Crude Palm Oil Production Research Articles

Effect of reagents addition method in Fenton oxidation on the destruction of organics in palm oil mill effluent

H2O2 and Fe2+ are the reagents added in Fenton oxidation and their rapid consumption affects the oxidation performances. In this study, effect of reagents addition methods on the oxidation performances in Fenton process was studied considering the palm oil mill effluent (POME) degradation. POME is a thick, acidic, brownish and odorous wastewater containing high organics and nitrogen which generates during crude palm oil production process. Seven reagents addition methods as “conventional”, “continuous H2O2”, “fractional H2O2”, “continuous Fe2+”, “fractional Fe2+”, “continuous Fe2+ and H2O2”, “fractional Fe2+ and H2O2” were examined under COD:H2O2:Fe2+ molar ratio of 1:4:1 at pH 2-3 to identify the most effective methods. Identical experiments were conducted for methanol as a reference. Fe2+ addition methods heavily affected the organics degradation over H2O2 addition methods. The highest TOC and nitrogen reductions were obtained by “continuous Fe2+” addition. Higher concentration of Fe2+ during “continuous Fe2+” addition was detected over other methods, indicating the effective progressing of Fenton reaction. Fractional and continuous addition methods achieved higher organics degradations over conventional method except for the “continuous H2O2” addition. Our findings on the effects of reagents addition methods will assist on enhancing Fenton oxidation performances in future studies.

A REVIEW OF BOILER OPERATIONAL RISKS IN EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH FIRED BIOPOWER PLANT

Growing popularity of biomass power generation process is connected to its label of green and cheap renewable energy. As the second-largest producer of crude palm oil, Malaysia has abundance of biomass residues from palm oil industries and other renewable organic matters which can be converted to bio-chemicals to generate electricity. However, despite institutional arrangements, policy frameworks, funding mechanisms and incentives to support the growth of the biomass industry, there are several risks which may prone to reduce efficiency of biopower boiler especially empty fruit bunch as the fuels that cannot be ignored. Boiler is one of the primary equipment of power generation plants, in a significant role in converting biofuel to electricity. With increasing numbers of potentials of biomass as raw materials for renewable energy uses, new risks may be found. Yet there has been very little research into these risks and how to prevent them. Lack of understanding of modern risk identification methods, such as HAZOP, with the biopower industry is one of the reasons for the industry’s slow growth. An industry evolves through life cycle stages and at each stage presents risk factors such as overheating, oxygen corrosion and clinker. This paper identifies several key risks associated with EFB fired biopower boiler in Malaysia. The overview of risks not only provide a perspective from which an industry’s viability can be evaluated but also help the operators to better understand key risks and improve boiler capacity as well as plan their risk mitigation strategies more effectively.

Demand forecasting for crude palm oil (CPO) using the time series method

Palm oil is one of the most consumed and produced oils in the world. It can be used as a raw material for various products such as food, cosmetics, as well as a source of biofuel and biodiesel. One of the companies that produces Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is company X. A fundamental mistake that often occurs in making sales decisions for CPO products is inaccuracy in providing sales predictions. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the demand forecasting made by Company X using the Time Series method. Based on the company’s historical data from January 2013 to December 2017, CPO sales forecasting for 2018 is carried out using the decomposition method, moving average, exponential smoothing, and trend analysis as part of the Time Series method. The forecasting results showed that the highest sales is in May 2018 amounting to 2,105,952 kg and the lowest forecasting in December 2018 about 766,667 kg.

ANALYSIS OF CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) PRODUCTION VOLUME AND PRICE ON PROFITABILITYAND ITS IMPACT ON STOCK RETURNS

This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of production volume and crude palm oil (CPO) prices on profitability (proxied by return on assets, ROA) and its impact on stock returns (proxied by capital gains) in plantation industry sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) 2013 - 2017. The sampling method used was purposive sampling. From the population of 18 plantation industry companies, 12 companies met the criteria to be sampled. The type of data used is panel data, which is collected by documentation techniques. The analytical method used in this study is multiple linear regression using Eviews version 9.0 software. The results showed that CPO production had a positive and not significant effect on ROA. The price of CPO has a negative and not significant effect on ROA. ROA has a positive and not significant effect on stock returns. CPO production has a negative and not significant effect on stock returns. CPO prices have a positive and not significant effect on stock returns. Simultaneously CPO production and prices have no significant effect on ROA and stock returns. CPO production and CPO prices simultaneously contribute more to stock returns than through ROA as an intervening variable.

Germany-Indonesia Agricultural Trade: Recent Development and Possible Future Directions

To understand the recent development and to anticipate the future directions and trends of agricultural trade between Germany and Indonesia, this study analyzed the data of agricultural trade between the Germany and Indonesia. The major agricultural commodities that are traded between those countries are crude palm oil (CPO) and skimmed milk powder (SMP). There were public policies and environmentalist group movements that may have influenced the agricultural trade volumes within the period. This study identified those two factors. This study also identified possible future directions and trends of agricultural trade between the two countries. It analyzed the data ranged from 2001 to 2018, which were obtained from ITC Trade Map and analyzed using multiple regression models. The findings were in 2001-2018, the CPO and SMP trade between those countries showed an upward trend. However, it was predicted in the future that the public policies and environmentalist group movements might cause the agricultural trade to decrease. The world production quantity of CPO and the production of CPO in Indonesia had a significant effect on the German import from Indonesia, whereas the production quantity of milk in Indonesia and the GDP of Indonesia had a significant impact on the German export to Indonesia. The future directions and trend of German CPO import from Indonesia and German SMP export to Indonesia show an increase both for quantity and value. Keywords: agricultural trade, recent development, future directions

Effect of Biodiesel B30 on Deposit Forming and Wear Metal of Diesel Engine Components

Alternative fuels for diesel engines have attracted the world's attention as an impact of the world energy crisis. For this reason, alternative fuel is needed to reduce the need for fossil fuels. Biodiesel fuel with the raw material of palm oil is the once alternative fuel to replace diesel fuel. This is because Indonesia is the largest producer of crude palm oil (CPO) in the world. But, the use of vegetable oil biodiesel can affect losses to engine lifetime. It can increasing metal wear rates in diesel engines. The experiment carried out by running diesel engines for 200 hours with Engine Manufacturer’s Association (EMA) standard. B30 palm oil biodiesel affected the wear metal contact in diesel engines. Aluminum content in used lubricating oil fueled by B30 palm oil biodiesel is 19.8% greater, iron content 0.75% greater, and chromium content greater than metal content in used lubricating oil fueled by diesel fuel. In addition, the use of B30 palm oil biodiesel causes a larger piston ring gap and worse condition on journal bearing. But, deposit forming in the diesel engine components fueled by B30 palm oil biodiesel is 4.27% lower than diesel fuel. It can be concluded that the use of B30 palm oil biodiesel causes greater metal wear than the use of diesel fuel.

Prospects for the Development of Green Gasoline and Green Diesel from Crude Palm Oil in Indonesia

The Government of Indonesia is trying to reduce crude oil and oil fuel imports in order to minimize the balance of trade deficit through increasing utilization of biofuel. One of the options is to increase palm oil production to be processed into biofuel which can be utilized domestically. Crude palm oil (CPO) production is expected to continue to increase and is prospective to be used as a feedstock for making green gasoline and green diesel. Green gasoline production through catalytic cracking process while producing green diesel through hydrotreating process. The development of green fuel (green gasoline and green diesel) is technically possible and prospective. Production of green gasoline and green diesel by 2020 will be able to reduce import of gasoline and diesel oil by 8.9% and 31.8% respectively. Green fuel is only effective in reducing the import value of gasoline and diesel in the period 2025-2040 because there are constraints on the availability of CPO. Production of green diesel and green gasoline can reduce fuel imports so that it indirectly increases energy security. The development of the green diesel and green gasoline industry requires a clear and gradual grand strategy from the government so that feedstock needs will not interfere with food needs.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN UNIVARIATE AND BIVARIATE TIME SERIES MODELS FOR CRUDE PALM OIL INDUSTRY IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

The main purpose of this study is to compare the performances of univariate and bivariate models on four time series variables of the crude palm oil industry in Peninsular Malaysia. The monthly data for the four variables, which are the crude palm oil production, price, import and export, were obtained from Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) and Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC). In the first part of this study, univariate time series models, namely, the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), fractionally integrated autoregressive moving average (ARFIMA) and autoregressive autoregressive (ARAR) algorithm were used for modelling and forecasting purposes. Subsequently, the dependence between any two of the four variables were checked using the residuals’ sample cross correlation functions before modelling the bivariate time series. In order to model the bivariate time series and make prediction, the transfer function models were used. The forecast accuracy criteria used to evaluate the performances of the models were the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the univariate time series showed that the best model for predicting the production was ARIMA while the ARAR algorithm were the best forecast models for predicting both the import and export of crude palm oil. However, ARIMA appeared to be the best forecast model for price based on the MAE and MAPE values while ARFIMA emerged the best model based on the RMSE value. When considering bivariate time series models, the production was dependent on import while the export was dependent on either price or import. The results showed that the bivariate models had better performance compared to the univariate models for production and export of crude palm oil based on the forecast accuracy criteria used.

Production Optimization Design in Supply Chain Crude Palm Oil with Genetic Algorithm Method

Indonesia is the world's largest producer of crude palm oil (CPO). At peak harvest conditions, frequent accumulation of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) due to abundant raw materials. Based on data from one palm oil mill in the province of North Sumatra, the percentage of FFB stays in the field overnight, which is 41% of the total FFB though, on the one hand FFB that has been harvested must be processed immediately because it can affect the quality of oil to be produced. Besides that, the factors of production and storage processes are also very influential on the quality of CPO. The imbalance in production planning shows that production planning is not yet optimal in the CPO supply chain so that a production optimization design is needed in the CPO supply chain. The genetic algorithm was chosen in the completion of the optimization model because of the complex characteristics of the CPO supply chain. The purpose of this research is to optimize the palm oil supply chain system to minimize production costs. This method shows that the optimum production yield for the third quarter of 2017 is 12,202,285 kg. With the proposed system an increase in the percentage of CPO production was obtained by 8.34% compared to the actual system.

The GHG emissions and economic performance of the Colombian palm oil sector; current status and long-term perspectives

Increasing oil palm plantations, both for obtaining crude palm oil (CPO) and for the production of biobased products, have generated growing concern about the impact of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on the environment. Colombia has the potential to produce sustainable biobased products from oil palm. Nevertheless, national GHG emissions have not yet been reported by this sector. Achieving the collection of the total primary data from the oil palm sector, in Colombia, entails a tremendous challenge. Notwithstanding, for this study, the data collection of 70% of the production of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) was achieved. Therefore, current situation of CPO production in Colombia is analyzed, including 1) GHG emissions calculation, 2) net energy ratio (NER), and 3) economic performance. Moreover, the analysis includes two future scenarios, where the CPO production chain is optimized to reduce GHG emissions. Future scenario A produces biodiesel (BD), biogas, cogeneration, and compost; while future scenario B produces BD, biogas, cogeneration, and pellets. The methodology, for all the scenarios, includes life-cycle assessment and economic analysis evaluation. The results show a significant potential for improving the current palm oil production, including a 55% reduction in GHG emissions. The impact of land-use change must be mitigated to reduce GHG emissions. Therefore, a sustainable oil palm expansion should be in areas with low carbon stock or areas suitable/available to the crop (e.g., cropland, pastureland). Avoiding the deforestation of natural forests is required. Besides, crop yield should be increased to minimize the land use, using biomass to produce biobased products, and capture biogas to reduce methane emissions. In the biodiesel production life-cycle, the NER analysis shows the fossil energy consumed is lower than the renewable energy produced. Regarding the economic performance, it shows that in an optimized production chain, the capital expenditure and operational expenditure will decrease by approximately 20%.

The Application of Nanofiltration Membrane for Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment by Adding Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) as Coagulant

The rapid development of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) production has led to an increase in the production of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as well. POME will cause problems in the environment because contains high contaminants. This study aims to investigate the effect of the coagulant Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) variations and the membrane’s operating pressure on the POME treatment process using the nanofiltration membrane (NF) with the coagulation-flocculation process as pre-treatment. The PAC was used in the coagulation-flocculation process with variations in concentration (5.0; 5.5; 6.0; 6.5; 7.0 g/L). The process was completed by a rapid stirring of 200 rpm for 5 minutes, followed with slow stirring at 60 rpm for 15 minutes and settling time for 30 minutes. The process of membrane nanofiltration was carried out for 60 minutes with variations in operating pressure (8.0; 9.0; and 10 bars). In each treatment process, effluent quality testing was carried out with Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and oil/fat as parameters. In addition, an analysis of permeate fluxes and rejection of NF membrane was also carried out. The results of the analysis suggested that the best coagulant doses are 6.0 g/L with the reduction percentage of BOD, COD, TSS and oil/fat at 78.85%; 68.57%; 92.77% and 92.31% respectively. The highest percentage of NF membrane rejection was found at a pressure of 10 bar, which is equal to 94.71%; 94.86%; 97.92% and 95% respectively for BOD, COD, TSS and oil/fat with a flux value of 7.16 L/m2.hours.

Application of environmental and hazard assessment methodologies towards the sustainable production of crude palm oil in North-Colombia

Palm oil processing is one of the most dynamic economic activities in Colombia due to its high productivity for oil extraction. The crude palm oil (CPO) extraction from fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) requires processing stages (e.g. sterilization, threshing, digestion, pressing, clarification and drying) that may generate by-products or wastes impacting negatively the environment. In this work, the Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) was used for a better understanding of environment/human health-related issues during oil extraction. Besides, potential hazards were determined through Hazard Identification and Ranking (HIRA) methodology to identify the most critical units and propose relevant safety corrections. The environmental assessment revealed that pressed cake and empty fruit bunches (EFBs) most contributed to total freshwater ecotoxicity calculated in 2.66 × 10−1 CTUeco/kg CPO. The residual water from both clarification and sterilization stages caused significant impacts to water eutrophication (1.51 × 10−2 kg N eq/kg CPO). Process safety assessment showed risks of fire and explosion due to emissions of combustible dust and handling flammable materials. For most of the studied units, Fire & Explosion Damage Index (FEDI) achieved values above 400, which are classified in the categories of extremely or highly hazardous. Boiler reached the highest FEDI (790) due to the high temperature and pressure conditions during combustion and steam production. The novelty of this work lies in: i) detecting environmental and safety issues that need to be addressed, ii) providing insights for process improvements to move towards sustainable CPO production by incorporating safety and environmental aspects.

Development of palm oil sector and future challenge in Riau Province, Indonesia

PurposeThis paper aims to present the development of palm oil sector and future challenge in Riau Province Indonesia, which includes sustainable plantation development.Design/methodology/approachThis research was conducted through a survey with developmental research method. The research location is in the Province of Riau, which is the potential development of oil palm plantation. The land areas of Riau are Kampar, Rokan Hulu and Kuantan Singingi, while the coastal areas are Pelalawan, Siak, Bengkalis, Indragiri Hilir, Indragiri Hulu and Rokan Hilir. The socio-economic and environmental aspects of sustainability level of palm oil plantations were analyzed using a multi-dimensional scaling approach that was modified into a Rap-Insus-Pom.FindingsDevelopment of palmoil plantations results in land conversion, posing potential erosio. In anticipating environmental damage, the Government of Indonesia imposes the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) policy. The results of ISPO policy show that Indonesian crude palm oil products are environmentally friendly.Originality/valueThis research is one of few studies that investigate the development of palm oil sector and future challenge in Riau Province, Indonesia. Riau Province still needs 13 units of palm oil mills with capacity of 60 tons per hour. Find strategies to regulate palm oil farming institutions and derivative products to enhance growth and economic development in the region and find production centers and development areas for palm oil local industries in potential regions.

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Competitiveness of Indonesian Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Export in the Global Market

This study aims to: (1) Analyze the development of Indonesian CPO export competitiveness in the global market from 1998 to 2017 (2) Analyze factors affecting the competitiveness of Indonesian CPO export in the global market from 1998 to 2017. The data used is time series spanning 20 years (1998-2017). The competitiveness of Indonesian CPO export in the global market is presented descriptively in the form of images, while affecting factors are analyzed using a multiple linear regression model. The results show that Indonesian CPO has comparative and competitive competitiveness in the global market. The results of multiple linear regression tests indicate that the factors that comparatively affect the competitiveness of Indonesian CPO exports in the global market are domestic CPO production, global CPO prices and petroleum prices while factors that competitively affect competitiveness are ​​oil palm plantation area, Malaysian export volume, soybean oil price and exchange rates. Factors that positively impact Indonesian CPO competitiveness are domestic CPO production, oil prices and the ​​oil palm plantation area. Improving these variables will increase the competitiveness of Indonesian CPO exports, while an increase in global CPO prices, soybean oil prices and the exchange rate will reduce the competitiveness of CPO exports. The variable that has no significant effect is the export volume of Malaysia.

Sustainability assessment in crude palm oil production: A review

Palm oil is important commodity for the world since it is a raw material for various important products such as cooking oils, cosmetics, and foods. Moreover, palm oil is found as a source for renewable energy such as biodiesel and biogas. As the result, the demand of palm oil is projected to jump in the future. To fulfil this demand, the increasing of palm oil production is unavoidable. Crude palm oil process is one substantial process to produce palm oil. This process becomes source of income for countries and citizen of those countries where crude palm oil are produced such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Despite of these positive impacts, the environmental impacts of crude palm oil process such as greenhouse gas emission, waste, high water and energy consumption are identified. Thus, to maintain sustainability in palm oil production, several standards such as Indonesia Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) and Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) are introduced. One main requirement from these standards is to monitor sustainability impacts of crude palm oil production. Sustainability assessment is a procedure to evaluate sustainability impacts of products, process and policies. This paper aims to review sustainability assessment process applied in crude palm oil production.

Determining optimal replanting rate in palm oil industry, Malaysia: a system dynamics approach optimal policy search in oil palm plantation feedback loops using system dynamics optimisation

One of the important factors that contribute to the stagnant growth of Malaysia's crude palm oil production is the accumulation of ageing oil palm plantation area. Given the scarcity of new plantation area in Malaysia, it is very important that an optimal replanting rate has to be determined to decrease the accumulation of ageing area. The objective of this study is to determine an optimal replanting rate for oil palm industry in Malaysia. This study compared the trend results of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) yield using base run system dynamics (SD) and SD with optimisation analysis. Findings indicate that the proposed optimal replanting rate based on SD revealed the maximum production of the FFB yield by year 2050 compared to base run analysis. Findings from this study proposed the appropriate planting strategy to ensure the continuous supply of palm oil without significant disruption if high replanting rate has been implemented.

Fresh Fruit Bunch Quality Effects for Oil Loss and Crude Palm Oil Production with Sem Pls Analysis Method

Fresh Fruit Bunch Quality Effects for Oil Loss and Crude Palm Oil Production with Sem Pls Analysis Method

Determining optimal replanting rate in palm oil industry, Malaysia: a system dynamics approach optimal policy search in oil palm plantation feedback loops using system dynamics optimisation

One of the important factors that contribute to the stagnant growth of Malaysia's crude palm oil production is the accumulation of ageing oil palm plantation area. Given the scarcity of new plantation area in Malaysia, it is very important that an optimal replanting rate has to be determined to decrease the accumulation of ageing area. The objective of this study is to determine an optimal replanting rate for oil palm industry in Malaysia. This study compared the trend results of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) yield using base run system dynamics (SD) and SD with optimisation analysis. Findings indicate that the proposed optimal replanting rate based on SD revealed the maximum production of the FFB yield by year 2050 compared to base run analysis. Findings from this study proposed the appropriate planting strategy to ensure the continuous supply of palm oil without significant disruption if high replanting rate has been implemented.

Estimation and potential of palm oil empty fruit bunches based on crude palm oil forecasting in Indonesia

The increase of palm oil production produced waste, which has an impact on the environmental burden. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to predict the amount of palm oil empty fruit bunches produced per month in Indonesia to determine the potential of empty fruit bunches management. The predicted amount of the waste is based on crude palm oil (CPO) forecasts analysis that is processed using exponential triple smoothing. Based on the analysis, it was obtained that the amount of waste of empty fruit bunches proved to be directly proportional to the crude palm oil production. The efficiency of mill operation plays an essential role in CPO production and waste generation. However, this study has less variance on empty fruit bunches production since that quantity derived directly from CPO forecasting results based on fresh fruit bunches processed in the mills. Based on the estimation quantity, the management of palm oil empty fruit bunch as a raw material of fertilizer is sufficient to manage the produced empty fruit bunch. The data can be used to consider the waste palm’s potential management in palm oil mills and national scope.

Optimization of fresh fruit bunches as crude palm oil production material

The increasing demand for Crude Palm Oil (CPO) makes palm oil production companies continue to improve production planning continuously in order to meet customer demand. Companies that are engaged in CPO production in the Medan city experience problems are not optimal due to companies are often faced with a situation in the form of a production mismatch with the volume of demand due to demand fluctuation. Therefore it is necessary to optimize the procurement of CPO by using linear programming methods. This method is used to maximize or minimize the resources owned by the company with several decision variables, objective functions and constraint functions. The results shows that the decision variables used are CPO cost, the cost of procurement using their own FFB, purchasing FFB cost and processing costs. The objective function is the maximization of company resources and constraint functions consisting of the maximum capacity of the factory, the availability of purchase FFB, the purchase quota of FFB, the availability of direct labor, processing transfers and processing costs.