French Production Research Articles

Beur–French romances in French comedies: Postcolonial mimicry or a challenge to essentialist identities?

During the last 50 years, descendants of Maghrebians who immigrated to France ( beurs) have received French citizenship. Their societal position is paradoxical: French citizens by birth and soil, they live in French society; however, for many French de souche, they are still considered immigrants. Although the French government has a policy of assimilation, many beurs do not participate in the French way of life. They live in the projects, their children go to sub-standard schools, and beur youth unemployment rate is at least double that for the French population as a whole. Their practice of Islam alienates them further. However, while the anti-immigrant/anti-Muslim party is gaining in numbers, beur culture is increasingly a part of French culture: Arabic words have made their way into French, beur music is popular, and there is a strong beur presence in film. In this article, I will explore the portrayal of mixed-ethnicity couples in two films, Il reste du jambon (Anne Depetrini, 2010) and Mohamed Dubois (Ernesto Ona, 2012). These films reflect a growing preoccupation with mixed couples and their conflicts, and are paradigmatic of the process of assimilation of Arabs into French culture. In the first, a beur doctor, Djalil (Ramzy Bedia) integrates and wins a blond, middle-class French reporter; in the second, Arnaud, the son of a rich French banker renounces his French identity, and adopts an Arab heritage to win a beur policewoman. Although both are French productions, the principal beur roles may be seen as breaking through the French stereotypes of Muslims/Arabs and therefore as counter-narratives of the nation, which, according to Homi Bhabha, ‘continually evoke and erase its totalizing boundaries – both actual and conceptual – [and] disturb those ideological manoeuvres through which ‘imagined communities’ are given essentialist identities’. I suggest, however, that while the beur ‘essentialist identity’ is challenged in the films, there are strains of neo-colonialism, with its accompanying ambivalence toward the beur characters, who are subject to mimicry, which consistently maintains the position of the dominant French film-consuming culture.

A model-based approach to assist variety evaluation in sunflower crop

Assessing the performance and the characteristics (e.g. yield, quality, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance) of new varieties is a key component of crop performance improvement. However, the variety testing process is presently exclusively based on experimental field approaches which inherently reduces the number and the diversity of experienced combinations of varieties x environmental conditions in regard of the multiplicity of growing conditions within the cultivation area. Our aim is to make a greater and faster use of the information issuing from these trials using crop modeling and simulation to amplify the environmental and agronomic conditions in which the new varieties are tested. In this study, we present a model-based approach to assist variety testing and implement this approach on sunflower crop, using the SUNFLO simulation model and a subset of 80 trials from a large multi-environment trial (MET) conducted each year by agricultural extension services to compare newly released sunflower hybrids. After estimating parameter values (using plant phenotyping) to account for new genetic material, we independently evaluated the model prediction capacity on the MET (model accuracy was 54.4 %) and its capacity to rank commercial hybrids for performance level (Kendall's $\tau$ = 0.41, P < 0.01). We then designed a numerical experiment by combining the previously tested genetic and new cropping conditions (2100 virtual trials) to determine the best varieties and related management in representative French production regions. We suggest that this approach could find operational outcomes to recommend varieties according to environment types. Such spatial management of genetic resources could potentially improve crop performance by reducing the genotype-phenotype mismatch in farming environments.

Single or dual experimental infections with Vibrio aestuarianus and OsHV-1 in diploid and triploid Crassostrea gigas at the spat, juvenile and adult stages

French production of the Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is currently threatened by two pathogens, OsHV-1 and V. aestuarianus. While oysters selected for their higher resistance to OsHV-1 are now available for the industry, the impact of V. aestuarianus on such oysters is unknown, especially for triploids. In addition, experimental infection has used the virus or the bacteria alone, but there have been no investigations of dual exposure to these pathogens. This study is the first report of single or dual exposure in spat (Spat1 and Spat2), juvenile and adult naïve oysters. For each of the two stocks evaluated, unselected oysters and oysters selected for their higher resistance to OsHV-1 infection were tested, as well as their triploid siblings of the selected oysters produced using cytochalasin B. We confirmed that resistance to OsHV-1 infection and susceptibility to V. aestuarianus increased with age and size, although selected oysters were not significantly impacted by OsHV-1 whatever their ploidy, size or age. We found different mortality patterns depending on the pathogen tested. The mortality pattern was similar for oysters exposed to OsHV-1 or to both pathogens in the Spat1 trial (4months old and 1.9g). The mortality pattern was similar for oysters exposed to V. aestuarianus or to both pathogens in the Adult trial (25months old and 63.1g). Surprisingly, mortality was much higher (ranging from 75.9% to 100%), in particular for the selected oysters, for the Spat2 (8months old/3.9g) and Juvenile trials (16months old/18.4g) given a dual exposure, regardless of the level of selection for OsHV-1 and the ploidy state. Our findings highlight an important threat for oyster farmers: oysters exposed to both pathogens could experience dramatic mortality rates, even in oysters selected for their higher resistance to OsHV-1. Finally, our study demonstrated for the first time that triploid oysters were more susceptible to experimental challenges with V. aestuarianus at the spat stage than their diploid siblings. However, the difference in mortality between the triploids and diploids remained limited and ranged from 22.9% to 6.6% for spat and adults, respectively with a relatively regularly decrease in the difference with increased age.

Mutual influences between native and non-native vowels in production: Evidence from short-term visual articulatory feedback training

We studied mutual influences between native and non-native vowel production during learning, i.e., before and after short-term visual articulatory feedback training with non-native sounds. Monolingual French speakers were trained to produce two non-native vowels: the Danish /ɔ/, which is similar to the French /o/, and the Russian /ɨ/, which is dissimilar from French vowels. We examined relationships between the production of French and non-native vowels before training, and the effects of training with non-native vowels on the production of French ones. We assessed for each participant the acoustic position and compactness of the trained vowels, and of the French /o/, /ø/, /y/ and /i/ vowels, which are acoustically closest to the trained vowels. Before training, the compactness of the French vowels was positively related to the accuracy and compactness in the production of non-native vowels. After training, French speakers’ accuracy and stability in the production of the two trained vowels improved on average by 19% and 37.5%, respectively. Interestingly, the production of native vowels was also affected by this learning process, with a drift towards non-native vowels. The amount of phonetic drift appears to depend on the degree of similarity between the native and non-native sounds.

Living Language: Self-Assessment, Oral Production, and Domestic Immersion

AbstractWith 24 adolescent students enrolled in a French language summer camp, the present study examines the relationship between self‐assessment and oral production in French, interpreting results through a framework of individual learning variables. Participants were surrounded by French inside and outside the classroom. Self‐assessment was measured through a criterion‐referenced self‐assessment questionnaire (Brantmeier, Vanderplank, &amp; Strube, 2012). Oral production was examined with a structured oral interview that involved recording students for four minutes while they described four images (Llanes &amp; Muñoz, 2009). The recording was coded on measures including words per minute, silent pauses per minute, and longest fluent run (Llanes &amp; Muñoz, 2009). Findings demonstrated significant improvement in oral production. Self‐assessment measures and performance on posttest measures for oral production were significantly correlated. Upon arrival at camp this was not true, which may indicate that students who were unable to assess their French abilities at the beginning of camp were better able to assess their abilities following the program. Results have strong pedagogical implications, as self‐assessment may serve as a metacognitive tool for students to learn to self‐diagnose strengths and weaknesses, which may help instructors account for individual learner differences. Implications suggest that self‐assessing such strengths and weaknesses may be easier after a multitude of real‐world and need‐based interactions.

La langue mondiale: traduction et domination par Pascale Casanova

Reviews 235 the reported message. The diachronic studies analyze the semantics and evolution of a range of expressions, such as puisque and il m’est avis que, commonly found in earlier stages of French. Scholars, editors, and translators of historical texts will find useful insights including, for example, the importance and reliability accorded to dreams and visions in the Middle Ages; speakers’certainty in the veracity of dreams is reflected linguistically in the marking of evidentiality. The volume largely succeeds in demonstrating the interplay of médiativité, polyphonie, and modalité, while revealing subtle semantic and pragmatic properties of a range of high-frequency constructions. Authentic corpora data complement careful analyses, although the acceptability judgments proffered in one study of Old French are suspect and demand further justification: By definition, native speakers are not available for this stage of the language. Globally, one wishes that the findings had been related more thoroughly to previous work on these issues, either in French or more broadly. Nevertheless, the volume is a worthwhile addition to university libraries, and individual chapters could find their place in graduate or advanced undergraduate courses on French linguistics. University of California, Santa Cruz Bryan Donaldson Casanova, Pascale. La langue mondiale: traduction et domination. Paris: Seuil, 2015. ISBN 978-2-02-128060-9. Pp. 130. 18 a. The 2016 Semaine de la langue française et de la francophonie offered yet another forum to keen the Cassandra-like prophecies of the fall of the French language, a victim of Anglo-Saxon imperialism.With this oft-repeated trope in mind, I cautiously opened Casanova’s volume. Happily, the reflexive list of proscribed Anglicisms was absent. Instead, the author presents a carefully articulated, textually-based argumentation framed by translation theory and furnishing a powerful perspective on the notions of linguistic and cultural dominance. Although Casanova acknowledges the desirability of linguistic diversity, she insists that diachronically, languages have been hierarchized according to their proximity to power and prestige. The directionality of translation signifies the value of the respective languages in the linguistic marketplace: Thus, translation typically proceeds from a nonprestigious language to the dominant language. Casanova begins her case studies in the Middle Ages, when Latin was the instrument of the Church, civic affairs, and knowledge-producers. Later, Du Bellay’s Défense et illustration (1549) sought to enrich the language and assert its domination, in part through an appropriation of Latin lexical items. Such an act should be accomplished by translators-as-embellishers, who increase linguistic capital rather than by faithful copiers. Whereas Du Bellay referred to translation as an act of pillage, English Renaissance translators, drawing on French as well as the Classics, referred to “conquest,” a “hijacking of wealth and power” (67). Their activity was that of the “ornamentalist” who enriched, rather than labored as a hack to fidelity. It was only with nineteenth-century German philosophers and poets that the goal of fidelity became primal. Through the agency of fidelity, German would accumulate its capital, becoming the unique language of reference, the“Latin of Moderns.” Returning to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Casanova considers the subversion of fidélité by the invention of les belles infidèles, the aesthetic adaptation of classical works to the mœurs of the period. Their appearance coincided with the rise of the literary salon, animated by women who often lacked access to classical texts. As a final case study, Casanova analyzes the offensive posture of Giaocomo Leopardi (1798–1837) in his attempt to destabilize the dominance of French. Italian’s spontaneity and audacity are a useful foil to the sterile“reason”governing French production. Casanova’s conclusion rejoins contemporary concerns, lamenting not only the dominance of English, but also the effacement of translators. Their production is viewed as self-evident, a mere rendering of facile textual relationships. Casanova’s volume impresses and delights with its rigorous focus on texts, complemented by insightful reflections on the signifying power of languages in the act of translation. Her démarche, couched in Bourdieu’s sociological framework, offers powerful insights into the dynamics of linguistic hierarchies. Yet her conclusion disappoints: Condemning the linguistic domination of English, Casanova offers no remedy. Perhaps globalization has institutionalized the linguistic marketplace...

Using Life Cycle Assessment to identify potential environmental impacts of an agrifood sector: Application to the PDO Beaujolais and Burgundia wine sector

The environmental impacts of the production system of emblematic French product under official quality marks was investigated using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The study looks at the PDO Beaujolais and Burgundy sector from a broad perspective, i.e. encompassing all steps linked with the products themselves but also complementary activities that belong to this wine sector. To build the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), a methodology deriving from both product and organizational LCA was developed and applied. The LCI was built using a bottom-up approach. Inventories were first built for a sample of 17 representative companies. Then, these inventories were scaled-up to complete the global LCI at the agrifood sector level. Potential environmental impacts were assessed for 8 indicators. The LCA results show potential environmental impacts for each life cycle step: grape production, wine making and aging, packaging, distribution and activity of stakeholders belonging to the “close environment”. It provided two main outcomes: (i) a methodology for the construction of an LCI adapted to the perimeter of an agrifood sector and composed by high quality data; and (ii) the identification of potential environmental impacts of the studied agrifood sector, providing assistance for the definition of their strategic orientations for the future.

A conceptual model of farmers' decision-making process for nitrogen fertilization and irrigation of durum wheat

Abstract With a 2 millions of tons production, France is the second country in the European Union to produce durum wheat. Durum wheat production requires high grain nitrogen concentration. Irrigation and nitrogen fertilization must be managed simultaneously to maximize grain yield and also avoid low protein concentration and environmental impacts. To help advisors and farmers to better manage together these two agricultural operations and to develop innovative managements, developing a biodecisional model is an interesting possibility. However, knowledge is still missing on how farmers already managed these operations and how these two operations are linked. We developed the conceptual model for the decision part of this computer model. We performed a survey of 28 farmers conducted over the five French production areas investigating a diversity of growing conditions to identify the set of possible constraints and farmers' decision rules. To analyze the survey, we first used a general inductive approach on individual cases and then built a conceptual model of the decision with a bottom-up approach. We identified four decision sequences for fertilization (N splitting, choice of N fertilizer, rate of application, fertilization triggering) and five for irrigation (irrigation period, anticipated number of irrigation cycles, irrigation cycles organization, irrigation triggering and irrigation cycle specificities). For each operation, the first three decision sequences refer to strategic decisions. The other decision sequences refer to tactical decisions. Coupling this model with a crop model could provide guidelines for managing durum wheat in the current climatic and economic changing context.

Does political conflict hurt trade? Evidence from consumer boycotts

I estimate the impact of international conflict on bilateral trade relations using several incidents of politically motivated boycotts: The boycott of Danish goods by Muslim countries following the Muhammad Comic Crisis in 2005/2006, the Chinese boycott of Japanese goods in response to the Senkaku/Diaoyu Island conflict in 2012, the boycott of French products in the US over the Iraq War in 2003, and Turkey's boycott of Israel over the Gaza conflict in 2014. The results from difference-in-differences regressions and the synthetic control group method show that boycotts can have strong negative effects on bilateral trade in both goods and services. I estimate an average one-year trade disruption of 18.8% in the case of Denmark, 2.7% for Japan, and 1.7% for French imports, where in the latter two cases this effect is only short term. For all boycott instances, this is only a minor share of overall exports of the boycotted country over the same period. For the Iraq and Gaza conflicts, there is a reciprocal negative effect on the boycotted countries' imports from the boycotter. Product-level results are in line with intuition: Boycotts are most effective for consumer goods, especially highly-branded signature export goods such as Japanese cars, while having at most a temporary effect on intermediates and capital goods. An event study on Japanese stock market returns suggests that the Chinese boycott depressed stock values of explicitly boycotted Japanese firms only temporarily.

Anna Christie

Anna Christie

Les brasiers de l’hexagone : les cinémas militants français à Montréal (1974)

Montreal’s Rencontres internationales pour un nouveau cinéma were the occasion for delegates from five French production and distribution collectives to discuss the future of militant cinema with their European, Latin American, African, Asian and North American equivalents. From the French perspective, the Rencontres also allowed the opportunity to provisionally take stock of militant cinema’s national situation, amidst the effervescence that had followed May 1968. Only a few weeks following the defeat of the Programme commun de la gauche in the French presidential elections, the Quebec meeting displayed the absences of unity and coordination amongst the French groups. This article seeks to analyse the different conceptions of French militant cinema that were being brought together in Montreal.

The Anatomy of French Production Hierarchies

We study the internal organization of French manufacturing firms. We divide the employees of each firm into “layers” using occupational categories. Layers are hierarchical in that the typical worker in a higher layer earns more, and the typical firm occupies less of them. The probability of adding/dropping a layer is positively/negatively correlated with value added. Reorganization, through changes in layers, is essential to understanding how firms grow. Firms that expand substantially add layers and pay lower average wages in all preexisting layers. In contrast, firms that expand little and do not reorganize pay higher average wages in all preexisting layers.

The Revolt of the Harem on the English Stage: A Spectacle of Domestic Reform

‘[I]t is the cause of woman we defend—it is your cause—it is time to free ourselves from the despotism of man.’ ( Bunn , p. 15) The Revolt of the Harem was performed in London forty-three times during the 1834 season to sell-out crowds; it continued to be talked about and staged, in various forms, into the 1850s. The ballet was created by Filippo Taglioni and received its first performance in Paris in 1833; but it was rewritten, restaged and renamed by Alfred Bunn (the Manager of the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden) to add novelty to the English stage and, of course, to sell tickets. While the French production and its reception have received some attention in dance studies, no one has studied the ballet's longevity and popularity in England, where the home was understood as the hallmark of nation but where, also, a ballet about domestic revolt and female solidarity was received enthusiastically. This article recovers the English reception of the ballet to argue that, rather than a mere orientalist spectacle to excite audiences and reinforce empire, Revolt of the Harem inspired feminist sentiments and participated in social reform beginning with the Child Custody Act of 1839 enacted better to protect women in their homes and marriages.

Food losses and waste in the French oilcrops sector

INRA has initiated a comprehensive approach to food loss and waste for all the plant and animal sectors, from field to distribution. In this study, all comestibles that leave the human food chain and are not recycled into animal feed are considered as losses and waste. The main French oilseed sectors are studied (rapeseed, sunflower and soya, as well as tofu). In order to identify the key sources of loss, all of the various steps in the process of the oleaginous production chain are described, from harvesting through to distribution, including storage, transport, crushing, refining and packaging. For tofu, the study also examines the chain from harvest through to distribution, including as soy milk and tofu paste. Published data are lacking; they were therefore primarily collected directly from professionals in the sectors concerned. Although oilseeds and vegetable oils are apt to have a relatively long shelf-life compared to other products, losses of vegetable oil from field to distribution are substantial (approximately 71.4 kT, equivalent to 10% of the amount consumed in France). We establish that the principal steps giving rise to losses are harvesting and refining. Total losses in French rapeseed oil, sunflower and soybean were estimated at 9.8%, 7.0% and 6.0% of their respective total potential production, worth approximately 50.6, 14.3 and 6.5 e million and equivalent to the annual consumption of approximately 3 030 000, 855 000 and 390 000 people. In the case of tofu, harvest is the most important area of loss. Total losses of tofu are equivalent to 8.2% of potential production. We discuss potential measures to improve the efficiency of the individual steps of French oilseed production.

Reading Medieval French Literature from a Global Perspective

Only in the last decade has the field of medieval french literature recognized the need for a critical gaze that looks outside France and beyond the persistent Eurocentric accounts of medieval French literary history. These accounts long viewed medieval French literary production primarily in relation to the Latin, Celtic, and Provençal traditions. My research over the last twenty years has called for a revisionist history of literature and of empires and has highlighted the fact that throughout the Middle Ages France entertained “inter-imperial” literary relations—not only with European traditions but also with extra-European cultures, specifically with the Islamicate world.

Road LCA: the dedicated ECORCE tool and database

This paper presents a specific tool called “ECORCE” (French acronym for ECO-comparator applied to Road Construction and Maintenance) dedicated to the road pavement life cycle assessment. This tool aims to reduce the consumption of materials, water, and energy by means of evaluating impacts. The environmental assessment has been based on the LCA framework established by the SETAC and ISO 14040 series of standards, as well as by NFP 01010 for French products. The pavement life cycle is divided into the initial construction and maintenance operations. Several functional units can be defined in order to compare roads or road layers that have been designed to offer the same service. The system is built by selecting the processes to be considered during the impact assessment; this selection step relies on lists of main processes, such as road materials, road equipment, and material transport. The keys to building this tool were to specifically propose simple functionalities for road engineers and researchers, allow for quick case study implementation, and display a user-friendly interface. Moreover, the tool takes into account civil engineering practices and provides a set of dedicated data related to road materials, road works, and earthworks. ECORCE also allows easily changing input data (geometry, operations, materials, and transport distances); its output screens and tables offer several approaches to investigating environmental LCA results on roads. It becomes possible to compare not only the materials used in a given layer but also the pavement structures composed of several layers using various mixed materials. Lastly, the tool is able to assess initial construction and maintenance policies. Various road structures and their associated traffic conditions may be examined with ECORCE. Results obtained with the tool are detailed in the paper for a highway case study aimed at demonstrating its possible uses. These results highlight that the relative magnitude of impacts from each main process can be analyzed for road design optimization. The tool reveals that road pavement materials have more impact than other processes such as transport and non-road equipment running within the life cycle. The investigation of standard road practices can thus focus on various alternative materials and pavement structures, depending on the configurable functional units already implemented in the tool, as explained in this paper. The highway case study and accompanying sensitivity testing campaign serve to discuss the benefits of this tool.

The French Productivity Puzzle

Since 2008, France experiences a sharp productivity slowdown. Both output per hour and total factor productivity are particularly deceptive in the market economy. This recent trend contrasts with the acceleration of productivity during the previous crisis in the 1990’s and the continuous increase during the following decade. This text provides the first comprehensive exploration of this puzzling break. The direct impacts of the Great Recession on industry composition or reallocation of capital are not significant suspects for a slowdown occurring across business activities. Labour market mechanisms are better candidates. On the one hand, the French labour market policy has massively boosted the creation of low-productive jobs including very-short term employees and self-employed workers. On the other hand, firms, which benefit from massive tax cuts, have hoarded their high-skilled workforce. In addition, the spread of innovative HRM incentives, e.g. employee shareholding, seems to have turned productivity more sensitive to the business cycle (and especially to the fall of stock markets).

AGRIBALYSE®, the French LCI Database for agricultural products: high quality data for producers and environmental labelling

AGRIBALYSE is a French research program dedicated to producing Life cycle inventories (LCI) of agricultural products, based on a strong partnership of 14 research and technical institutes. It provides a homogenous and consensual LCI database to support environmental labelling policies and to help the agricultural sector to improve its practices. The public LCI database of more than 100 products and its detailed methodology report were published in 2014. The database mainly contains LCIs for average French products, the functional unit is the product mass (kg) and the perimeter cradle-to–farm-gate. The datasets go along with a detailed methodology report and a project report, both available at: www.ademe.fr/agribalyse). Several key objectives for a follow-up project have already been identified: better estimate of uncertainties, accounting for soil carbon dynamics, impacts on biodiversity and impacts of water consumption. Enlargement of the database with additional products and products from innovative systems is also demanded, as well as stronger connections with international programs. These issues should be addressed in a future AGRIBALYSE 2 program.

Les délocalisations industrielles dans les mutations des systèmes productifs français

L’ouverture et la mise en concurrence des territoires ont bouleverse le paysage industriel et economique francais. La survie economique de nombreuses entreprises s’est faite au prix d’un redeploiement spatial de leurs activites appele communement « delocalisation ». Ainsi, les delocalisations ont d’abord affecte les metiers ou la main-d’œuvre constituait une part importante du cout de revient. Ces activites ont connu des moments tres difficiles et ont eu pour consequences de nombreuses fermetures d’unites de production et la perte de dizaines de milliers d’emplois. En effet, certaines regions ont vu partir vers l’etranger nombre de leurs activites traditionnelles, tandis que d’autres filieres sont en serieux declin (textile, habillement, cuir, jouet, electromenager, equipements automobiles par exemple). Aujourd’hui, ce schema tend a se modifier par la volonte des pays emergents a se positionner aussi sur les activites techniques et technologiques. Le nouveau contexte international apparu en juillet 2008 a la faveur de la crise financiere et economique justifie que l’on s’interesse a nouveau a la question des delocalisations d’activites dans le cas francais. Nous analyserons la participation des delocalisations aux mutations des systemes productifs francais. Quel est le poids des delocalisations dans la desindustrialisation du territoire ? Quelles consequences sur le tissu economique francais et les territoires ?

LCA of local and imported tomato: an energy and water trade-off

Abstract The environmental impact of imported fresh agricultural products, such as off-season vegetables transported over long distances, is under growing scrutiny. We hypothesised that the environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ranking between local and imported vegetables might change depending on the impact category considered. We focused on the case study of off-season tomatoes produced in Morocco under unheated greenhouses in a water-scarce area, which covers 68% of the fresh tomatoes imported to France. First, we performed a cradle-to-market gate LCA of the Moroccan production using primary data based on a field survey. Second, we applied the same Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method to published cradle-to-farm-gate results of the French tomato cropping system, which also provides off-season tomatoes to the French market and which is characterised by heated greenhouses with a high level of inputs. In addition to typical environmental impact categories, the freshwater use impact was included. The ranking between imported and local tomatoes was different depending on the impact category. Freshwater use had greater impacts under the Moroccan arid climate: 28.0 L H 2 O eq kg −1 of Moroccan tomato and 7.5 L H 2 O eq kg −1 of French tomato. Conversely, the higher level of artificialisation of the French production resulted in greater impacts on total energy consumption, global warming, and eutrophication, even including transport to France for the Moroccan tomato. This reveals a trade-off between freshwater use impacts and the usual/other impacts, mostly energy-related. At the farm gate, we found that the Moroccan tomato water consumption highly contributed to the total damages to Human Health (14%), and Ecosystems (20%) (contribution to Resources depletion was only 2%). Therefore, ignoring the impacts of freshwater use in LCA also underestimates the damages. Moreover, we showed that the assessment of freshwater use impacts and damages still has shortcomings, leading to an underestimation of the impact for the Moroccan tomato case. These results emphasised the importance of considering all of the impact categories when performing an agricultural LCA and the need for a more comprehensive method for assessing the impacts of freshwater use. In particular, the use of an operational tool for estimating water and solute fluxes at the field level is recommended to feed freshwater impact assessment methods.