Fertilizer Production Research Articles

Investigating the Potential Use of End-of-Life Fire Extinguisher Powder as a Soil Amendment in Different Soil Types: A New Approach Following a Circular Economy Model

A first attempt to assess the potential alternative use of fire extinguisher filler powder after its exhaustion has been investigated in the present research. The chemical composition of fire extinguisher filler powder, specifically type ABC 40%, consists of monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate. As its nitrogen and phosphorus content is particularly high, the thought of its possible use as a fertilizer and/or a soil amendment is a challenge. For this purpose, a pot experiment was carried out and two leafy vegetables (spinach and lettuce) were used as biomarkers. Two soil samples from rural areas, one acidic (pH = 5.8 ± 0.1) and one alkaline (pH = 8.2 ± 0.7), were selected for the experiments. Filler powder from a used fire extinguisher was added to the soil samples in two levels (1 and 2% v/v). It was found that the addition of fire extinguisher filler powder caused no toxicity to either of the two plants studied. On the contrary, an increase in their above-ground biomass was observed, proportional to the amount of powder added. It was established that in the pots where the powder was added, in both plant species observed, the plant height, root length, and chlorophyll content of leaves increased, the total antioxidant capacity was enhanced, and the concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in the leaves and roots of plants also increased, compared to the soil without the addition of fire extinguisher powder. The early signs appear to be encouraging, as an increase was observed in almost all aspects. The mandatory end of the life cycle of the powder as a fire-extinguishing agent and its disposal is also a challenge in the context of the circular economy, as reducing the energy requirements for fertilizer production is one of the objectives of sustainable development.

Reduction of CO2 emissions by recycling low-potential heat from the Benfield CO2 removal process at a natural gas hydrogen production plant

AbstractThe EU policies related to CO2 emission strictly define the stages of carbon neutrality achieving. According to these regulations, all production installations that emit carbon dioxide will be charged additional emission fees from 2026 to fully in 2035. Analysis of the increasing emission fees shows that in some industries incurring such additional costs will result in a lack of profitability of the products. Industries directly related to the food sector, such as nitrogen fertiliser production, are strategic in the economies of all countries. Nitrogen fertilisers are produced from ammonia, which is synthesised on a large scale from hydrogen and nitrogen. Hydrogen is produced by natural gas reforming with water vapour resulting in syngas (mixture of H2, CO, CO2, H2O), which CO in the next step reacts with water vapour (water gas shift reaction) producing H2 and CO2. CO2 is separated from hydrogen using the Benfield method. The analysis of the Benfield process (one process of hydrogen production) shows a possible way to reduce CO2 emission by optimising heat balance. It was shown that in the proposed technology the heat recovery reaches 89%, while the level below 30% was reported for other available technologies. The proposed solution is based on recirculation and reuse of heat, which is lost in other technologies. The analysis is for a process balance in a medium-sized hydrogen production installation. The analysis considers also the correlations with other installations thermally linked to hydrogen production. The economic balance showed the great financial benefits of this solution. In the scenario discussed, the CO2 emission factor was reduced by 20%. Graphical Abstract

Strengthen farmers' fertilizer self-sufficiency in the tourist area with a reduce-reuse-recycle system

Mining activities at Tebing Breksi are a vital source of income for the community in Sambirejo village, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta. However, these activities have caused several environmental issues, such as lowered pH levels, reduced soil fertility, shallow soil profiles, and water scarcity. Additionally, mining has led to biodiversity loss and land degradation, making post-mining reclamation essential to restore the area's environmental and social functions. This project aimed to enhance the community’s skills in soil analysis and the production of liquid organic fertilizer using effective methods. The activities took place in the Tebing Breksi tourist area, located in Nglengkong, Sambirejo Village, Prambanan District, Sleman Regency. The project included a Focus Group Discussion (FGD), soil fertility analysis using test kits, and the creation of liquid organic fertilizer from household waste. During the FGD, it was discovered that the local community had not received prior training on producing fertilizer from household and organic waste. Until then, they relied on expensive commercial fertilizers to quickly stabilize soil pH. Through this training, the community learned how to perform rapid soil chemical analysis and produce liquid organic fertilizer independently. As a result, they can now apply the fertilizer locally, improving soil conditions and reducing their reliance on costly commercial products.

LCCO2 Assessment and Fertilizer Production from Absorbed-CO2 Solid Matter in a Small-Scale DACCU Plant

This study investigates a novel method of utilizing Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology for fertilizer production. Unlike traditional Direct Air Carbon Capture and Utilization (DACCU) technologies, Direct Air Carbon Capture for Fertilizers (FDAC) has the potential to produce fertilizers directly. This study aims to assess the feasibility of FDAC-based fertilizer production by examining the current state of traditional DAC technologies, evaluating the CO2 fixation potential of FDAC, and analyzing the decarbonization effect of producing fertilizers using FDAC. Our evaluation results indicate that CO2 emissions from producing 1 ton of conventional chemical fertilizer, FDAC fertilizer (current status), FDAC fertilizer with ingredient adjustment (sodium hydroxide), and FDAC fertilizer with ingredient adjustment (magnesium hydroxide) are 1.69, 1.12, 1.04, and 1.06 tons of CO2, respectively. The FDAC fertilizer (current status) emits 0.57 tons of CO2 per ton less than commercial fertilizers. FDAC fertilizers also have the potential to reduce CO2 emissions further when the fertilizer composition is adjusted, offering a promising solution for lowering the environmental impact of fertilizer production. Significant CO2 reduction can be expected by replacing conventional low-intensity chemical fertilizers with FDAC-produced fertilizers.

Strategies for managing corn crop residue in the context of greenhouse gas emissions.

Food production is one of the most important sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, both in primary production and in processing and the logistics chain. The most problematic and risky is the optimization of environmental effects in the stage of primary production. This is due to the significant influence of factors related to climate and soil that are difficult to predict. The scientific literature offers much information on the impact of crop residue management, but the context for assessing the impact of crop residue management in corn production on the carbon footprint is still unclear. The effectiveness of using organic additives like biochar, compost, corn, or straw to maintain soil productivity is well acknowledged. Information about the effects of particular crop residue management strategies on soil carbon sequestration, soil quality, and crop yield in corn cultivation is currently scarce. The research aimed to assess the potential for optimizing corn production through modifications in crop residue management, with a focus on the efficiency indicator being the level of greenhouse gas emissions per functional unit of the product. A 3-year growing experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of different corn crop residue management strategies. The modifications of the corn cultivation technology in terms of the crop residue management strategy had a significant impact on the yield of plants and the amount of GHG emissions. The conversion of corn straw to biochar and its introduction into the soil reduced the GHG emissions from corn cultivation per functional unit, despite the energy expenditure related to straw transport and biochar production. From a 3-year time perspective, a beneficial effect of biochar addition on the size of the commercial yield of plants was observed. In variants with biochar and a reduced level of nitrogen fertilization, no reduction in yields was observed. This confirmed the hypothesis that biochar could be a useful material for the production of slow-acting fertilizers.

AZNEK FOSFORITLARIDAN ODDIY FOSFORLI O‘G‘ITLAR OLISH ASOSLARI VA FIZIK-KIMYOVIY TEXNOLOGIYASI

The article examines the basics of the physico-chemical technology of obtaining simple phosphorus fertilizers from aznekic phosphorites, which is becoming more and more relevant in the context of the growing demand for phosphorus for agriculture. The chemical composition and mineralogy of aznekic phosphorites, as well as their role in the production of phosphorus fertilizers, are discussed. We analyze the main stages of the technological process, including the preparation, extraction and conversion of raw materials into phosphorus compounds. The available methods of obtaining phosphoric acid and phosphoric fertilizers such as superphosphate and ammophos are highlighted, as well as the economic and ecological aspects of the use of aznekic phosphorites in agronomy are considered. At the end of the article, it is emphasized the need to continue research and development of new technologies that will increase the stability of agriculture and increase the efficiency of resource use.

Synthesis and Characterization of CL-PA Ionic Liquid

Caprolactam is most commonly used in the production of Nylon 6 in industry and is generally produced from cyclohexanone by the Beckmann rearrangement. Orthophosphoric acid is generally used in fertilizer production and is produced through two processes: wet and dry. In this study, detailed characterization of CL-PA was carried out by synthesizing CL-PA ionic liquid from orthophosphoric acid (PA) and caprolactam (CL). FTIR, Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopic analyses reveal that a bond is formed between CL and PA. The thermal behavior of CL-PA ionic liquid was inspected by TGA and DSC. It has been observed that the decomposition temperature of CL-PA ionic liquid is different from that of the starting materials (CL and PA). It was disclosed by DSC analysis that CL-PA ionic liquid only has a glass transition temperature. The room-temperature CL-PA ionic liquid synthesized from solid CL with melting point of 70.34 ℃ and 85 wt.% PA did not show any melting or freezing point and the glass transition temperature was found to be −27 ℃. It was revealed that CL-PA ionic liquid was more thermally stable than CL which alone almost completely evaporated at about 197 ℃. As a result of FTIR analysis of CL-PA ionic liquid and its constituents, it was demonstrated that –NH peaks of CL disappeared in the CL-PA spectrum and the peak of C=O group shifted to a lower frequency (i.e., 1604 cm⁻1). In the Raman analysis of CL-PA and its constituents, it was observed that the asymmetric C=O bending vibration and C=O stretching vibration of CL disappeared in the CL-PA spectrum. In the UV spectrum, it was observed that the maximum absorbance of CL-PA ionic liquid varied with respect to that of CL.

Determination of the energy efficiency of granulation equipment based on exergy analysis

The object of research is the process of granulation of mineral fertilizers by applying rolling and pouring methods, as well as in fluidized and suspended layers with active hydrodynamics of flows. It is noted that the development of the main technological stages of the production of granulated fertilizers should be aimed at improving the hardware design of granulators, establishing the most rational regime and technological parameters of the process in order to increase its efficiency and reduce energy costs. It is noted that the main indicators of the efficiency of granulation plants using heat are economic costs, exergy losses, as well as reduced costs. The method of exergy analysis for the assessment of energy costs for granulation processes in different types of granulators is presented, which allows to justify the choice of rational parameters of the specified processes, taking into account energy costs and equipment efficiency. Equations are presented for determining the amount of exergy of material flows and exergy losses caused by heat exchange at finite temperature differences of technological flows at the entrance to the device and at the exit from it. The equation for determining the exergy efficiency, which characterizes the energy efficiency of the technical system, is presented. The smaller the temperature difference for the technological flows at the exit from the device, the smaller the exergy losses, the higher the value of the exergy efficiency. and, accordingly, the device will have greater energy efficiency. An exergy analysis of granulation processes in granulation towers without a cooler, in granulation towers with a cooler, fluidized bed devices and multi-stage (shelf) devices was carried out. The analysis showed that the exergy efficiency for the specified granulation plants is equal to: 64 %, 71 %, 32 % and 96 %, respectively. The obtained research results can be applied in production conditions where granulation towers and devices of fluidized or suspended layers are used. Enterprises that plan to reduce energy costs and increase the environmental safety of their technological processes can implement improvements based on the proposed methods and equations. The application of research results will contribute to the selection of more rational indicators of the granule production process, which will increase the productivity and quality of the final product.

In-silico production of bioactive enrichment soil fertilizer from agricultural by-products towards bioeconomics perspectives

In-silico production of bioactive enrichment soil fertilizer from agricultural by-products towards bioeconomics perspectives

Conversion of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber Waste into Green Liquid Organic Fertilizer

Solid wastes generated from the oil palm industry contain valuable nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that can significantly enhance plant growth and potentially elevate fertilizer production. This study aims to identify the optimal formulation of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber waste. Three formulations of LOF were prepared, comprising OPEFB waste, molasses, noni fruit, and cattle urine, designated as Formulation A, B, and C. These formulations underwent a 14-day anaerobic incubation period. The formulated OPEFB LOF was then analyzed for nutrient content, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids. This study also examines the soil properties and plant growth outcomes following the application of the formulated OPEFB LOF. The results indicated that Formulation A exhibited the highest nutrient concentrations, specifically 485 ppm nitrogen, 95 ppm phosphorus, and 1007 ppm potassium. In comparison to the other two OPEFB LOF formulations, Formulation A showed the lowest values for total dissolved solids (502 ppm) and electrical conductivity (8.14 dS/m). The findings demonstrated that Formulation A displayed the most favorable growth characteristics in terms of leaf count, plant height, leaf length, and leaf width. This is attributed to the nitrogen-boosting properties of cattle urine, along with the complementary effects of molasses and noni fruit as soil improver and bio-activator. This study confirms the viability of utilizing green organic fertilizer derived from OPEFB substrate in agriculture, replacing conventional inorganic fertilizers.

Ammonia Sprays for Combustion: A Review

Ammonia is a globally transported chemical used for a variety of applications, most notably, the production of fertiliser. Over the past decade, attention has been afforded to the use of ammonia as an energy carrier, coupling global supply of renewable energy to demand regions. Ammonia’s advantages as an energy carrier include its ease of liquefaction and established international transportation routes; overcoming its low reactivity, excessive production of nitrogen oxides and its toxicity remain as challenges. For energy applications, fuel delivery is a critical aspect of effective combustion in boilers, burners and engines. Due to its adaptable phase change characteristics, ammonia fuel may be injected as a liquid or vapour, each with respective advantages or disadvantages. The focus of this review concerns the characterisation of liquid ammonia fuel injection for combustion, including recent research findings from experimental and simulation studies. Liquid ammonia injection can result in the highly dynamic so-called ‘flashing’ or ‘flash boiling’ phenomena. Research findings have been drawn from other related applications such as accidental hazardous releases. Bespoke optical experimental rigs together with diagnostic techniques and two-phase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have enabled studies of the flashing jets under various initial or final conditions, with recent work also examining ammonia spray combustion. The review concludes with an insight into future trends and requirements for liquid ammonia combustion. Reciprocating engines for marine propulsion are cited as potential early adopters of ammonia energy.

Mathematical model for the exergy of the system ammonium nitrate–water

The exergy balance has recently been used more frequently for the energy analysis of technological processes and represents a considerable improvement over the evaluation according to the First law of thermodynamics, in which completely convertible and incompletely convertible forms of energy are taken into account equally. In order to carry out the exergy balance, the exergy values of the material flows involved in the process must be known. This article presents a mathematical model for calculating the exergy of ammonium nitrate in aqueous solution in the production of fertilizers. When carrying out the exergy model, it was assumed that the conditions are: ambient temperature 20 °C, pressure 101.325 kPa and that it consists of liquid water and crystalline ammonium nitrate, which has an exergy value of zero under these conditions. The model is based on Pitzer’s ion-interaction type equations for the dependence of the activity coefficient on the composition of the solution at a given temperature and pressure. This mathematical model is valid for aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate up to saturation in the temperature range from 20 °C to 170 °C and offers the possibility to estimate the NH4NO3(aq) enthalpies at different temperatures and different compositions.

Techno-economic analysis of biocrude, biogas, and fertilizer production from microalgae Coelastrella striolata cultivated in agroindustrial wastewater

Coelastrella microalgae have gained attention due to their robustness, high lipid content, effective bioremediation agent, and ability to thrive in diverse environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic feasibility of an integrated biorefinery of the unique original Coelastrella striolata var. multistriata strain 047 applied in agro-industrial wastewater, flue gases, and excess energy on a 1.2 ha open raceway pond (ORP). This study consists of three scenarios: (1) biocrude only (BO); (2) biocrude and biogas (BB); and (3) biocrude, biogas, and fertilizer (BBF). The findings indicated that the BB and BBF scenarios enhanced the financial feasibility and potential profitability of investment. This is reflected in the economic feasibility indicators for the BB scenario over a project lifetime of 20 years, which include a net present value (NPV) of $4,757,082, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 25.6%, a profitability index (PI) of 2.77, and a payback period of 3.75 years. Similarly, in the BBF scenario, financial viability is demonstrated with an NPV of $4,714,418, an IRR of 25.2%, a PI of 2.73, and a payback period of 3.79 years. Operational expenditures were identified as the most sensitive aspect of this study, particularly in the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process for biocrude production. The utilization of effluent and excess energy from palm oil mill (POM) reduced the operational costs for energy and nutrients by up to 69% compared to the baseline, where palm oil mill effluent (POME) and excess energy were not utilized. Additionally, to achieve optimal results in the BO scenario, increasing the concentration of Coelastrella striolata var. multistriata strain 047 in POME proved to be the most effective approach for increasing biocrude oil production, reducing costs, and increasing economic sustainability.

Preparation of eco-friendly and high-strength ceramsite by granite scraps, granite fine mud, and phosphogypsum: Response surface methodology optimization, environmental safety assessment

Granite scraps (GS), Granite fine mud (GFM), and phosphogypsum (PG) are solid wastes containing harmful substances produced during the processing of granite and the production of phosphate fertilizer. Their resourceful and harmless utilization holds great significance in reducing environmental pollution. This study explores the preparation of eco-friendly and high-strength ceramsite using GS as the primary material, GFM as the binder, and PG as the regulator. The performance of ceramsite was studied by conducting single-factor experiments to examine the impact of the GS, GFM, and PG mass ratios. The Box-Behnken response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the effect of sintering conditions on the strength of ceramsite. The results suggested that the properties of the ceramsite are affected by the material ratios. The sintering temperature and keeping time notably influence the strength of ceramsite. Under optimal preparation conditions, the ceramsite achieved a bulk density of 1085.40kg/m3, apparent density of 2253.63kg/m3, 1-h water absorption of 0.13%, hydrochloric acid soluble rate of 0.016%, and compressive strength of 34.52MPa. Importantly, high-temperature sintering plays an essential role in fixing heavy metals and reducing the ecological risk level of heavy metals in ceramsite, which ensures excellent environmental performance and application prospects for ceramsite.

Theoretical insights into efficient electrocatalysts for nitrogen reduction reaction by transition metal atoms supported on g-C3N4

NH3 is considered one of the most important chemicals, not only as an industrial feedstock for the production of fertilizers, but also as renewable carbon-free energy carrier. In recent years, electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), which uses N2 and H2O as raw materials to synthesize NH3, is considered as one of the most promising methods for N2 fixation. Therefore, the design and synthesis of NRR electrocatalysts with high catalytic performance is very important. Herein, using density functional theory method, 3d transition metal single atom anchored to g-C3N4 as single-atom catalysts was studied for the catalytic reduction of N2. The results found that V@g-C3N4 exhibited high electrocatalytic activity and good catalytic selectivity. The limiting potential was only –0.115 V. Furthermore, the relevant electronic properties of V@g-C3N4 were also analyzed. Our work can provide ideas and help to understand the reaction mechanism of single atom doped g-C3N4 as NRR electrocatalysts with excellent catalytic performance.

Development of an ion exchange process for ammonium removal and recovery from municipal wastewater using a metakaolin K-based geopolymer

Ion exchange represents a promising process for ammonium removal from municipal wastewater (MWW), in order to recover it for fertilizer production. Previous studies on ammonium ion exchange neglected the assessment of process robustness and the optimization the desorption/recovery step. This study aimed at developing a continuous-flow process of ammonium removal/recovery based on a metakaolin K-based geopolymer, named G13. Process robustness was assessed by operating 7 adsorption/desorption cycles with two types of MWW. These tests resulted in satisfactory and constant performances: operating capacity at 40 mgN L-1 in the inlet = 12 mgN gdry sorbent-1, bed volumes of treated MWW at the selected breakpoint = 199 - 226, ammonium adsorption yield = 88 - 91%. Empty bed contact time (EBCT) was decreased from 10 to 5 minutes without any reduction in performances. The NH4+ adsorption process was effectively simulated by the Thomas model, allowing a model-based assessment of the effect of EBCT reductions on process performances. An innovative desorption procedure led to high ammonium recovery yields (86 - 100%) and to a desorbed product composed primarily of KNO3 (54%w) and NH4NO3 (39%w), two salts largely used in commercial fertilizers. The energy consumption of ammonium removal/recovery with G13 resulted 0.027 kWh m-3treated WW, with a relevant reduction in comparison to traditional nitrification/denitrification, whereas the operational cost resulted equal to 60-110% of the cost of the benchmark process. These results show that G13 is a promising material to recover ammonium in a circular economy approach.

Bioactive Compounds and Valorization of Coffee By-Products from the Origin: A Circular Economy Model from Local Practices in Zongolica, Mexico.

The by-products of green coffee processing are rich in compounds that can be recycled for their possible use in the production of beverages, fertilizers and weed control in production areas. The objective of this work was to identify the organic and inorganic bioactive compounds of green coffee and the coffee by-products related to the production of origin, such as dried cascara (skin-pulp), parchment and silverskin (unroasted), in order to investigate the role their biomolecules may have in reuse through practices and local knowledge, not yet valued. The metabolomic profile by HPLC-ESI-HRMS of the aqueous extract of the dried cascara highlighted 93 non-volatile molecules, the highest number reported for dried cascara. They belong to groups of organic acids (12), alkaloids (5), sugars (5), fatty acids (2), diglycerides (1), amino acids (18), phospholipids (7), vitamins (5), phenolic acids (11), flavonoids (8), chlorogenic acids (17), flavones (1) and terpenes (1). For the first time, we report the use of direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) for the identification of metabolites in aqueous extracts of dried cascara, parchment, silverskin and green coffee. The DART analysis mainly showed the presence of caffeine and chlorogenic acids in all the extracts; additionally, sugar adducts and antioxidant compounds such as polyphenols were detected. The mineral content (K, Ca, P, S, Mg and Cl) by EDS spectrometry in the by-products and green coffee showed a relatively high content of K in the dried cascara and green coffee, while Ca was detected in double quantity in the silverskin. These metabolomic and mineral profile data allow enhancement of the link between the quality of green coffee and its by-products and the traditional local practices in the crop-growing area. This consolidates the community's experience in reusing by-products, thereby minimizing the impact on the environment and generating additional income for coffee growers' work, in accordance with the principles of circular economy and bioeconomy.

Перспективы развития водородной энергетики на региональном примере

In connection with ongoing climate change, an important factor in the development of the global energy is reducing its carbon footprint. Hydrogen energy may be the answer to the transition to environmentally friendly and resource-saving energy. The article presents an analytical review of promising methods of hydrogen production on the example of the Saratov region, as well as its potential consumers in the real and long term. The review content was selected by analyzing scientific articles published in various databases, electronic scientific libraries and media articles published on the internet. It was concluded that hydrogen produced in the Saratov region will be consumed to a greater extent in the same territory. The production of phosphate fertilizers and the utilization of hydrogen-containing gases in the oil reforming process will be the drivers of hydrogen energy development in the region. In the long term, the use of hydrogen as fuel will be developed. A high-tech autonomous hydrogen energy complex implemented at the Balakovo NPP will be capable of producing and supplying electricity to the electric power system during in the peak hours. It is noted that the Saratov region has the potential to produce biohydrogen obtained by processing agricultural waste. State measures to stimulate hydrogen producers and consumers in the region will play a decisive role in increasing the efficiency of hydrogen energy development in the Saratov region.

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The prospects of the food and agro-food sector in the structure of the economic management system are related to global and national trends in the development of agriculture, food industry and effective management of these industries. The growing demand for environmentally friendly products forces companies and farmers to implement sustainable production methods. This includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions, using water and resources efficiently, and moving to organic agriculture. Environmental standards are becoming important in ensuring the competitiveness of products on the domestic and international markets. Automation and digital technologies are rapidly penetrating the agri-food sector. Precision farming technologies, artificial intelligence, drones and satellite systems allow for increased production efficiency, improved resource management and reduced costs.In addition, digital platforms help to optimize supply chains and improve interaction between market participants. There is an increasing focus on food safety due to increased regulation by governments and international organizations. This requires agri-food businesses to invest in quality control systems and meet international standards such as HACCP. The increase in the export of food and agricultural products is an important factor in the economic development of many countries. This requires diversification of sales markets, improvement of logistics infrastructure and adaptation to the requirements of foreign markets.In addition, supporting local producers through government subsidy programs can strengthen the domestic market. The concept of a closed-cycle economy involves minimizing waste and maximizing the use of resources at each stage of production. In the food sector, this may include using waste as raw material for fertilizer or energy production. Small and medium-sized businesses in the agri-food sector can play an important role in ensuring food security and sustainable development of rural areas. Government support programs, access to finance and educational programs can help strengthen this sector. Climate change directly affects the food sector, causing unpredictable weather conditions that can reduce harvests and increase the risk of production losses. Adapting to these changes requires the introduction of new technologies, genetically modified crops, and risk management programs. At the global level, more and more attention is being paid to food security - ensuring a stable food supply. This includes the development of the agro-industrial complex to reduce dependence on imports, increase food reserves, and develop infrastructure for storage and transportation

Possibility of processing phosphogypsum to obtain an alkalizing reagent

Relevance. The need to develop a technology for the disposal of solid and liquid industrial waste to obtain organic-inorganic fertilizer. The growth of industrial production is accompanied by an increase in waste. In modern society, considerable attention is paid to the problem of processing man-made waste to obtain demanded products. Phosphogypsum is the main by-product of the production of fertilizers and phosphoric acid, it is a multi-tonnage waste, its storage leads to the withdrawal of vast territories from circulation. Liquid waste from pig farms also needs to be processed into organic fertilizers. Aim. To study the process of heat treatment of phosphogypsum in the presence of a reducing agent to obtain an alkalizing reagent. This will make it possible to further organize processing liquid and solid agricultural and industrial waste and produce domestic organic fertilizers Methods. Heat treatment of phosphogypsum in the presence of a reducing agent, followed by the preparation of an aqueous suspension to obtain an agent that reduces the acidity of livestock effluents. The samples of heat-treated phosphogypsum obtained during the study were characterized by X-ray phase analysis, electron microscopy. Suspensions with different pH values were obtained on their basis. Results and conclusions. The authors have studied heat treatment of large-tonnage inorganic waste of the chemical industry – phosphogypsum. It was found that the suspension of phosphogypsum heat-treated in the presence of a reducing agent has increased values of the hydrogen index, which can be used to obtain an alkalizing reagent for treating agricultural waste. The authors revealed the optimal technological modes of obtaining a reagent having the maximum pH value of the suspension: the amount of the introduced reducing agent is 0.16 mol/mol CaSO4, the heat treatment temperature is 1000 °C.