Clay Brick Production Research Articles

Leverage Factors at Red Brick Production Centers in Sinar Tanjung Village, Banjar City, West Java Province

The existence of a certain traditional red clay brick production area has helped to boost the community’s economy. Although the sporadic existence of production units, in which many were not established based on a research stage with the concept of sustainable development, has consequently generated environmental damage. Land as a non-renewable natural resource has limited carrying capacity and its utilization needs to be regarded carefully for the present and future generations. This study aims to identify leverage factors that can act as an intervention for better environmental management at the red brick production centers in Sinartanjung Village, Pataruman District, Banjar City, West Java Province. The present research is based on the concept of sustainable development triangle (economic, ecological, and social dimensions) incorporated with analysis of Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries (Rapfish)-Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) from the results of the assessments of 25 red brick production units. It starts with the identification of sustainability issues to be discussed, determination of the analysis unit and attributes, data entry, and Rapfish analysis to determine the area’s sustainability status and leverage factors. The results showed that red brick production centers were not yet sustainable obtaining a value(64.47). Moreover, the leverage factors identified were: profit transfer (economic dimension), level of air pollution (ecological dimension), the trend of changes in the livelihoods of the local communities (social dimension).

Bio-Cementation in Construction Materials: A Review.

The rapid development of the construction sector has led to massive use of raw construction materials, which are at risk of exhaustion. The problem is aggravated by the high demand for cement as binding powder and the mass production of clay bricks for construction purposes. This scenario has led to high energy consumption and carbon emissions in their production. In this regard, bio-cementation is considered a green solution to building construction, because this technology is environmentally friendly and capable of reducing carbon emissions, thus slowing the global warming rate. Most of the previously published articles have focused on microbiologically induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP), with the mechanism of bio-cementation related to the occurrence of urea hydrolysis as a result of the urease enzymatic activity by the microbes that yielded ammonium and carbonate ions. These ions would then react with calcium ions under favorable conditions to precipitate calcium carbonate. MICP was investigated for crack repair and the surface treatment of various types of construction materials. Research on MICP for the production of binders in construction materials has become a recent trend in construction engineering. With the development of cutting edge MICP research, it is beneficial for this article to review the recent trend of MICP in construction engineering, so that a comprehensive understanding on microbial utilization for bio-cementation can be achieved.

An artificial neural network-based prediction model for utilization of coal ash in production of fired clay bricks: A review

This study analyzed the last 20 years` data available on power plant coal ashes used in clay brick production. The statistical analysis has been carried out for a total of 302 cases based on the relevant parameters reported in the literature. The chemical composition of the clays and coal ashes, percentage incorporation and maximum particle size of ash, size of fired samples, peak firing temperature, and the corresponding soaking time were selected as inputs for modeling. The product characteristics i.e. open porosity, water absorption, and compressive strength was taken as output parameters. An artificial neural network model has been developed and showed a satisfactory fit to experimental data and predicted the observed output variables with the overall coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.972 during the training period. Besides, the reduced chi-square, mean bias error, root mean square error, and mean percentage error were utilized to check the correctness of the obtained model, which proved the network generalization capability. The sensitivity analysis of the model suggested that the quantity of Na2O coming from brick clays, the percentages of SiO2 and K2O coming from ashes, and MgO coming from clays were the most influential parameters in descending order for the ash-clay composite bricks` quality, mostly owing to the influence of fluxes during firing.

Preparation and properties of fired clay bricks with added wood ash

This study was designed to determine the effects of wood ash on the physical and mechanical properties of fired clay bricks. The clay bricks were fabricated with the addition of 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16% by weight of wood ash. Strength development of brick was cased by fired at 900, 1000, and 1100°C for 40 min. The experimental results demonstrated that the physical property and strength of the fired clay bricks depend on the wood ash content and firing temperature. Higher wood ash content affected an increase in porosity and water absorption, while the bulk density of the clay bricks was reduced. The compressive strength of the clay bricks increased with an increase in the firing temperature or a decrease in the wood ash amount. The minimum compressive strength of fired clay bricks, in accordance with the ASTM strength requirements, is 17.2 MPa and was satisfied by bricks containing 4% added wood ash fired at 1000°C and 1100°C, which attained a compressive strength of 17.9 and 19.4 MPa, respectively. The study confirmed that wood ash is a material that can be used to add extra porosity during the production of raw clay bricks.

Development of eco-friendly fired clay bricks incorporated with granite and eggshell wastes

In this study, we explored the effective reuse of granite powder (GP) and eggshell powder (ESP) wastes for the production of clay bricks as an alternative waste disposal method while improving the properties of the fired clay bricks (FCBs). Furthermore, the utilization of wastes is aimed at reducing environmental pollution and degradation due to exceedingly waste disposal and landfill construction. The study investigated the influence of granite waste, eggshell powder, and firing temperature on the physical-mechanical properties of the FCBs. Four batches of bricks were produced with varying compositions of clay, GP, ESP, and were fired to three different temperatures of 900, 1000, and 1100 °C at a ramp rate of 10 °C/min. Microstructural, chemical, and mineralogical characterization were carried out by FTIR, SEM/EDS, XRF and XRD respectively. The results obtained showed that the FCBs incorporated with 20% of GP and 10% of ESP produced the highest compressive strength of 3.12 MPa, bulk density of 1.76 g/cm3 and water absorption of 12.2% at 900 °C which is regarded as energy-saving process for the manufacture of FCBs. The compressive strength of 3.12 MPa exceeded the minimum compressive strength of 1.65 MPa standard as recommended by the Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute (NBRRI), Nigerian Building Code and Nigerian Industrial Standards for building purposes. Therefore, the reuse of granite and eggshell powder from waste for the manufacture of FCBs is feasible and an effective alternative waste disposal solution for sustainable development while alleviating environmental pollution and degradation.

Synergistic effects of amorphous porous materials and anhydrous Na2CO3 on the performance of bricks with high municipal sewage sludge content

The shortage of land resources around the world has led to the increasing pressure of clay brick production in recent years. On the other side, as a by-product of the sewage treatment, the mineral crystalline phase and chemical composition of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) are similar to those of clay, which also need to be treated urgently. Owing to the porous structure originating from large amounts of organics evaporation at elevated temperature in MSS, it can be utilized as the thermal insulation bricks. However, the component complexity of MSS will result in the decrease of strength and durability of bricks, thus the replacement amount of MSS was generally less than 30%. To achieve optimal experimental conditions for thermal insulation bricks with large amounts of MSS, up to 40% dried MSS, amorphous rice husk ash (RHA) and anhydrous Na2CO3 (ANC) as the raw materials in this work, the dosage and temperature were set as variable parameters. The results showed that 0.178 W/(m•K) of thermal conductivity of bricks with 9.6 MPa of compressive strength, and 1336.2 kg/m3 of bulk density were obtained under the optimal conditions: 4: 5: 1 of the weight ratio of MSS: Clay: RHA, 3% of additional dose of ANC, 1075 °C of sintering temperature. The obtained bricks revealed excellent durability and sorption properties for heavy metals through the freeze-thaw cycle test and leachability test. Overall results manifested one effective approach for solid waste treatment through cleaner production and paved one way for sustainable, economical and energy-saving construction.

Evaluation of New Applications of Oil Shale Ashes in Building Materials

Achieving sustainable zero-waste and carbon neutral solutions that contribute to a circular economy is critically important for the long-term prosperity and continuity of traditional carbon-based energy industries. The Estonian oil shale (OS) sector is an example where such solutions are more than welcome. The combustion of OS generates a continuous flow of ashes destined to landfills. In this study, the technical feasibility of producing monolith building materials incorporating different OS ashes from Estonia was evaluated. Three binder systems were studied: self-cementation of the ashes, ceramic sintering in clay brick production and accelerated carbonation of OS ash (OSA) compacts. Results showed that most of the OSAs studied have low self-cementitious properties and these properties were affected by ash fineness and mineralogical composition. In case of clay bricks, OSA addition resulted in a higher porosity and improved insulation properties. The carbonated OSA compacts showed promising compressive strength. Accelerated carbonation of compacted samples was found to be the most promising way for the future utilization of OSAs as sustainable zero-waste and carbon neutral solution.

The evaluation of fired clay brick production in terms of energy efficiency: a case study in Turkey

High energy consumption in building material production has a significant effect on global warming and other environmental pollution, which has brought into prominence building materials whose production consumes less energy and uses renewable energy sources. In particular, the production phase of brick, a commonly used material in building construction, has an important effect on energy consumption. This study aims to obtain and analyse local energy data in each phase of brick production, compare the energy consumption of local brick factories using different kiln types in Turkey, and contribute to the development of processes for energy-efficient brick production. For this purpose, all the necessary energy data were collected from two factories, one of which uses a Hoffman and the other a tunnel kiln in the system boundary from cradle-to-gate. The local energy data were analysed for the two factories on the assumption that they would reflect the data for the same or similar brick production methods and technologies in Turkey, and this local data and data gathered from the literature were compared in terms of energy consumption. The findings point out that while most energy is consumed during the firing process in both factories, the tunnel factory consumes more energy in total than the Hoffman factory because of the clay preparation process and the calorific value and moisture content of the coal used for firing. The study also reveals that the potential exists for energy efficiency gains in brick production in Turkey.

The potential of calcium carbide waste and termite mound soil as materials in the production of unfired clay bricks

This study investigated the physical, mechanical, thermal and microstructural properties of calcium carbide residue (CC) with chemical admixture (CA) stabilised clay bricks from termite mound clay soil (TMC). Four different mix ratios of B (TMC 70%+cement 30%+ CA 0.1); C (TMC 70%+cement 20%+ CC 10% + CA 0.1); D (TMC 70%+cement 10%+ CC 20% + CA 0.1) and E (TMC 70% + CC 30%+ CA 0.1) were produced, tested and the results compared with the control mix. Thermal conductivity, SEM, XRD and FTIR analyses were conducted to analyze the thermal, morphology and microstructural properties of the mixes. Initial rate of water absorption and water absorption after 2 and 24 h immersion showed that mixes B and C performed better than the rest with lower values that ranged from 12.5 to 33.3%. Dry shrinkage showed a progressive decrease as the CC content was increased from 10 to 20% in mixes C and D. Wet and dry compressive strengths had optimum performance at 4.33 and 17 MPa respectively for mixes with higher content of cement. The compressive strengths of mixes B, C, D and E fulfilled the minimum criteria of some building standards in some selected developing countries. SEM, XRD and FTIR analyses established that the use of varied CC content influenced the strength behaviour when added to cement and TMC. In conclusion the study has shown that incorporation of calcium carbide (10%), cement (20%) and a chemical additive (0.1) into termite mound clay soil would help in developing improved unfired clay bricks.

Thermal-acoustic clay brick production with added charcoal for use in Thailand

This research was conducted in cooperation with the Ban San Bun Reung Community Enterprise Group, which produces and distributes common clay bricks throughout northern Thailand. The ongoing aim is to develop thermal–acoustic fired clay bricks. In this study, charcoal was selected as an additive during brick manufacture owing to the ease with which its particle size can be reduced and its tendency to burn out during firing. Four different sizes of charcoal, namely, large (2 mm), medium (1 mm), small (0.5 mm), and fine (0.04 mm), were investigated. The charcoals were added to the clay mixture in various amounts, such as 0, 5, 15, and 30 wt%. The extruded brick specimens were then fired at 900, 1000, or 1100 °C, and their physical, mechanical, thermal, and acoustic properties, mineralogical composition, and microstructure were examined. Subsequently, linear regression and multiple linear regression analyses were applied to model the relationships between the brick properties and one or more explanatory variables. The results obtained revealed that the mechanical properties of the fired clay bricks improved with increasing firing temperature owing to the formation of the mullite phase. However, the mechanical properties rapidly deteriorated as the proportion and size of the charcoal additive were increased. The linear and multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated that the physical properties were correlated with the other properties evaluated in this study. In terms of the physical and mechanical properties, the use of 15 wt% of small charcoal and firing temperature of 1100 °C were the optimal conditions for manufacturing clay bricks satisfying the Thai Industrial Standard. In contrast, the use of 30 wt% of large charcoal and firing temperature of 1100 °C afforded lower thermal conductivity and a higher sound absorption coefficient owing to the more porous nature of the resulting bricks. The current production cost and sale price of traditional clay bricks are 53.58 and 264 THB m−2, respectively. When added with charcoal, the price increases to 55.17, but we expect that thermal–acoustic bricks could attract a higher price.

Environmental Profile on Building Material Passports for Hot Climates

Vernacular building materials and models represent the construction methods and building materials used in a healthy manner. Local building materials such as gravel, sand, stone, and clay are used in their natural state or with minor processing and cleaning to mainly satisfy local household needs (production of concrete, mortar, ballast, silicate, and clay bricks and other products). In hot climates, the concept of natural building materials was used in a form that can currently be applied in different kinds of buildings. This concept depends on the proper consideration of the climate characteristics of the construction area. A material passport is a qualitative and quantitative documentation of the material composition of a building, displaying materials embedded in buildings as well as showing their recycling potential and environmental impact. This study will consider two usages of building materials. The first is the traditional use of building materials and their importance in the application of vernacular building strategies as an essential global bioclimatic method in sustainable architecture. The second is the affordable use of new building materials for their availability and utilization by a large part of society in a way to add more detail to research. The article aims to create an objective reading and analysis regarding specific building materials in order to generate a competent solution of materials that is suitable for building requirements in hot climates. This study evaluates the most suitable Building Material Passports needed in hot climates, where the environmental profile must be analyzed to confirm the use of natural materials.

Technological characterization of a clay used in the manufacture of masonry products for construction

In the present investigation, the physical, mechanical, and chemical characterization of the raw material used in two companies dedicated to the manufacture of solid bricks in the region of Cesar, Colombia, was carried out. Initially, the hydrometric test was performed on five clay samples from different quarries with which the percentages of sand, silt, and clays were determined. These percentages were placed in the Winkler diagram to identify the types of existing clays according to their texture and the types of products that can be manufactured. Subsequently, the chemical characterization was carried out through the X-ray diffraction and fluorescence tests, to determine the phases and elements present in two of the optimal samples for the manufacture of the bricks that may arise during the cooking process. The results of the test of mechanical resistance to compression in solid brick units showed that the clays currently used by the company do not meet the minimum requirements for the production of solid clay bricks, according to the parameters of the Colombian technical standard NTC 4205-09. With this research, we expect to predict the behavior of the raw material in the stages of the production process, which will obviously improve the environmental and economic resources of the companies. The result of the characterization of the raw material will allow us to predict the structural behavior and to carry out indispensable design and reinforcement models in building and attention to the community.

THE USE OF SAWDUST WASTE ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FIRED CLAY BRICK PRODUCTION

In this paper, the effects of incorporation of sawdust waste on the properties of fired claybricks were investigated. Clay bricks fabricated with 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% by weight of sawdustwaste were tested. The clay brick specimens were firing at 900 °C, 1000 °C, and 1100 °C for study the waterabsorption, bulk density, apparent porosity, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity of the fired claybricks. The experimental results found that the using of sawdust waste reduced the bulk density andcompressive strength of the specimens. It was observed their apparent porosity ratios up to 30% improvedwith increasing of sawdust waste up to 10% by weight after firing at 900 °C. The compressive strength ofbricks specimen with 2.5% by weight of sawdust waste addition and fired at 1100 °C showed a higher than ofvalue strength as required by ASTM C62-13a. In addition, the thermal conductivity of the porous fired claybricks specimens with 2.5-10% by weight sawdust waste addition produced at 1000 °C compared to the firedclay brick specimens without additive, decreased from 0.47 to 0.22 W/mK. The results thus showed thatsawdust waste was a potential material for use as a pore former additive to raw clay-brick production.

Effects of concrete waste on characteristics of structural fired clay bricks

This study focuses on evaluation of concrete waste in the production of fired clay brick. Ground concrete waste powder was replaced with the clay up to 15% by weight. Samples were shaped in the form of cylinder pellets in uniaxial press and then fired in oven at 1000 and 1100 °C for 2 h. Loss on ignition, bulk density, apparent porosity, water absorption capacity, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, dilatometric, leach analysis and efflorescence analysis were done on the fired brick samples in addition to microstructure investigations. It was observed that loss on ignition, porosity and water absorption values slightly increase while compressive strength and thermal conductivity values decrease by depending on the increment in concrete waste content. Even though the brick containing 2.5% concrete waste gives better results, the bricks containing concrete waste up to 15% present compressive strength above 7 MPa which is the minimum limit. The efflorescence levels of bricks are in the slight level. It can be concluded that concrete waste can be used in the fired clay brick production.

Sustainable incorporation of lime-bentonite clay composite for production of ecofriendly bricks

The global earth atmosphere is degrading due to the abundant use of fossil fuel for fulfilling the energy demands of rapidly growing economies. The conventional brick manufacturing process contributes its part by consuming energy in its firing process, which causes global warming and cardio-respiratory diseases attributed to increasing concentration of affluent greenhouse gases and hazardous particulate matter. Therefore, the proposed research aims to provide eco-friendly solutions to the stated problems by incorporating locally available powdered lime-bentonite composite in compressed and unfired bricks, whereas properties of fired bricks were examined for comparison purpose. For compressed, unfired and fired bricks, clay was replaced by 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of bentonite content while keeping 5% quick lime constant for each dosage level. Characterization results indicated that the calcium-rich quick lime and silica-rich bentonite being incorporated in clay bricks decreased its average particle size and optimum moisture content values, whereas increased the plasticity of lime-bentonite clay composite. Incorporation of lime-bentonite composite in compressed, unfired bricks yield the increased compressive and flexure strength, whereas reduction in water absorption and unit weight was observed. However, compressed bricks type appeared as the most desired one out of all brick types with the compressive strength value of 10.40 MPa, which satisfied the strength requirement for building code of Pakistan and ASTM specifications C62-13 for building bricks along with negligible weathering. Durability in terms of corrosion resistance of compressed bricks increased from 0.72 to 0.81 with bentonite inclusion. However, thermal conductivity reduced from 0.72 to 0.38 W/m-K comparative to conventional fired brick used in the construction industry, resulting 31.91% reduction in cooling loads and carbon footprints for B20 compressed bricks, which suggests its energy-efficient and ecofriendly nature. Conclusively, lime-bentonite compressed clay bricks provide eco-friendly, energy-efficient and sustainable options for the production of green clay bricks.

Archaeometric and archaeological characterization of the fired clay brick production in the Brussels-Capital Region between the XIV and the third quarter of the XVIII centuries (Belgium)

Brick samples from different archaeological sites represent mostly houses in Brussels (Belgium) built between the end of the Middle ages (end of 13th-beginning 14th centuries) and the end of the Modern Period (18th century). The study gives a mineralogical–petrographical–chemical characterization of the brick samples made in the Brussels-Region and sources the raw silty material, the moulding sand and the lime-mortar. Optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffractometry, Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, magnetic susceptibility and scanning electron microscopic with an energy dispersive X-ray attachment were applied both to fired clay bricks and regional clayey materials. Bricks were moulded with a silica rich, non-calcareous loam gathered locally in the alluvial plain of the Senne valley. Material from gleysols and fluvisols were mined separately to shape two types of bricks. A strong chemical resemblance with the thick loessic deposits of the Belgian plateaus results from erosion and river transport and sedimentation in the wide alluvial plain of Brussels. Petrography and geochemistry show minor participation of marine Lower Palaeozoic, Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks from the alimentation area of the Senne. Although clayey tertiary layers outcrop in the Brussels Region and are cut by the numerous tributaries of the Senne valley, they were never exploited for brick making in the Brussels Capital Region. Mineralogical composition and petrography suggest the absence of mixing with river sand or local marine tertiary sands. Local sediments extracted in the valley sides as Eocene fossiliferous fine sand were used as moulding sand.

Production and Marketing of Bricks in Srivilliputtur

It is estimated that India has more than 1,00,000 brick kilns producing about 250 billion bricks annually, employing about 15 million workers and consuming about 35 million tons of coal annually. The brick industry is growing as the demand for bricks is increasing in the towns and villages due to the fast economic growth, urbanization and prosperity. It is alarming to note that 300 mm depth of fertile top soil in India will be consumed for burnt clay brick production in about 60 years. Usually, brick kilns are situated in rural and or periphery of urban areas in the country. The secondary data is collected for the purpose of knowing history of brick industry in world and especially in India. It is found that the process of making a brick has not changed much over the centuries or across geographies. The brick sector in India is unorganized and is tremendous in size and spread. India is the second largest brick producer (China dominates with 54 % share) in the world. The bricks industries have challenges like rapid increase in brick production, environmental concerns, use of large quantities of coal in brick kilns, use of good quality agriculture topsoil for brick production, shortage of workers, Increased competition etc. There is need to prepare action plan for sustainable development of Brick industry in India.

Utilization of Palm Fruit Fibers as Constituent Materials for Hand Mould Clay Bricks

The production process of palm oil generates a huge amount of waste. As Nigeria is one of the largest producing countries, the fruit fiber wastes from palm oil processing have received a low level of waste management and have been a long-term environmental concern. This study is focused on recovery of the palm fruit fibers and its utilization as a constituent material for locally hand mold clay bricks. Varying percentages (1% to 3%) of palm fruit fiber was introduced into local hand mold clay. The bricks produced were tested for optimum moisture content and dry density. Some preliminary tests such as natural moisture content determination (wet and dry), Specific gravity test, Particle size distribution test (Sieve analysis), Atterberg limit test, Compaction test (Standard Proctor), Water absorption test, and Compressive strength test was carried out. The results show a decrease in optimum moisture content as the percentage of the palm fruit fibers increased from 1% to 3% in the soil sample while the maximum dry density increased. With the addition of 1% to 3% of the palm fruit fibers and the mix sun-dried, noticeable improvement in the compaction characteristics of the soil sample was observed. It can be deduced from the results that for a good construction clay soil, the lower the moisture content, the higher the dry density and the better the quality of bricks. Production of clay bricks with palm fruit fibers could serve as an economic substitute for the growing cost of sandcrete blocks.

Harbor Dredged Sediment as raw material in fired clay brick production: Characterization and properties

The port activities generate significant quantity of Harbor Dredged Sediment (HDS). In Algeria these quantities exceed 65 Mm3/year. Thus, significant dredging operations are required to avoid harbourds entry siltation. The main objective of this work is an alternative reuse of these HDS as raw material in the manufacture of clay bricks. Physical, mineralogical, chemical and thermal properties of the HDS define the possible civil engineering applications according to standards. Clay bricks were prepared with different HDS proportions (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 50 and 100 wt %) and were fired at 850 and 950 °C. Physico-chemical properties of the fired bricks were determined and compared to the control bricks (100 wt % clay as raw material). The results indicated that the proportion of the Harvor Dredged Sediment and the firing temperature were the two key factors in determining the quality of the fired bricks in terms of mechanical and thermal properties. Bricks with 20 and 15 wt % of Harvor Dredged Sediments fired at 850 and 950 °C showed an increase in mechanical properties of 32.53% and 20.63% respectively. Moreover, thermal conductivities of all samples are low; they are ranged from 0.43 to 0.24 and from 0.46 to 0.21 Wm−1K−1 for the bricks fired at 950 and 850 °C respectively. Therefore, the bricks could be considered as insulator materials. This study reveals that Harbor Dredged Sediment could be used in the field of building materials to produce eco-friendly bricks.

Housing crisis: Waste glass-stabilized clay for use as fired clay bricks

Scarce and expensive housing and consumer waste disposal are global challenges in today’s world. This study investigated the engineering properties of a clay stabilized with three waste glass sizes (less than 75 μm, greater than 150 μm but less than 75 μm, and less than 300 μm but greater than 150 μm) for the production of burnt clay bricks for earth building construction. Laboratory tests (sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, specific gravity, and compaction tests) were conducted on the clay soil sample, while firing shrinkage, water absorption, unit weight and compressive strength tests were conducted on the fired clay bricks. The unit weight, firing shrinkage and compressive strength decreased with an increasing particle size of the waste glass in the fired clay bricks, while the fired clay bricks absorbed more water as the particle size of its waste glass content decreased. The use of waste glass with particle sizes less than 75 μm for stabilizing the clay was found to produce fired clay bricks with the highest compressive strength. The compressive strength of the fired clay bricks containing less than 75 μm particle sizes of waste glass was increased by 43.9% when compared with the compressive strength of the fired clay bricks having no waste glass. Consequently, waste glass with particle sizes of less than 75 μm is recommended for use in the production of fired clay bricks. The use of waste glass, which could have been a nuisance to the environment, is a potential way of improving the strength of bricks and making them more affordable bricks and consequently, making housing more affordable.