was carried out in the facilities of Embrapa Maize and Sorghum in Sete Lagoas, state of Minas Gerais, to evaluate the agronomic characteristics, and nutritional quality of silage of twelve sorghum genotypes. We used a randomized block design with three replications. In relation to the production of green matter, the genotypes SF15 Volumax and BR610 stood out (52.07; 48.00 and 41.87 ton ha-1). Regarding pH, genotypes 1015339, 1015347, 1016007, SF15, BRS655, Volumax and BR610 averaged 3.68. All genotypes were similar considering the nutritional value, ammonia nitrogen and water activity. The genotypes SF15, Volumax and BRS610 showed the highest productivity per area, representing the best options for silage production.

Características agronômicas de genótipos de sorgo mutantes BMR e normais utilizados para corte e pastejo

The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Milho and Sorgo (The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation's – Embrapa Maize & Sorghum) in Sete Lagoas, MG, with the objective to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of BMR mutant and normal sorghum genotypes: eleven mutants BMR and nine normal genotypes. The agronomic characteristics were analyzed after 42 days of regrowth after the first cutting, when we evaluated the height of the plants and the production of green matter and dry matter. There was significant difference between genotypes for these traits. To height, mean values ranged from 1.28 m for CMSXS156AxTX2785bmr and 1.72 m for IS10428xTX2784 genotype. In relation to the production of green matter, the average values ranged from 12.00 t ha -1 for the CMSXS157AxTX2785bmr and 18.93 t ha -1 for IS10428xTX2784, and the dry matter yield average values ranged from 1.23 t ha -1 for CMSXS156AxTX2784 to 2.29 t ha -1 for IS10428xTX2784. There was not lodged or broken plants in this experiment. The results indicate higher yields for genotypes IS10428xTX2784, IS10252XTX2784 and BR007AxTX2784.

Efeito da adubação orgânica e altura de resíduo sobre a produção de fitomassa do capim-buffel

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de níveis de adubação orgânica utilizando esterco caprino e duas alturas de resíduo, sobre a produção de fitomassa do capim-buffel. Utilizou-se parcelas subdivididas, no delineamento experimental de blocos completos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. As parcelas consistiram de doses de esterco caprino (0; 5; 10; 15 e 20t/ha), e as subparcelas consistiram em duas alturas de resíduo (10 e 20cm). Para produção de matéria verde houve efeito de ciclo, como também houve interação entre altura de resíduo e adubação. Com relação à produção de matéria seca, houve efeito de altura de resíduo, de adubação e da época de corte, sendo que verificou diferenças entre alturas somente quando o capim recebeu doses 10 e 20t/ha de adubo orgânico. O acúmulo total de colmo apresentou incremento de forma linear, com a utilização das doses de adubação quando o capim foi colhido na altura de 10cm, não havendo ajustes de modelos quando o mesmo foi colhido a 20cm. Foi observado um aumento linear do acúmulo líquido na altura de 10cm conforme o acréscimo das doses de adubo. A adubação orgânica eleva a produção de fitomassa do capim buffel quando é cortado na altura de resíduo de10cm.

Desempenho agronômico de plantas de cobertura usadas na proteção do solo no período de pousio

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar espécies com alta produção de fitomassa, para proteção do solo no período de pousio. O experimento foi realizado com três espécies da família Leguminosae e três da família Poaceae, de 2009 a 2010, na área experimental do campus da Universidade Federal de Lavras, Minas Gerais. As espécies avaliadas foram: crotalária anagiroide (Crotalaria anagyroides), feijão‑de‑porco (Canavalia ensiformis), guandu‑anão (Cajanus cajan), aveia‑preta (Avena strigosa), sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) e milheto (Pennisetum glaucum), semeadas em cultivo solteiro e consorciado. O feijão‑de‑porco e o sorgo apresentaram as maiores taxas de cobertura do solo em cultivo solteiro, enquanto o milheto apresentou a menor. O sorgo, em cultivo solteiro e consorciado com feijão‑de‑porco e guandu‑anão, apresenta a maior produção de matéria verde e matéria seca, enquanto o guandu‑anão apresenta a menor produção de matéria verde, e a crotalária anagiroide, a menor produção de matéria seca. Por ocasião da implantação da cultura comercial, o tratamento que proporcionou a maior quantidade de palha sobre o solo foi o consórcio entre feijão‑de‑porco e sorgo.

Agronomic characteristics of corn hybrids for silage production in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil

The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Federal University of Mato Grosso in the municipality of Santo Antonio do Leverger, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of corn hybrids in the cultivation of second crop for silage production. The experimental design was carried out with randomized blocks with 23 treatments (hybrids) and three replications. Corn hybrids from different seed companies and recommended for the midwestern region of Brazil, were used. The agronomic traits were: stem diameter (cm), plant height and ear insertion (m); yield of green matter (ton. ha -1 ), percentage of spike, stem and leaves in green mass; ear productivity (ton. ha -1 ), dry matter content of stem + leaf and whole plant. Hybrids BF 9304, DKB 370, 177 DKB, BF 9534, BF 9417, AG 5020, BE 9701, P 3021 and P 30F98 had the highest production of green matter, plant height and spike insertion. The hybrid BF 9304 was also prominent for spike percentage (50.55%).

CONTENIDO DE NITRATOS Y PROTEÍNA EN LECHUGA CRESPA Y AMARANTO HORTÍCOLA PRODUCIDOS CON ENMIENDA Y UREA

In Argentina, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is the most common vegetable used in salads, while amaranth (Amaranthus mantegazzianus Pass.) is characterized by its high production of green matter, with high protein and mineral levels; both species are considered accumulators of nitrate, so in order to avoid health problems for the consumer, the European Commission regulates the levels of nitrate in lettuce. In order to assess the accumulation of nitrates in both species and evaluate the protein levels and dry matter content, a trial was conducted at the Faculty of Agronomy, UNLPam, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina. On December 28, 2009, crisp lettuce was transplanted and amaranth was sown. Four levels of fertilization were added for both species: 1) Compost base: 10 dm 3 ·m -2 moderately composted manure, 2) Double Compost: 20 dm3·m-2 moderately composted manure, 3) Compost base + 30 kg·ha-1 urea and 4) Compost base + 60 kg·ha-1 urea. An experimental design of randomized complete blocks with five replications was employed; significant differences in nitrate levels between species and levels of fertilization were obtained. The values in lettuce were 2.9 % dry basis and 2,634 mg·kg-1 fresh-1 and in ama

Produtividade, composição química e características agronômicas de diferentes forrageiras

Um experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a produção e extração de nutrientes de diferentes forrageiras. Foram implantadas quatro culturas anuais: milho, sorgo-sudão, sorgo forrageiro e girassol em um delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos (culturas) e cinco repetições. O girassol e o sorgo-sudão apresentaram as maiores produções de matéria verde, enquanto o milho e o sorgo forrageiro destacaram-se pela produção de matéria seca. Os maiores valores da fração fibrosa foram observados para o sorgo-sudão. A cultura de girassol extraiu a maior quantidade de cálcio, potássio e magnésio, enquanto o sorgo-sudão apresentou a maior extração de fósforo. A extração de nitrogênio e sódio não diferiu entre as culturas. O milho apresenta-se como melhor forragem para silagem por possuir maior proporção de espiga em relação ao restante da planta.

Aspectos agronômicos de híbridos de sorgo (&lt;em&gt;Sorghum bicolor&lt;/em&gt; L. Moench) no desempenho e economicidade de novilhos confinados

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the sorghum hybrids AG2005E, AG60298 and BR101 as for the production of the plant and its silages in the performance and economics of steers in feedlot. The height of the plant, production of green matter and dry matter (DM) ha-1 of BR101 was higher (p > 0.05) in relation to AG2005E and AG 60298. As for the percentage of DM in the grain, AG 2005E was greater (p = .0452) that the others. The percentage of green matter in the leaf showed differences (p = .0135), with the BR101 hybrid as the greatest and AG60298 the least. In the evaluation of the panicle, there was a difference in the percentage of DM (p = .0332) and green matter (p = .0332) for the hybrid AG2005E. The percentage of GM in the grain, DM and GM of the stem and MS of the leaf did not present statistical differences. For the evaluations of animal performance, 36 steers with an average age of 20 months were used, with an initial weight of 241.49 kg and confined for 63 days, then slaughtered with an average final weight of 379.48 kg. The animals fed with silage of BR101 sorghum and AG2005E got greater intake of DM and metabolic DM size. Hybrids AG2005E and AG60298 presented the best feed conversion. BR101 had the lowest production cost.

Evolução das propriedades físicas de solos submetidos ao manejo do sistema barreirão

The historical evolution of the physical properties of a dystrophic oxisol (Goias, Brazil) was evaluated in a pasture area derived from an original Cerrado opening. This pasture was established by applying 1.5 t ha-1 of calcitic lime and direct sowing of Brachiaria decumbens . After ten years, this pasture was reformed by Barreirao System. In a single operation, the rice sowing was realized at 3-5 cm depth together Brachiaria brizantha mixtured in the fertilizers at 8-10 cm depth, respectively. The evolution of the physical properties was monitored in renovated 1-6 years areas where the system was implanted, using as reference an area of native forest and another 17 years old traditional pasture. According to the obtained data, it was permitted to conclude that there is an inverse relationship among the production of green matter and medium resistance to penetration of the impact penetrometer at drought period, in 8-16 cm depth layer, with a critical level of 2.22 MPa. KEY-WORDS: Tropical pastures; Brachiaria ; soil compaction; cerrado soils.

Caracterización y obtención de funciones para producción de biomasa en cinco cultivares de frijol yorimón: ii método no destructivo

In this work, the production of biomass for five crops of cowpea was studied in the Carrizal Valley in La Paz, Baja California Sur (23Âo 20' 47'' North and 110Âo 16' 14'' East). The soil has a pH of 6.85, poor in organic matter, non-saline, low levels of calcium, nitrogen, and magnesium but a high level of phosphorus. The climate is dry with average temperature of 22°C. Five cowpea cultivars were used and established in the field under completed randomized block design with four replications. The data were analyzed by means of canonical discrimination, multivariate analysis, correlation, and simple and multiple linear regressions for the generation of green matter production (PMV) and dry matter production (PMS) functions. Analysis of variance were carried out and multiple comparison means (Tukey P=0.05) when the variables showed significant statistical differences among cultivars. In general, all variables showed significant differences (P<0.05) except the variables fresh weight (PFH) and dry weight of leaves (PSH). The cultivars 18 (IT90K-277-2) and 25 (Sesenteno) showed the higher values of PMV and PMS (105.33 and 90.66 and 44.90 and 35.80 g, respectively). The best function of PMV was to the cultivar 4 (Cuarenteno) with R2 of 0.69 and for PMS was the cultivar 23 (IT91K-118-20) with R2 of 0.71, being diameter of shoot (DT) and number of secondary branches (NRS) the variables with higher influence in the function of PMV, while number of leaves per plant (NHP) and NRS are the variables with higher influence in the function of PMS.

Impacto da aplicação de efluente maturado de fecularia de mandioca em solo e na cultura do sorgo

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the behavior of sorghum culture submitted to portions of maturate effluent of cassava industry. Thus, this study was carried out at Centro Técnico de Irrigação (Technical Irrigation Center) of Universidade Estadual de Maringá (State University of Maringá), state of Paraná, Brazil. Maturate effluent samples were collected from a lagoon, whose depth was not up to 0.50 m. Lysimeters of 1.0 m3 volume and 2.0 m2 area were applied to a sorghum culture. The utilized experimental design was composed of blocks at random in three treatments and six replications. The treatments were consisted of an application of: 150, 450 and 900 m3 ha-1 portions per year of mature effluent. The mature effluent from cassava industry supplied the nutritional necessities, which were required by sorghum for its entire development and production of green matter (or dry matter). A positive reply in growth, considering the entire process, in which the maximum portion added to sorghum culture was 450 m3 há-1, was verified. Otherwise, the elements of variable senescent leaves showed a negative correlation compared to others. A fertilizing effect of effluent was verified and analyzed according to the growth of the sorghum culture in relation to the macronutrients by potassium increase